Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 102 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to direct one’s thinking, adapt to one’s changing environment, and learn from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychological Factors

A

A dedicated mechanism that predicts performance in a specialized domain but not others

Individual subcomponents that come together to predict ones performance ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intelligence as Two Factors

A

Views intelligence as determined by two factors: General Intelligence Factor (g) and Specific Factors (s) where the amount of (g) ultimately determines the overall amount of intelligence one has; This theory is not accepted today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

General Intelligence Factor (g)

A

The hypothesized single factor of intelligence that explains aptitude in all domains of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Specific Factors (s)

A

The hypothesizes separate factors of intelligence that explain aptitude in specialized domains of knowledge on top of (g)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Independent Factor Theories

A

Views intelligence as many non-overlapping abilities, each unrelated to the others; Intelligence as many factors; Understands that there are multiple types of intelligence; This theory is not accepted today (the correlation of results is often due to confounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hybrid Theories

A

Views intelligence as a group of interrelated factors, with (g) at the top, various middle-level abilities after, and specific tasks underneath; Understands intelligence as multiple parts with g being overall volume regulator with mid lvl abilities (subcomponents of g; fluid & crystallized) which are ability based; This theory is accepted today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fluid Intelligence (Gf)

A

Refers to the learning of new information or dealing with novel situations; Ability to adapt to environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Crystalized Intelligence (Gc)

A

Refers to drawing on experiences from the past and applying it; Ability to take knowledge from past (experiences) to solve current issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Standardized Test

A

A test that 1) has highly controlled and guided administration protocol & 2) gives a score that shows your performance relative to the general population; Allows for norming of a popualtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

The standard unit of intelligence; 100 is the average score, and 15 is one standard deviation; Is designed to follow a bell curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

A

The most popular test used today, based on a hybrid model of intelligences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Components of the WAIS-IV Test

A

Components:
Full Scale (IQ/g)
→ General ability index {verbal comprehension; Perceptual Reasoning}
→ Cognitive Proficiency Index {Working Memory; Perceptual Speed}

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Full Scale (IQ/g)

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

General Ability Index

A

Measures a person’s intellectual abilities in the absence of time pressure; Mid lvl of crystalized intelligence score;

Breaks into: Verbal Comprehension & Perceptual Reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Verbal Comprehension

A

Ability to understand things; Task under the General Ability Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Perceptual Reasoning

A

Ability to understand visuals/patterns?; Task under the General Ability Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cognitive Proficiency Index

A

Measures a person’s intellectual speed and capacity for processing; Done under intense time pressure; Mid lvl of fluid intelligence score;

Breaks into: Working Memory & Perceptual Speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Working Memory

A

Ability to ____; Task under the Cognitive Proficiency Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Perceptual Speed

A

Ability to ____; Task under the Cognitive Proficiency Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A

A non-verbal intelligence test based on matching pictures that follow particular types of rules; useful for cross-cultural research; thought to be measure of fluid intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Issues w/ IQ (4)

A
  1. Cultural Bias
  2. Education
  3. Test-taking ability
  4. Stereotypes*

Cultural Bias - different definitions of intelligence across different cultures (abstract vs practical)
Education - intelligence tests & school content overlap
Test-taking ability - measuring intelligence or test taking ability?
Stereotypes - self-fulfilling prophecy; cultural stereotypes on test ability & intelligence

23
Q

Genetics Approach to Intelligence

A

x

24
Q

Individual Differences

A

Variability in a psychological trait across people

25
Q

Reasons for Individual Differences

A
  1. Genetic Variability
  2. Environmental Variability
  3. Interaction between genetic & environmental variability
26
Q

Genetic Variability

A

Refers to how people differ in their genetic makeup; A source of individual differences

27
Q

Environmental Variability

A

Refers to how people live in environments; People have different lives, grow up with different family styles, go to different schools which all in turn largely impact their psychological states

28
Q

Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Variability

A

Genetic effects can change environments; Environments can change genetic expression (Epigenetics)

29
Q

Issues w/ Genetic Approach (to Intelligence) (3)

A
  1. Genetic Determinism
  2. No single gene predicts a single trait
  3. Genetics predict broad patterns not singular/indiv ones

phenotypes/genes can be turned on/off; Genetic risk for a condition =/= gene will be expressed

Genetic effects = complicated; interact w/ one another & environment

Work at lvl of population not individual

30
Q

Genetic Determinism

A

The (false) belief that if a person carries some set of genes, that their expressed phenotype is fixed and immutable.

