Personality Flashcards
Extroversion
A personality type that describes people who look to the outside world for entertainment.
Introversion
Introversion: a personality type that describes people who content with their own company.
Neuroticism
A personality type that describes people who are highly emotional and show a quick ,intense reaction to fear
EPI
Eysenck’s Personality Inventory , two scales.
Eysenck study
Aim: investigate personality differences between people.
Method: 700 servicemen did a questionnaire.
Results: identified two dimensions of personality: extroversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability.
Conclusion: everyone fits on the scale somewhere.
Thomas ,Chess and Birch
Aim: to find out whether ways of responding to environment remain the same through life.
Method: studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. They interviewed the parents ,asking about child routine and reactions to change.
Results: easy ,difficult and slow to warm up.
Conclusion: these responses stayed with them all their life’s. TEMPERAMENT IS INNATE
Buss and plomin
Aim: see if temperament is innate.
Method: studied 228 monozygotic twins and 172 dizygotic twins. Rated temperament of twins at 5 years old , looked at emotionality ,activity ,sociability.
Results: closer correlation between monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins.
Conclusion : temperament has a genetic basis .
Kagan and snidman
Aim: to see whether temperament is due to biological differences.
Method: studied reactions of 4 month old babies in new situations. 1 minute baby sat with care giver, 3 minutes baby caregiver left while experimenter showed the baby toys .
Results: 20% high reactive
40% low reactive
Others in between
11 years later same results
Conclusion: temperament is inherited differences in how the brain responds.
EPQ
Eysencks personality Questionnaire
EIN AND psychotic scale
Characteristics of APD
- not following the norms and laws of society
- being deceitful by lying ,conning others and using aliases
- being impulsive and not planning
Psychoticism
A third dimension identified by Eysenck. People who score high on this dimension are hostile ,aggressive ,insensitive and cruel.
Raine et al
Aim: to support the theory that abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex cause APD.
Method: MRI was used to studied 21 men with APD and 34 healthy men -control group.subjects were volunteers.
Results: results: the APD group had an 11% reduction in the prefrontal grey matter compared with control group.
Conclusion: APD is caused by reduction in the brains grey matter.
Causes of APD
- socioeconomic factors including low family income and poor housing
- quality of life at home including poor parenting
- educational factors including low school achievement and leaving school at an early age
Farrington
Aim: to investigate the development of offending and antisocial behaviour in males studied from childhood to the age of 50.
Method: researched 411 males from deprived inner city losing in a longitudinal study . Looked at criminal records and interviewed parents and teachers.
Results: 41% were convicted at least once between ages 10 and 50. Most important risk factors of offending were criminal behaviour in the family , low school achievement ,poverty and poor parenting.
Conclusion: situational factors leading to the development of antisocial behaviour.
Elander et al
Aim: to investigate the childhood risk factor that can be used to predict antisocial behaviour in adulthood.
Method: researchers investigated 225 twins who were diagnosed with childhood disorders and interviewed them 10-25 years later.
Results: Experimenters found that childhood hyperactivity,conduct disorders low IQ and read if problems were strong predictors of APD and criminality in adult life.
Conclusion: disruptive behaviour in childhood can be used to predict APD in adulthood
