Personality Flashcards
What is the problem of defining personality?
The properties are difficult to define. Although we recognise the properties of personality, their constitution is unclear. This concept applies to the whole of personality.
What were the historical definitions of personality?
Hippocrates and Galen thought of personality through the four humors or temperaments (blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm)
Kant(18th century) said personality had special laws which apply to it
Gall (18th century) said that personality is defined by size and shape of the brain, as revealed through lumps and bumps - phrenology
William James (1842 - 1910) suggested 3 components to personality
What was William James’ suggestion of 3 components to personality?
Ego - The Self (The personal self rather than the thought)
Material self - Me (bodily changes is a result of certain actions. I.e. we feel sorry because we cry)
Social - Me (A man has as many social selves as individuals who recognise him - each carry an image of him in their mind)
What are some recognised features of personality?
Psychological in nature
Falls outside the intellectual domain
Enduring dispositions rather than transient states
Forms relatively broad or generalised patterns
Personality based on what people ‘typically’ do
Personality features are probabilistic in nature
What are the individual differences in psychology?
Physical and psychological
Psychological splits into intellectual and non intellectual
non intellectual splits into transient and enduring
Enduring splits into specific and broad personalities
What are enduring characteristics?
Only characteristics that have some degree of stability and consistency are thought of as lasting dispositions of a person - aspects of personality
What are the two main scientific approaches to identifying enduring characteristics?
Biological and environmental methodologies.
What are biological methodologies
An approach to the study f personality that emphasises contribution of biological structures and processes
What are environmental methodologies
An approach to study of personality that emphasises contribution of environmental forces
What is evidence for biologically based personality?
Neural networks
Gut biomes
Genes
What is evidence for environmentally based personality?
Family
Cultural norms
Nationality
Why might personalities differe from an environmental based personality perspective
Different opportunities, learning and epigenetics
What are some examples of research questions to explore personality theory?
What biological, social and/or processes of interaction MIGHT matter? (Observation based theory)
What biological, social and/or processes of interaction DO matter? (empirical testing theory)
What kinds of rules might personality systems follow?
What are nomothetic methodologies?
Approaches to the study of personality that emphasises development of generalisations and laws of behaviour –> follows lawful relations
Suggests that everyone follows the same rules, BUT vary in some way such as:
Strength of function
Sensitivity of function
What are examples of nomothetic methodologies?
Hearts
Lungs
Immune system
What are idiographic methodologies?
Approaches study of personality that emphasises intensive analysis of individual’s uniqueness
These methodologies are person specific and is based on the idea that different people follow different rules in different situations
Evaluates individuals on various measures:
Interview
Focus groups
Observations
Biological and behavioural perspectives
Overall, what does personality theory suggest?
Personality is a science: it’s not just implicit personality theories and common sense
Personality structures: Structure of personality is the most stable and enduring parts of it
Personality processes: Dynamic motivational concepts (conscious or unconscious)
Personality expressions: Examples such as aggression-hostility, physical appearance, optimism, mental health
Personality determinants: Environmental, biological and genetic
What does Freud propose the unconsciousness is?
The unconsiousness is the larger circle which includes the smaller circle of the conscious
Argues that everything conscious has a preliminary step in the unconscious
What is mental energy?
Energy that the psyche needs to function
What is psyche?
It is the human soul, mind or spirit.
Psychological result of mainly the brains and partly the rest of the body’s physiological functions
Proposes that the psyche consists of the Id, Ego, and Superego
What does Freud propose are the two fundamental drives in life?
Libido/life drive/sexual drive/eros
Thanatos(death)
What is libido/life drive/sexual drive/eros?
A motive towards (pro)creation, protection, enjoyment of life, (re)productivity and growth
What is Thanatos(death)?
A motive towards disorder and ultimately death
What is Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
Developmental periods with a chracteristic sexual focus (urge for physical pleasure) that shapes personality
What are the 5 stages to the psychosexual stages of development?
1)Oral stage
2)Anal stage
3)Phallic stage
4)Latent stage
5) Genital stage
What is the oral stage?
