Nvc

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

Passing information from one person to another

Question 2

Verbal communication

Answer 2

Conveying messages using words or vocal sounds

Question 3

Paralinguistics

Answer 3

Vocal features that accompany speech

Question 4

Tone of Voice

Answer 4

the way words are spoken to convey emotion

Question 5

Emphasis

Answer 5

Giving prominence to some words over others

Question 6

Intonation

Answer 6

The rise and fall of the voice during speech

Question 7

Non-Verbal Communication

Answer 7

Conveying messages that don’t use vocal sounds or words.

Question 8

Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Aim:

Answer 8

To see whether tone of voice has any effect when interpreting verbal messages.

Question 9

Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Method:

Answer 9

Different groups of participants listened to hostile messages and friendly messages spoken in both hostile and friendly tones of voice and were asked to interpret the message.

Question 10

Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Results:

Answer 10

When asked tone of voice was 5 times more affective than the verbal message itself.

Question 11

Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Conclusion:

Answer 11

Tone of voice is very important when perceiving verbal messages.

Question 12

Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Evaluation points (3):

Answer 12

Low ecological validity as Participants wouldn’t usually come across the situation in everyday life.
The results agree with the aim as tone of voice does dramatically effect the result.
The experiment was had partial ecological validity as people do use tone of voice differently in everyday life like sarcasm.

Question 13

Davitz + Davitz Aim:

Answer 13

To see the effects of paralinguistic on the assessment of emotion.

Question 14

Davitz + Davitz Method:

Answer 14

Participants listen to a recording of people talking and were asked to interoperate paralinguistic emotions: Tone of voice, intonation and emphasis.

Question 15

Davitz + Davitz Results:

Answer 15

There was lots of recognition of emotion in: affection, amusement, disgust and fear.

Question 16

Davitz + Davitz Conclusion:

Answer 16

Paralinguistics has great importance when judging people’s emotions.

Question 17

Davitz + Davitz Evaluation points(3):

Answer 17

Low ecological validity as it was an artificial environment meaning people may act differently due to the new setting.
They were prepared to do the experiment as were told before hand so asking them after the experiment may have gotten different results.
From the studies we can understand how some people may have problems interpreting messages from some people due to tone of voice contradicting the message.

Question 18

Kendon Aim:

Answer 18

To see whether eye contact affects a conversation and how it pans out.

Question 19

Kendon Method:

Answer 19

Pairs of participants were observed having a conversation without being told that the observers were focusing on their eye contact.

Question 20

Kendon Results:

Answer 20

The observers found patterns in eye contact, for example, just before changing turns in conversation the talker would sustain a look at the listener. If this look didn’t happen there tended to be a pause in conversation.

Question 21

Kendon Conclusion:

Answer 21

Eye movements signify turn taking in conversations.

Question 22

Kendon Evaluation points(3):

Answer 22

Low ecological validity as the participants are asked to get acquainted so the Participants may get nervous and not act regularly.
Participants used may not represent the population.
Fair ethics as they’re kept anonymous.

Question 23

Argyle Aim:

Answer 23

TO see how interrupting eye contact affects conversation.

Question 24

Argyle Method:

Answer 24

Pairs of participants were observed having conversations, half of time through the conversation one person wore dark glasses so one of the participants couldn’t receive eye contact.

Question 25

Argyle Results:

Answer 25

There were more pauses when eye contact was obstructed.

Question 26

Argyle Conclusion:

Answer 26

Eye contact is important to ensuring a smooth flow in conversation.

Question 27

Argyle Evaluation points(3):

Answer 27

Low ecological validity as the participants are asked to get acquainted so the Participants may get nervous and not act regularly. Participants used may not represent the population. Fair ethics as they're kept anonymous.

Question 28

Hess Aim:

Answer 28

To see the effect of pupil dilation on emotion.

Question 29

Hess Method:

Answer 29

Participants were shown two pictures of the same girl, the only difference being in one picture the girl had larger pupils. They were then asked which looked more attractive.

Question 30

Hess Results:

Answer 30

The picture with bigger pupils was found to be more attractive than the picture with smaller pupils.

Question 31

Hess Conclusion:

Answer 31

Pupil dilation has an unconscious but powerful affect on emotion.

Question 32

Hess Evaluation points(3):

Answer 32

Low ecological validity as participants aren't usually shown pictures and asked to judge them. The results do provide evidence for the aim as pupil dilation does increase how attractive the woman looks. The picture is of a girl so may not represent men.

Question 33

Hess Application:

Answer 33

Photoshop for magazines to make pupils look bigger for more attractive models.

Question 34

Hess Implication:

Answer 34

The bigger someone's pupils the more attractive they look.

Question 35

Sackeim Aim:

Answer 35

To look at the relationship between facial expressions and the hemispheres of the brain.

Question 36

Sackeim Method:

Answer 36

Pictures were taken of people showing different emotions and cut down the middle then new pictures were created by reflected the pictures cut in half. Participants were asked which they liked better.

Question 37

Sackeim Results:

Answer 37

Most Participants preferred the left side saying it looked 'warmer'.

Question 38

Sackeim Conclusion:

Answer 38

The left side of the face seems to express emotion more than the right.

Question 39

Sackeim Evaluation points(3):

Answer 39

Low ecological validity as people aren't usually asked to judge a picture of someone. Pictures of different people were used meaning it was more representative and not just one person's face. Fair ethics as they were kept anonymous.

Question 40

Sackeim Application:

Answer 40

People may hide their left side of their face to hide emotion.

Question 41

Sackeim Implication:

Answer 41

We can gather why people may prefer certain picture which just show one half of the face.

Question 42

McGinley Aim:

Answer 42

To see the effect of postural echo when having a conversation.

Question 43

McGinley Method:

Answer 43

A confederate had a conversation with different people. In half of the discussions he echoed the person he was talking to's posture whilst in the other half he purposely didn't mirror. Then afterwards