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Social, Personality, and Abnormal > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use to measure personality?

A
  • Projective tests
  • Implicit measures
  • Self-report questionnaires
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2
Q

What are projective tests?

A

Ambiguous stimuli are presented to a person who then provides a response.

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3
Q

What do projective tests show about personality?

A
  • Can provide info about underlying emotions/inner-conflict

- Provides insight into personality

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4
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

Subjects perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psyhological interpretations, complex algorithms, or both.

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5
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

30 grayscale pictures containing a dramatic event or critical situation and PPs are asked to think about the relationships between people and the feelings of the people in the picture. Stories are constructed which reflect individual personalities and experiences.

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of projective tests used to measure personality?

A
  • Rorschach Inkblot

- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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7
Q

What do implicit measures show about personality?

A
  • Taps into our automatic associations and measures whether the subject responds faster to when certain categories are combined vs other combinations of categories.
  • It is hard for people to ‘fake good’ while doing this
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8
Q

What is an examples of an implicit measure test of personality?

A

Emotional Stroop Test

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9
Q

What is the emotional stroop test?

A
  • Requires a person to look at a list of words and say the colour of the ink
  • Some words represent possible sources of concern or anxiety
  • Negative words are designed for what you’re testing.
  • The assumption is that the subject will take longer when trying to say the colou of the words that relate to areas of concern/stress
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10
Q

How do self-report questionnaires measure personality?

A

A factor analysis is perfoemed where items are analysed statistically for clusters of items - each cluste measures a personality trait.

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11
Q

What is the 2 factor model of traits from faces?

A

People automatically evaluate faces on multiple trait dimensions - 2 orthogonal dimensions are sufficient to describe face evaluation and these are trustworthiness and dominance.

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12
Q

How do collectivistic cultures perceive personality?

A

To be malleable

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13
Q

How do individualistic cultures perceive personality?

A

To be fixed.

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14
Q

What does trait theory assume?

A

Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time and traits are stable across siutations.

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15
Q

What is the idiographic approach?

A

Looking at individuals to see what their personality is.

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16
Q

What was Gordon Allport’s lexical approach to personality?

A
  • Identified 18,000 words and turned those into 4,500 described traits.
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17
Q

What are cardinal traits?

A

Single, dominant traits (heavily influences behaviour)

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18
Q

What are central traits?

A

5-10 traits which descibe personality.

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19
Q

What are secondary traits?

A

Preferences, not core to personality.

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20
Q

What was Raymond Cattel interested in?

A
  • How personality can predict behaviour.
  • Role of genetics and experience
  • Investigating common traits
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21
Q

What did Raymond Cattell’s factor analysis show?

A
  • Reduced 4,500 trait names to 46 surface traits.

- Used various methods to collect data on people

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22
Q

What methods did Raymond Cattell use to collect data on people?

A
  • L-data (life-record data)
  • Q-data (questionnaires)
  • T-data (standardised tests)
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23
Q

What are advantages of Cattell’s 16PF (16 Personality Factors)?

A
  • Use of 16PF in research

- Shows good predictability

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24
Q

What are disadvantages of Cattell’s 16PF?

A
  • Internal consistencies of some factors were low
  • Not many have been able to replicate 16 factors
  • Some evidence can reduce 16PF to 5.
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25
Q

What did Eysenck’s theory of personality propose?

A
  • Fundamental traits are biologically based but environment can impact how they are expressed
  • Pesonality is based on character, temperament, intelligence, physique and nervous system
  • Traits are relatively stable
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26
Q

What are Eysenck’s 3 personality types/ ‘super traits’?

A
  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Psychoticism
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27
Q

What did Eysenck state were the traits of extraversion?

A
  • Dominant, active, sociable, sensation seeking
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28
Q

What did Eysenck state were the traits of neuroticism?

A
  • Tense, irrational, shy, low self-esteem
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29
Q

What did Eysenck state were the traits of psychoticism?

A
  • Impulsive, impersonal, anti-social, creative, cold
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30
Q

How did Eysenck measure neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism?

A

EPQ - Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire

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31
Q

What empirical findings were there from EPQ?

A
  • Crimincals score high in E, N and P
  • Creative people score high on P
  • Extroverts more willing to have sexual contact without commitment and report more sexual experience.
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32
Q

What are the advantages of Eysenck’s Theory?

A
  • 3 factors have shown to be stable across time
  • Cross-cultural validity of EPQ
  • Child version of EPQ
  • Theory has significant application in mental health
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33
Q

What are the disadvantaged of Eysenck’s Theory?

A
  • Psychoticism scale has low internal reliability

- Reducing personality to 3 supertraits is too simplistic

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34
Q

What does the Five Factor Model include?