Stage between birth and 18 months old/ Focusses on oral satisfaction. Freud believed mouth was only organ of pleasure at this time
If they are underfed –> oral passive: trusting, dependency
If they are overfed –> oral aggressive: aggressive, dominating
If well fed –> good trust in the world
What is the anal stage?
Stage between one to three years of age. Around this age, child begins to toilet train, bringing child’s fascination with the anus. Here the erogenous zone focusses on bowel and bladder control
If toilet training is too harsh –> Anal retentive: tidiness, obsessiveness, mean, stubborn
If toilet training is too lax –> Anal expulsive: untidiness, generosity
What is the phallic stage?
Three to six years of age. Focus on genitals and sexual connection to mother or father.
Involves vanity, self obsession, sexual anxiety, envy etc.
What is the latent stage?
Six to puberty .
Calm phase where sexual energies are suprssed and they develop social development skills
What is the genital stage?
Begins with onset of puberty. Person seeks way of satisfying sexual inputs and aggressive impulses through competition, physically demanding activities, exercise etc.
They become more mature, and are able to love and be loved. Sexual instinct directed to heterosexual pleasure
What is fixation?
Failure to move from one stage to another, due to excessive gratification or frustration of needs at a particular stage
What is psychic determinism?
Everything that happens in a person’s psyche has a specific cause.
Cause lies in processes (or dynamics) and structure of personality
Purpose of psychoanalysis is to find the causes by digging into the hidden part of the psyche
What does the topographic model consist of?
Conscious, preconscious and unconscious
What is the conscious in the topographic model?
The ‘tip of the iceberg’
Objects perceived
Events recalled
Stream of thought
Everyday life
What is the preconscious in the topographic model?
Associated with a part of the part below level of immediate conscious awareness, from which memories and emotions that have not been repressed and can be recalled
What is the unconscious in the topographic model?
The hidden, ‘secret’ realm in the mental world that Freud thought contains a significant portion of our mental life, operating under its own rules
What is the structural model?
Suggests that the internal structure of the mind consists of specific, functionally independent and sometimes conflicting parts.
It consists of the Id, Ego and Superego
What is the Id?
The irrational and emotional part of the mind.
Follows the pleasure principle which suggests a need for immediate gratifications of Id’s urges (raw biological desires)
What is the Ego?
The rational and decision making part of the mind. It aims to balance both the needs of the superego and the id
Follows the reality principle which suggests a force that delays the gratification of the Id’s needs until appropriate conditions
What is the Superego?
The moral part of the mind
(kind of battling against the id)
What is psychic conflict?
Friction between different parts of the mind
What is ego’s main role in psychic conflict?
Find a middle course (a psychic compromise) between competing demands of motivation, morality and practicality.
Without internal compromises, the individual is filled with internal conflict between needs and impulses that can have consequences such as mental illness and crime
The ego attempts to achieve this through ‘defence mechanisms’ which aim to cope with psychic conflict and find solutions
What can prolonged and unresolved conflict lead to?
Leads to increased levels of anxiety and/or guilt
What is the ego anxious about?
Anxious about the Id getting out of control and doing something terrible or the superego getting out of control and making the person feel guilty
What are the ego’s defense mechanisms?
Repression
Denial
Projection
Displacement
Regression
Sublimation
Explain repression as a defense mechanism
Unconscious mechanism employed by ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming consious
Explain denial as a defense mechanism
Involves blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is just too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it
Explain projection as a defense mechanism
Involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person
Explain displacement as a defense mechanism
Satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a substitute object
Explain regression as a defense mechanism
This is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress
Explain sublimation as a defense mechanism
Satisfying an impulse (e..g aggression) with a substitute object. In a socially acceptable way. I.e. Channel impulse into socially acceptable behaviours such as work
What is psychoanalytic theory?
Involves the Id, superego, ego and the defence mechanisms
Where is the Id in terms of consciousness?
Fully unconscious
Where is the superego in terms of consciousness?
Preconcious and unconscious
Where is theego in terms of consciousness?
Conscious and preconscious
What was Jung’s structural model?
Suggested the roles of archetypes.
Suggests that archetypes emerge from the collective unconscious into the personal unconscious. Here they form complexes that drive behaviour and experience