Memory

Question 1

What is the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 1

first it enters our SENSORY STORE (last for few seconds ,holds little infomation) then into your STM (Short Term Memory which lasts from 30s-1mintue) then if you REHEARSE it will eneter your LTM (Long Term Memory which can last a life time, unlimited capacity) if you dont rehearse you will forget it. Next you have to recall it. You can hold 4-10 chunks in your STM memory.

Question 2

How does our memory work?

Answer 2

Information enters our mind - ENCODING
It is stored there until we recall it- STORAGE
When we recall ,we bring it out of storage - RETRIEVAL

Question 3

Define ENCODING

Answer 3

changing information so it can be stored

Question 4

Define STORAGE

Answer 4

holding information in the memory system

Question 5

Define RETRIEVAL

Answer 5

recovering information from storage

Question 6

What is the Murdock study? (Multi-store model of memory)

Answer 6

The studies AIM was to give evidence supporting the multi-store model of memory.
For the METHOD Murdock made participants learn a list of 20 words that appeared in front of them for 3 seconds each. Afterwards they were made to recall them in any order.
RESULTS Words at the end were recalled first (Recency effect)
Words at the beginning were recalled well (Primacy effect)
Words in the middle weren’t recalled as well.
The CONCLUSION was that there is evidence for seperate STM and LTM stores.

Question 7

What is the Recency effect

Answer 7

In the Murdock study this is when the last few words are still in our STM store.

Question 8

What is the Primacy effect

Answer 8

In the Murdock study this is when the first few words flowed into the LTM store.

Question 9

Levels of processing?

Answer 9

We remember information that has had
Structural Processing
the least because it is the shallowest process and we remember it through looks.

We remember information that has had
Phonetic Processing
through sounds.

We remember information that has had
Semantic Processing
the best through the meanings of the information, it is the deepest level of processing.

Question 10

Craik and Lockhart study? (Levels of processing)

Answer 10

The AIM of he study is to see whether the type of question you ask about words will have an effect on how many words you recall.
To test this Participants had to look at a list of words, they are then asked questions about each word, to which they answer yes or no.
Some questions require phonetic processing ,some semantic processing and some structura processing. They then were given a longer list of words and had o pick of the list the words from the first list they were given.
Results were that Participants identified :
70% of semantic processed words
35% of phonetic processed words

Question 11

What is reconstructive memory?

Answer 11

Reconstructive memory is altering our recollection of things so that they make more sense to us.

Question 12

What is Barletts study? (Reconstructive memory)

Answer 12

Bartlett :
Aim- to see if people when given something that’s unfamiliar to remember would alter the information
Method- participants were given a story to read ‘the war of the ghosts’. Later they had to retell the story as accurately as possible. This re telling was repeated several times during the weeks that followed.
Results- Barlett found out that the participants started changing bits of the story so it made more sense to them. Each time they retold it they changed some more.
Conclusion: Barlett concluded that our memory is altered by our own beliefs.

Question 13

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 13

When new information interfered old information.

Question 14

What is proactive interference?

Answer 14

When old information interferes with new information.

Question 15

What is the underwood and postman study?(interference)

Answer 15

Underwood and postman study
Aim: to see if new learning interferes with old learning
Method: participants were put into two groups
Group A were asked to learn two lists of word pairs Eg ( apple-cat table-whale)
Group B only had to learn the first list of word pairs
Results: group B managed to recall more correct words than Group A
Conclusion: new information learnt will make people recall previously learnt information less accurately.

Question 16

What is context?

Answer 16

Context means the general setting or environment in which activities happen.

Question 17

At is the Godden and Baddeley study?(context)

Answer 17

Godden and baddeley
Aim: to see whether people whose learn and are tested in the same environment will recall more information than people who learn and are tested in different environments
Method: deep sea divers were put into four groups and then given a list to learn
Groups 1 + 3 had to be tested in the same environment as they learnt in
And groups 4 + 5 learnt and were tested on opposite environments
(Sea then shore or shore then sea)
Results: groups 1 + 3 recalled more words than groups 2+ 4
Conclusion: recall of information will be better if it happens in the same context that learning takes place.

Question 18

What are participant variables?

Answer 18

Means that every participants is different.

Question 19

What are order effects?

Answer 19

Order effects means that if you do something more than once it could affect how they do it the next time(s)

Question 20

What experimental designs are there?

Answer 20

Independent groups- two groups and one group does each condition
Repeated measures- one group does both conditions.

Question 21

What are the sampling methods?

Answer 21

Random ,opportunity ,systematic ,stratified.

Question 22

What is Random sampling method?

Answer 22

Every person in target population has an equal chance of being in the experiment
Put all the names into a hat on separate pieces of paper. Pull name until you get a sample size.
Might my be representative of TP.

Question 23

What is a opportunity sampling method?

Answer 23

Using the people in the target population who are easily available for the experiment,
Go to areas where target population is highly represented classmates / family /friends
Or
Adverts
Unlikely to be representative of the TP.

Question 24

What is a systematic sampling method?

Answer 24

Every nth person from the target population.
Get lost of all TP.
Get a list of all TP ,select every nth person from list.
Might not be representative of TP.
No researcher bias.

Question 25

What is a stratified sampling method?

Answer 25

Find the proportions of traits in the target population.Choose sample so each trait is represented proportionally in the experiment 
Traits could include: 
Gender
Age 
Race 
Religion 
Extremely representative of TP.

Question 26

What’s a leading question?

Answer 26

A question that hits that a particular type of answer required.

Question 27

What is a leading question study?

Answer 27

Loftus and Palmer
Aim: to see if asking a leading question will affect the accuracy of recall.
Method: participants were made to watch film of car accidents. One group were asked,” how fast was the car going when it hit the other car” and the other groups question swapped the word “hit” for “smash”.
Results: those whose question said smashed gave a higher speed estimate than those whose question said hit.
Conclusion: leading questions will make a recall less accurate.

Question 28

What is LEV? (Low ecological validity)

Answer 28

Un life like, abnormal behaviour.

Question 29

What is HEv? (High ecological validity)

Answer 29

Life like, normal behaviour.

Question 30

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 30

When you cannot create new memory’s but you can remember old ones.

Question 31

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 31

When you lose all previous memories ,but you can create new ones.

Question 32

What is an Eye Witness Testimony study?

Answer 32

Bruce and Young-
Aim: to see if familiarity affects how accurate people identify faces.
Method: psychology lecturers were recorded on cameras at the entrance of a building, participants were asked to identify the faces on the camera videos from some high quality photos.
Results: the students that are lectured by the lecturers correctly recognised more than other student and experienced police officers.
Conclusion: previous familiarity helps to identity faces.

Question 33

What is a Practical Application

Answer 33

CROSS OUT THE WORD PRACTICAL.

Applying what we’ve learnt to real life.

Question 34

What is a Practical Implication?

Answer 34

CROSS OUT THE WORD PRACTICAL. Implying ,eg: “ from a study in psychology we know that “

Question 35

What is a cognitive interview?

Answer 35

A method of questioning witnesses that involves treat eating the context of the event.