personality

Question 1

extroverts

Answer 1

-external focus
-energised by the outside world
-happier in the thick of things
-lots of friends
-think broadly

Question 2

introverts

Answer 2

-energised by ideas
-need quiet reflection to process and recharge
-internal focus
-easily overstimulated and drained
-fewer friends
-like delving deep into subjects
-more reflective
-fewer children but more likely to survive

Question 3

how do introverts and extroverts brains differ

Answer 3

-introverts have a longer acetylcholine pathways therefore more information taken in as this is used for speech and active movement
-this produces a good feeling when individual is thinking about things
-extroverts have a shorter dopamine pathway
-dopamine is released in extroverts when they are active making them feel good

Question 4

Stanley Milgram and his experiment on obedience

Answer 4

-happened in 1960’s after WW2 where German soldiers killed 6 million people due to obedience
-test was to see how far people would go
-involved learners and teachers but all teachers were volunteers (unknowingly as they didn’t know that the learners were actors)
-teachers had to give learners an electric shock given on demand by Milgram- shock wasn’t real but learners (actors) ha dot act like it was
-he wanted to see how far the teachers would go as he kept increasing the voltage of the electric shock- he was seeing how obedient to him they were
-he would do this by saying how important this experiment was
-learners would scream
-65% of teachers exceeded ‘danger level’
-some followed on until the end

Question 5

personality axes used by psychologists

Answer 5

-extroversion
-dominance
-dependability
-emotional stability
-agreeableness
-openness

Question 6

definition of personality as used by those studying animal behaviour and interested in evolution

Answer 6

non-random, individual behavioural specialisation

Question 7

nature vs nurture

Answer 7

-dichotomas view of nature/ nurture is flawed
-traits animals possess is due to a subtle interplay between genes and environment - interactive effects

Question 8

what are some environmental effects on personality

Answer 8

-birth order
-social contact

Question 9

birth order in regards to environmental effects on personality

Answer 9

-first-borns are more conscientious, responsible, leaders, seek approval from authority
-last-borns are more outgoing , rebellious, social, spoiled

Question 10

social contact in regards to environmental effects on personality

Answer 10

-Harry Harlow investigated the effects of social deprivation on young monkeys using surrogate mothers and a model mother made of wire and cloth
-some given milk and some not
-all monkeys still cuddled- vitals- attachment theory

Question 11

sex differences in personality

Answer 11

-males and females brains differ
-INAH-3 in hypothalamus controls sexual behaviour and is 2-3x larger in males as its full of androgen sensitive cells
-SG in prefrontal cortex is associated with social cognition and is 10% larger In women- correlated with performance and social tasks

Question 12

is the hippocampus bigger in males

Answer 12

-yes
-therefore men have better spacial awareness
-however, in brown-headed cowbird the women has better spacial awareness therefore it depends o ecology and behaviour

Question 13

intelligence

Answer 13

-early study of intelligence of chickens were inappropriate hence why we think chickens are dumb
-these tests were irrelevant e.g. counting, colour
-male chickens can decipher between fertile and infertile chickens

Question 14

great tit personality

Answer 14

-fast birds are more competitive and survive better when resources are scarce
-slow birds do better when resources are abundant