Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 102 > Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Experimental Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Intuition

A

Internal way of knowing where” you just know” something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Problems w/ Intuition

A

individual; collaborating on knowledge = difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Observation

A

An Internal & External way of knowing; knowing through experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Problems w/ Observation? (4)

A

pure observation is difficult
1. Not always possible; limited (can’t see everything)
2. Not always true (room for misinterpretations) e.g. illusions
3. Observation can change over time
4. People disagree on their experiences (issues w/ consensus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Combatting Issues of Observation (Impossibility, Reliability, Biases & Opinion Differences)

A
  1. Impossibility –> technological tools/advancements
  2. reliability –> openness, falsifiable hypothesis, double-blind experiments
  3. biases & opinion differences –> scientific skepticism, peer review, replication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Technological Tools/Advancements

A

Tools to help measure/observe;

Combats impossibility of observation; development/advancements allow humans to observe things that once weren’t able to be observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Openness (& Observation)

A

All data should be publicly available;

Combats reliability of observation; Allow others to decide whether its reliable or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Double-Blind Experiements

A

Experiments where neither participant or data collector is aware of the hypothesis;

Combats reliability of observation; Minimizes expectancy bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Scientific Skepticism

A

Not believing theories/observations to be true;

Combats bias & opinion differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peer Review

A

Having conclusions reviewed by other scientists; double checking work

Combats bias & opinion differences;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Replication

A

Study/Experiments is replicated to see if the same results are found;

Combats bias & opinion differences; accumulation of confirmed/disconfirmed hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Hypothesis
  2. Operationalize
  3. Measure
  4. Analyze
  5. Report
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Problems w/ the scientific method

A

Problems: designed & validated by established scientists, scientism*, science is generalizable – how does it apply individually?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scientism

A

the belief that knowledge can only be derived through science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypothesis

A

a prediction. derived from a theory, about what should happen in a scientific study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Confirmatory Studies

A

Start with a falsifiable hypothesis & then find data that either confirms/disconfirms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Exploratory Studies

A

Start by collecting data without a strong hypothesis & then look for patterns to come up with a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Operational Definition

A

a description of a psychological property in measure, observable terms; redefining concept into smth measurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Measure

A

measuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Instrument

A

anything that measures the operational definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Validity

A

Actually measures what it claims to measure

22
Q

Reliability

A

Gives similar measurements each time it is used

23
Q

Power/Sensitivity

A

Can detect small differences in the measure

24
Q

Analyze

A

To make sense of the data

25
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Mathematical tools used to summarize data into ways of understanding it (e.g. mean, variability, range)

26
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Mathematical tools used to help us decide if the data confirm or disconfirm some hypothesis (statistical significance)

27
Q

Report

A

Way in which researchers present their findings/results

28
Q

Peer Review

A

Process through which scientists receive feedback about their work from other scientists in the field

29
Q

Role of Peer Reviewers

A

To be skeptical of claims to identify alternative explanations, assess instruments for validity, reliability and power/sensitivity, and double-check the statistics

30
Q

Study Designs/Methods (4)

A

A set of guidelines for how data is collected for a study
1. Naturalistic Observation
2. ­Case-Studies
3. ­Correlational Studies.
4. ­Experiments.

31
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A type of study design/method; x

32
Q

Problems w/ Naturalistic Observation

A

x

33
Q

Case-Studies/Case-Methods

A

A type of study design/method; x

34
Q

Problems w/ Case-Studies/Methods

A

x

35
Q

Correlational Studies

A

A type of study design/method; Estimate the numerical relationship/prediction between two measured variables

36
Q

Steps for correlational studies

A
  1. Choose any two variables.
  2. Measure the two variables with an instrument in as many people as possible.
  3. Graph the relationship for all collected data.
  4. Estimate the “direction” and “strength” of the correlation.
37
Q

Positive Correlation

A

As one variable increases, the second increases as well

38
Q

No Correlation

A

There is no correlation between the two variables

39
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As one variable increases, the second decreases

40
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

A correlation between two variables does not imply that one variable caused the other

41
Q

(Potential) Reasons for why correlation does not equal causation (3)

A
  1. Directionality Problem
  2. Third Variable Problem
  3. Spurious Correlations
42
Q

Directionality Problem

A

For any correlation, A might have caused B, or B might have caused A

43
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

AKA: Confound Variables; For any correlation, a third, unmeasured variable may be the true cause of the measured ones

44
Q

Spurious Correlation

A

Strongly correlated variables that we know are not casually related

45
Q

Experiments

A

A type of study design/method; A study design where one variable (of interest) is manipulated/changed to see its casual effect on another (in a controlled environment)

46
Q

Key Components of Experiments (4)

A

Four Key Components of Experiments:
­1. Independent variable
2. ­Dependent variable
3. Random Assignment
­4. Random Selection

47
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable manipulated (experimental vs control group)

48
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable measured

49
Q

Random Assignment

A

Participants are put into the experimental/control group randomly

50
Q

Random Selection

A

Participants should be representative of population as a whole

PSYC 102 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions