Personality

Question 1

Define personality

Answer 1

distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterises a persons response to life situations

Question 2

How do behaviours attribute to personality

Answer 2

1- components of identity (what distinguishes people)
2- perceived internal cause (behaviours caused by internal factors)
3- perceived organisation and structure (behaviours organised by inner personality)

Question 3

Whats Sigmund Freuds Theory?

Answer 3

unconscious parts of the mind exert great influence on behaviour

Question 4

What Psychoanalysis?

Answer 4

theory of personality, approach to studying the mind, method for treating psychological disorders
Techniques = hypnosis, free association, dream analysis

Question 5

Whats psychic energy and mental events

Answer 5

1- psych energy (mind pressing for either direct or indirect release)
2- conscious mind (mental events in current awareness)
3- preconscious mind (memories, feeling, thoughts unaware in moment but easily recalled)
4- unconscious mind (wishes, feelings and impulses that lie beyond our awareness)

Question 6

Structure of personality

Answer 6

continuous conflict between impulses of the id and counterforces of the ego and superego
1- ID it = inner personality, exists within unconscious mind
2- ego executive of personality = direct contact with reality and functions at conscious level
3- Superego = traditional values and ideals of family and society

Question 7

Defence mechanisms

Answer 7

• repression
• denial
• displacement
• intellectualisation
• projection
• rationalisation
• reaction-formation
• sublimation

Question 8

Psychosexual stages

Answer 8

ID’s pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body the erogenous zones

Question 9

What are the Psychosexual stages

Answer 9

1- oral = satisfaction from food/sucking
2 - anal = using toilet
3 - phallic = pleasure from sex organs
4 - latency = dormant and remerges in adolescence
5 - genetial = erotic impulses by sexual relationships

Question 10

Whats Erik Eriksons theory

Answer 10

believed personality development continues throughout lifespan

Question 11

Whats Carl Jungs theory

Answer 11

humans posses personal unconscious based on life experience and a collective unconscious consisting of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

Question 12

Whats Alfred Adler theory?

Answer 12

human are inherently social beings who are motivated by social interest, believed for striving for superiority

Question 13

Whats object relation theroists

Answer 13

focus on mental representations that people form of themselves and others as a result of early experiences with caregivers

Question 14

Whats phenomenology

Answer 14

emphasis on primacy of immediate experiences and focuses on the present instead of past

Question 15

What are humanistic theories

Answer 15

emphasise the subjective experiences of the individual and deal with perception and cognitive processes

Question 16

What is George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory?

Answer 16

addresses manner in which people differ in their constitutions of reality by personal constructs they use to categorise their experiences
1- personal constructs (good, bad)
2- role construct repertory tests (assess to personal construct)
3- fixed role therapy (behaviour scripts)

Question 17

Whats Rodgers theory of self?

Answer 17

experiences that are incongruous with the established self-concept produce threat and may result in denial or distortion of reality
1- self actualisation
2- self = set of perceptions/beliefs
3- positive regard = acceptance/ sympathy
4- fully functioning person
5- research on the self = effects of self-esteem/ enhancement
6- evaluating the phenomenological-humanistic approach

Question 18

Whats the lexical approach?

Answer 18

propose traits on the basis of words or concepts from everyday discourse, or from concepts in existing personality theories

Question 19

Whos Gordon Allport?

Answer 19

discovered 17963 words in Websters dictionary describing someone
a- evaluative judgments = excellent, worthy
b- temporal states = afraid, elated
c- personality traits = sociable, agressive
d- other = tall, clever

Question 20

Whats factor analysis?

Answer 20

used to identify clusters of behaviours that are correlated with one another but not with behaviours in other clusters

Question 21

Whats the five factor model

Answer 21

1- conscientiousness/lack of direction = organised, precise, hardworking, prudent
2- neuroticism/ emotional stability = considerate, warm, sentimental
3- openness to experience/ closed to experience = complex, creative
4- extraversion/introversion = sociable, assertive
5- honesty-humility

Question 22

What Eysenck extraversion ability model

Answer 22

normal personality can be understood in terms of two basic dimensions intersecting at right angles, and secondary traits that reflect varying combination of the two primary dimensions, introversion/extraversion and stability/instability

Question 23

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 23

the person, the persons behaviour and environment all influence one another in a pattern of two way causal links

Question 24

Whos Julian Rotter

Answer 24

Expectancy, reinforcement and locus of control
1- expectancy = likelihood of consequences of behaviour
2- reinforcement values = how much we desire or dread an outcome expected behaviour

Question 25

Whos Albert Bandura

Answer 25

Helped combine psychology of learning with cognitive perspectives
Social learning = beliefs concerning abilities to perform the behaviours needed for desired outcomes
Self efficiency

Question 26

What the cognitive-affective personality system

Answer 26

five personality variables that interact continuously with one another and the environment, generating distinctive patterns of behaviour that characterise the person
1- encoding
2- expectancies and beliefs
3- goals and values
4- effects emotions
5- competencies
6- self-regulation