31
Q

Genetic Prediction

A

Is influenced by:
1. The genetic range
2. The strength of environmental influence

32
Q

Genetic Range

A

The possibility of phenotypes that could be expressed

33
Q

Strength (of environment)

A

How strong the influence of the environment has to be to affect that expression

34
Q

Strong vs Moderate vs Weak Genetic Predictions

A

Strongly predicted by genes: low range of expression
Moderately predicted: medium range of expression
Weakly predicted: high range of expression

35
Q

Quasi-Experiments

A

The experimental “manipulation” occurs naturally, but has no random assignment

36
Q

Identical (Monozygotic) Twins

A

Twins sharing 100% of their genes

37
Q

Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins

A

Twins sharing 50% of their genes

38
Q

Twin Experiments & Intelligence

A

Finds that intelligence is moderately ranged by genes and moderately affected by environment

39
Q

Impact of Environment (on Intelligence)

A
  1. Education
  2. Birth weight
  3. Birth order

Education: quality & years of education = strongest predict of g, Gf & Gc
Birth Weight: small but positive correlation (third variable prob)
Birth Order: first-born children have marginally higher IQ than younger siblings

*If we want to generally increase performance on intelligence tests, increasing educational opportunities is the most important factor

40
Q

Age Differences (in Intelligence)

A

Relative stable with age; after 50 Gf tends to decrease; Gc is stable (except in dementia)

41
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

Average intelligence increases with each successive generation; younger generations have higher IQs; Due to: improved environments, education & test-taking abilities

42
Q

Gender Differences (in Intelligence)

A

Identical avg intelligence; tendency - men better at spatial intelligence, women - better at emotional intelligence

Due to socialization differences; difference disappearing (showing environmental effect)

43
Q

Ethnicity Differences (in Intelligence)

A

­Asian Canadians typically outperform White Canadians, who outperform both Black and First Nation Canadians; Average IQ scores in Global South are lower than in Global North; ­Differences range between 2 IQ points to 15 IQ points.

Lots of 3rd variables (education, english ability, translation, sociocultural differences in environments)

*Difference within given group is higher than differences between different groups

44
Q

General Differences (in Intelligence)

A

Differences in intelligence are due to sociological reasons or third variables; Differences within groups are significantly higher than between; interested in how we can eliminate sociocultural barriers to people maximizing the range of their expressed intelligence

45
Q

Early Intelligence Tests

A

x

46
Q

Problems w/ Early Intelligence Tests

A
  1. intelligence measures as achievement
  2. goal to quickly segregate people into roles/classes
  3. not standardized & used for a specific purpose
47
Q

Phrenology

A

the (discredited) attempt to assess each person’s intelligence by measuring differences in “specialized” brain size through bumps on the skull

48
Q

Stanford-Binet Test

A

The first widely used intelligence test for school children, developed in 1904 in France and then translated into English

49
Q

Army Alpha/Beta Tests

A

Two prominent US Army tests for determining each person’s capability as a soldier, leadership, etc.

50
Q

Achievement vs Aptitude

A

Achievement = what you already know (measure of Gc); reliant on data of what people have the opportunity to learn
Aptitude = measure of potential

51
Q

Eugenics

A

Belief/Practice to improve the genetic quality of a human population (through elimination of “poor” genes)

52
Q

Claims of Eugenics (3)

A

Claim #1: intelligence is highly predicted by genetic variation → True: but this fact is not very interesting.

Claim #2: differences in intelligence are due to group genetic differences → False: differences in groups could only be due to genetics if environments are equal.

Claim #3: intelligence is the best predictor of life outcomes and success → Maybe: only true if there are no third variables

53
Q

The Bell Curve

A

A 1994 book advocating for the radical changes in public policy in order to protect high IQ individuals and reduce reproduction amongst low IQ individuals

54
Q

Claims of The Bell Curve (4)

A
  1. Intelligence is stable, largely heritable, and reliably measured by IQ tests.
  2. Intelligence tests are valid and unbiased.
  3. Intelligence is the best predictor of life outcomes, job and school success, etc.; Correlational claim; Directional issue - intelligence → school or school → intelligence
  4. Welfare allows low IQ individuals to have more children, decreasing the overall fitness of our society; Anecdotal data; Can never test either

PSYC 102 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions