Personality

Question 1

Motivational States

Answer 1

Psychological and physiological states that initiate and direct the organism towards or away from specific goals

Question 2

Categories of Motivational States

Answer 2

1. Biological Motivational States
2. Acquired/Personal Motivational States

Question 3

Biological Motivational States

Answer 3

Category of motivational state; automatic, minimal conscious control over; helps us survive & reproduce

Question 4

Acquired/Personal Motivational States

Answer 4

Category of motivational state; Learned, culturally-defined, controlled, and do not directly contribute to our immediate survival

Question 5

Approach Behaviours

Answer 5

The state stops once you acquire a goal

Question 6

Avoidance Behaviours

Answer 6

The state stops once you avoid a goal

Question 7

Bodily Sensations

Answer 7

Motivational states that are often triggered by internal (bodily) events and having:
a) physiological arousal
b) a dedicated and unambiguous neural signal that guides the organism towards specific action

Question 8

Functions of Bodily Sensation (3)

Answer 8

1. Drive us towards or away from specific goals.
2. Generated internally by our bodies for purpose of biological preservation.
3. Physiological arousal leads to unambiguous sensation.

Question 9

Physiological Arousal

Answer 9

x

Question 10

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 10

Nerves that carry involuntary and automatic commands between the brain and blood vessels, body organs, and glands

Question 11

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 11

The branch that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations; (Go!)

Question 12

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 12

The branch that returns the body to its normal resting state; (Calm)

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Brain structure responsible for regulating bodily sensations, especially those related to arousal and hunger

Question 14

Amygdala

Answer 14

Brain structure that plays a key role in many emotional processes (esp reward & fear)

Question 15

Emotions

Answer 15

Motivational states that are often triggered by external (world) events; Marked by:
a) physiological arousal
b) cognitive interpretation and
c) observable facial and bodily expression

Question 16

Functions of Emotions (4)

Answer 16

1. Drive us towards or away from specific goals.
2. Sometimes internally generated, but mostly externally generated (e.g., by bears, bridges, etc.)
3. Physiological arousal that is cognitively interpreted!
4. Coupled with very clearly observable facial and body expressions.

Question 17

Cognitive Interpretation

Answer 17

x

Question 18

James-Lange Theory

Answer 18

A cognitive interpretation theory that believes a stimulus causes unique physiological reactions which produces a dedication emotional experience in the brain. There is no confusion about what emotion you are experiencing;

Distinct channels for distinct emotions

Question 19

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 19

A cognitive interpretation theory that believes a stimulus triggers both physiological reaction and a separate brain-based emotional response. Arousal and emotion occur at the same time, and there is no confusion about what emotion you are feeling;

There are paired responses –> particular stimulus w/ particular emotion

Question 20

Amphetamine Experiment

Answer 20

An experiment where participants participants are given amphetamines (increasing arousal) and either told that they were given a drug, or were told it was just water

Question 21

Amphetamine Experiment Findings

Answer 21

Contrary to both theories: all participants experienced emotions, but it differed by group: the drug group experienced arousal as a pleasant sensation, the water group felt agitated and unpleasant.

(In Theory)
James-Lange: both groups experience arousal and therefore same emotion.
Cannon-Bard: the water group should feel no emotion, since they have no association between drinking water and emotions.

Question 22

Capilano Suspension Bridge Study

Answer 22

An experiment where participants cross the Capilano suspension bridge or a normal bridge, and then interact with an opposite-sex research assistant; they are later asked how attracted they were to them.

Question 23

Capilano Suspension Bridge Study Findings

Answer 23

Contrary to both theories: Capilano bridge group reported significantly higher attraction towards the research assistant than those crossing a normal bridge, misinterpreting their arousal from the bridge as attraction towards assistant

(In Theory)
James-Lange: no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge.
Cannon-Bard: no increased attraction, since arousal is unambiguously from bridge.

Question 24

Two-Factory Theory

Answer 24

A cognitive interpretation theory that believes that emotions are best guesses from physiological reactions; we experience arousal, and then try to find out why, leading to an emotional states; emotions are interpretations

Question 25

Process of Emotion Interpretation

Answer 25

When we first observe a stimulus, a fast pathway leads directly to the amygdala and makes us act fast and feel an initial jolt of fear or surprise.
A separate slow pathway sends information to cortical regions of the brain, assessing if the threat is real, what the source is, and can revise that emotion into happiness, sadness, etc

Question 26

Role of Emotions (2)

Answer 26

1. Internal Roles
2. External Roles

Question 27

Internal Role (of Emotions)

Answer 27

Emotions help guide us towards particular goals

e.g., when I am feeling sad, I am much more likely to seek out comfort

Question 28

External Role (of Emotions)

Answer 28

Emotions help us communicate to others what our internal states are

e.g., sad faces notify others that we are sad and make them want to come comfort us