A
  • Love
  • Work
  • Affect
  • Power
  • Intellect
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35
Q

What is the Emic approach?

A

Personality terms found in native language

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36
Q

What is the Etic approach?

A

Translated personality questionnaires

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37
Q

What is Affect in personality?

A

How you deal with things/how resilient you are

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38
Q

What are the Big Five Personality traits?

A
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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39
Q

What associations did Hayes and Joseph 2003 find with the Big 5?

A
  • High E and low N is associated with higher happiness levels
  • Low N and high C is associated with higher life satisfaction
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40
Q

What associations did Stoughton et al 2013 find with the Big 5?

A
  • Low A is associated with badmouthing on social media

- High E is associated with social media postings of substance abuse

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41
Q

Why do we find geographical differences in personality?

A
  • Social Influence
  • Ecological Influence
  • Selective Migration
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42
Q

What 3 traits make up the Dark Triad?

A
  • Narcissism
  • Machiavellianism
  • Psychopathy
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43
Q

What traits make up Narcissism?

A
  • Entitlement, superiority, grandiosity
44
Q

What traits make up Machiavellianism?

A
  • Cold and manipulative
45
Q

What traits make up Psychopathy?

A
  • Low empathy, low anxiety, thrill-seeking, high impulsivity
46
Q

What is The Dark Tetrad?

A
  • Evidence for a 4th trait: Sadism
47
Q

What evidence is there for the Dark Tetrad?

A
  • All 4 traits correlated with each other
48
Q

What issues are there with the Trait Approach?

A
  • None of the psychologists started with a theory to test, it was all data driven.
  • No theory development from the ground-up.
49
Q

How are personality traits described?

A

On a continuum.

50
Q

What is the learning approach to personality?

A
  • Personality is a result of a response to an experience - can explain maladaptive parts of personality.
  • Personality is learned so can be unlearned.
51
Q

What are the different elements of Classical Conditioning?

A
  • Unconditioned stimuli
  • Unconditoned response
  • Neutral stimulus
  • Conditoned stimulus
  • Conditioned response
52
Q

What are the basics of operant conditioning?

A
  • Based on Skinner’s work of reinforcement
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
53
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A positive experience after a behaviour e.g. being rewarded for a behaviour

54
Q

What is Bandura’s model of reciprocal causation?

A

Personality development occurs through an interaction between inner stimuli, external environment, and the way an individual reacts to these two factors.

55
Q

What is personal agency?

A

Beleiving one can change things to make them better for self and others

56
Q

What is proxy agency?

A

Others helping you to change things about your life.

57
Q

What is collective agency?

A

Group of people working together to change things for the benefit of all.

58
Q

What is observational learning?

A

We learn more from observing and imitating others’ behaviour

59
Q

What determines whether or not we’re likely to copy others’ behaviours?

A
  • Characteristics of the model
  • Attributes of the observer
  • Consequences of copying the behaviour
60
Q

What characteristics of the model affect whether or not we are likely to copy their behaviour?

A
  • Similarity
  • Complexity of behavour (simple)
  • Type of behaviour
61
Q

What attributes of the observer determine whether or not they are likely to copy others’ behaviour?

A
  • Low confidence, self-esteem
  • Used to being rewarded for conforming to behaviours
  • Highly dependent people
62
Q

What is the structure of internal self-regulatory processes?

A
  • Self-monitoring
  • Self-diagnostic
  • Self-motivation
63
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Confidence in your own ability

64
Q

What does self-efficacy affect?

A
  • choices we make, effort we apply, level of perseverance, thought patterns, ability to cope
  • high SE are more likely to set more challenging goals for themselves
  • High SE increases likelihood of success
65
Q

How can we change self-efficacy?

A
  • Use self-monitoring to evaluate and re-evaluate
  • Vicarious experience
  • Participant modelling
66
Q

What is emotional self-efficacy?

A

Controlling anxiety when facing a problem

67
Q

What is social self-efficacy?

A

Being able to ask lecturers to help when I need it

68
Q

What is self-regulated learning self-efficacy?

A

Being able to work when there are other interesting things to do.

69
Q

What are cluster analyses?

A

Analyses people’s respnses in multiple questionnaires and puts the responses in categories/clusters

70
Q

How do we work out Behaviour potential?

A

Reinforcement Value x Expectancy

71
Q

What is Expectancy?

A

Our own subjective prediction of the outcome of a particular behaviour

72
Q

What is reinforcement value?

A

Preferences for the different possible reinforcements that occur as a result of the behaviour

73
Q

What is an External LoC?

A

People who believe reinforcement depends on external forces (powerful others, luck, God, government)

74
Q

What is an Internal LoC?

