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Personality Flashcards

1
Q

usually regarded as categories that are distinct & discontinuous (introvert v. extrovert, male v. female)

Jung argued ppl are either one or the other

A

types

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2
Q

assume that ppl differ along continuous variables or dimensions

A

traits

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3
Q

traits exists in the same way in every person

A

nomothetic view of persoanlity

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4
Q

each person is unique, traits are individualized

A

idiographic view of personality

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5
Q

The 5 Factor Model (“big 5”)

A

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism/emotionality, & openness (to experience)

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6
Q

16 Personality Factory inventory

A

Catell believed that personality could be captured in a set of 16 dimensions (reserved v. warm, concrete v. abstract, reactive v. emotionally stable, serious v. lively)

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7
Q

Personality Questionarie (EPQ)

A

2 supertraits-introversion-extroversion and emotionality-stabilty

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8
Q

Situationsm

A

the idea that situational variables determine behavior, not personality

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9
Q

interactionsim

A

the idea that traits & situations interact to influence behavior

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9
Q

primary needs

A

food, water, air, sex, & pain avoidance

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9
Q

needs

A

an internal state that is less then satisfacry, a lack of something that is necessary for well-being

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9
Q

secondary needs

A

need for power, need for achievement

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10
Q

motives

A

take the underlying need & move it a step closer to behavior, motives are eventually reflected in actions

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10
Q

press

A

an external condition that creates a desire to obtain or avoid something

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11
Q

manifest needs

A

can be seen in overt action

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11
Q

latent needs

A

those that are not being displayed

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11
Q

appercpetion

A

process of projecting imagery onto an outside stimulus

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12
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

way of measuring motives, view a set of pictures asked to create a story

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13
Q

personology

A

the study of individual lives & the factors that influence their course

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14
Q

behavioral genetics

A

mix of psychology & genetics, the study of genetic influences on behavior

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15
Q

twin studies

A

many studies were conducted using monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins

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16
Q

heritablity (estimate)

A

the index of genetic influence on personality

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17
Q

temperaments

A

activity lvl, sociability, & emotionality

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18
Q

sociobiology

A

the study of biological basis of social behavior

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19
genetic similarity theory
the idea that people work toward reproduction of genes similar to their own
20
reciprocal altruism
helping others w/ the expectation that help will be returned
21
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
activates & deactivates cerebral cortex, Eysnck argued that the diff. b/w introverts & extroverts were caused by the ARAS
22
behavioral approach system
people move towards what they want
23
neurotransmitter
chemical involved in sending messages along nerve pathways
24
dopamine
a neurotransmitter involved in sending messages along nerve pathways
25
behavioral inhibition systems (BIS)
an avoidance system, causes people to inhibit movement, responsive to cues of punishment or danger
26
testosterone
many studies on lvls of ___ & how it is involved in regulating important qualities of human behavior
27
id
unconscious "pleasure princicple"
28
ego
"reality principle", takes risks into consideration
29
superego
tries to inhibit id impulses that would be frowned upon
30
conscious
what we are aware of
31
preconscious
ordinary memory (last movie you saw, phone #, etc)
32
unconscious
not accessible to awareness
33
Oedipus complex
phallic stage, boys desire to possess their mother & replace father
34
Electra complex
phallic stage, girls desire to possess their father & replace mother
35
anxiety
aversive inner state that people seek to avoid or escape
36
resistance
actively fighting against becoming aware of repressed conflict & impulses
37
transference
a set of displacements
38
insight
is the goal of psychotherapy, experiencing previously unconsciousness
39
repression
person tries to force something out of consciousness
40
denial
refusal to believe an event took place
41
projection
ascribing your own unacceptable impulses, desires, or qualities on someone else
42
rationalization
finding a rational explanation or excuse for behavior
43
intellectualization
thinking about threats in cold, analytic, & detached terms
44
reaction formation
doing the opposite of an impulse
45
regression
using coping strategies from past states of development
46
displacment
shifting an impulse from one target to another (seen as more adaptive)
47
sublimation
transforming the impulse to a more acceptable one (seen as more adaptive)
48
object relations theories
theories that focus on people's relations w/ others
49
basic anxiety
feeling of abandonment, of being isolated/helpless in a hostile world (minimized by being raised in a home w/ trust, love, security, warmth, etc.)
50
vicious cycle
patterns that occur b/c of basic anxiety
51
ego identity
consciously experienced sense of self
52
classical conditioning
responses can be acquired by associating one stimulus w/ another (Pavlov)
53
unconditional stimulus (US)
stimulus causing the automatic response
54
unconditional response (UR)
the response the US causes
55
conditioned stimulus (CS)
this is the stimulus that is becoming conditioned
56
conditioned response (CR)
CS can produce response on its own
57
(+) reinforcement
adding something good to increase behavior
58
(-) reinforcement
removing something bad to increase behavior
59
social reinforcers
acceptance, smiles, hugs, praise, approval, etc.
60
locus of control
the way people see reinforcers as controlled from w/in (internal LOC) or from something outside themselves (external LOC)
61
self-efficacy
the perceived ability to carry out a desired action
62
learned helplessness
conviction that success won't come, low motivation & reduced effort
63
humanistic psychology
everyone has potential for growth & development
64
actualization
tendency to develop capabilities in ways that maintain or enhance
65
self-acutualization
moves you toward greater autonomy & sufficiency, expands & enriches life
66
congruence
wholeness or integration w/in a person
67
fully fxning person
someone who is self-actualizing
68
(+) regard
accpetance of a significant other
69
unconditional (+) regard
affection given w/out special conditions
70
conditional (+) regard
i'll accept you, but only if you act in a particular way
71
self-determination
3 needs: autonomy, competence, & relatedness
72
ideal self
image of the kind of person you want to be
73
actual self
what you think you're really like as a person
74
existential psychology
existence is all anyone has, each person is alone in an unfathomable universe, each person must take responsibility for own choices, life has no meaning unless you create it
75
personal construct
people's behavior, thoughts, & feelings are determined by the constructs they use to anticipate or predict events
76
constructs
consist of a pair of opposite characteristics (friendly v. unfriendly, stable v. changeable)
77
schemas
mental organization of info, categories
78
prototype
a categories best member
79
semantic memory
organized by meaning
80
episodic memory
memory for events
81
script
enough episodes of a given type form a script
82
personality disorder
identified by a pervasive pattern of experience & behavior that is abnormal w/ respect to any 2 o the following: thinking, mood, personal relations, & the control of impulses

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