A

People who believe reinforvement is linked to their own behaviour

75
Q

What did Brosschot et al 1994 find when measuring IPC models against psychopathological symptoms?

A
  • Internal negatively correlated with all except agoraphobia.
  • Powerful Others correlated positively with sensitivity, neuroticism, depresssion, and trait anxiety
  • Chance correlated positively with 7 measures.
76
Q

How does self-efficacy affect motivation?

A

If you have a higher level of self-efficacy, you’re more likely to be motivated to do something

77
Q

What does the multidimensional locus of control involve?

A
  • Internal
  • Powerful Others
  • Chance
78
Q

What is an internal Health Locus of Control associated with?

A
  • Greater degree of exercise and healthy diet
  • Higher levels of mental and physical quality of life
  • Lower levels of depression and anxiety
79
Q

What is an Powerful Others Health Locus of Contol associated with?

A
  • Lower levels of alcohol consumption
  • Higher levels of physical quality of life
  • Higher levels of depression and anxiety
80
Q

What is a Chance Health Locus of Control associated with?

A
  • Poor diet
  • Smoking
  • Lower mental and physical quality of life
  • Higher levels of depression and anxiety
81
Q

What associations between other factors and HLoC did Jacobs-Lawson et al 2011 find?

A
  • As you get older, you start to believe that your health is much more likely to be under the control of powerful other people e.g. your doctors or even your spouse.
82
Q

How can self-efficacy impact health?

A
  • Can impact behaviour change relating to health (e.g. increasing exercise, giving up smoking)
  • Can impact self-care or self-management of diseases of conditions
83
Q

What did Peters et al measure using self-efficacy?

A
  • general health status
  • overall health on the day
  • living well with long term condition
84
Q

How did discrimination affect self-efficacy levels?

A

Higher levels of perceived discrimination led to lower levels of self-efficacy.
High self-efficacy means they are less likely to be smoking through the weeks.

85
Q

How is linking personality to health behaviours helpful? (5Ts)

A
  • Targeting
  • Tailoring
  • Training
  • Treament
  • Transformation
86
Q

How can targeting link personality to health behaviours?

A

Target the traits that are linked to different health outcomes

87
Q

How can tailoring link personality to health behaviours?

A

Design tailored materials for patients

88
Q

How can training link personality to health behaviours?

A

Modifying personality

89
Q

How can treatment link personality to health behaviours?

A

Some medications can change personality

90
Q

How can transformation link personality to health behaviours?

A

Track changes in personality throughout the course of disease or illness

91
Q

What do Health Psychologists do?

A
  • Promote wellbeing and physical fitness
  • Support people with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness
  • Prromote healthy living
  • Advisory role to improve healthcare systems
92
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

Underlying stable characteristic that affects behaviours, thoughts, and emotions

93
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

Anxiety evoked by a specific situation or event. Transient in nature.

94
Q

What is the distraction model?

A

Increase in arousal leads to attention to irrelevant cues and thus distraction.

95
Q

What is the self-focus model?

A

Conscious monitoring of a skill that has become automated leads to poor performance.

96
Q

What models can explain why athletes may mess up in high pressure settings?

A
  • Distraction model

- Self-focus model

97
Q

What did Horikawa and Yagi 2012 find with trait and state anxiety and performance in sport?

A

Higher levels of trait anxiety tends to have higher state anxiety which interferes with performance.

98
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to understand tour own emotions and those of people around you

99
Q

What are the 4 branches of emotional intelligence?

A
  • Accurately perceiving emotions
  • Using emotions to facilitate thinking
  • Understanding emotional meanings
  • Managing emotions
100
Q

What do athletes need EI for?

A
  • Deal with stressors (e.g. anxiety)
  • Understand how teii e motions affect performance
  • Interact effectively with others
101
Q

What did Crombie et al 2009 find about EI and sports?

A
  • The better the team were at EI, the more successful they were in their matches
  • EI is important for success
102
Q

What do Sports and Exercise Psychologists do?

A
  • Provide counselling to referees
  • Advise coaches on how to build cohesion within their squad
  • Help with personal development
  • Optimise benefits from exercise participation
103
Q

What relationship traits are associated with narcissism?

A
  • desiring a variety of relationships
  • that means they are better suited to reinforce their sense of self
  • most social out of the DT
104
Q

What relationship traits are associated with psychopathy?

A
  • opportunistic
  • exploitive mating strategy
  • booty-call relationships
105
Q

What kind of relationships were narcissistic people found to prefer?

A
  • One-night stands

- Friends with benefits

106
Q

What kind of relationships were psychopathic people found to prefer?

A

Booty-call

Social, Personality, and Abnormal (4 decks)

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