Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social, Personality, and Abnormal > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of implicit theories?

A
  • Important to every day life
  • Can give rise to formal theories of intelligence
  • Can help to question formal theories
  • Can inform theories around psychological constructs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Layperson refer to?

A

A non-expert of non-professional in a field. So basically the average person’s implicit ideas of what intelligence is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does practical problem solving entail?

A
  • Analyse
  • Reasoned decision-making
  • Flexible thinking
  • Effective solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does verbal ability entail?

A
  • Good vocabulary
  • Confident use
  • Communicates effectively
  • Good reading comprehension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does social competence entail?

A
  • Good knowledge of themselves and others
  • Can use this knowledge to successfully navigate relationships
  • Goof interpersonal skills
  • Good balance of independence and interdependence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What were the 6 dimensions of intelligence that Sterberg 1985 found?

A
  • Practical problem solving
  • Verbal ability
  • Intellectual balance and integration
  • Goal orientation and attainment
  • Contextual intelligence
  • Fluid thought
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What contributes to these layperson theories of intelligence?

A
  • Cultural background
  • Age
  • Individual Experience
  • Educational Background
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What seems to be a big difference between intelligence in western and eastern cultures?

A

Skills in problem solving are not only considered for the individual in eastern cultures, but also in relation to their family, knowledge of history, and their spiritual needs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do Western Cultures measure intelligence?

A
  • Speed of mental processing
  • Ability to gather, assimilate and sort information quickly and efficiently
  • Good Memory
  • Good Cognitive Skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does intelligence look like in Confucian tradition?

A
  • Love each other, honour parents
  • Do the right thing, not what is advantageous
  • Intelligence through benevolence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does intelligence look like in Taoist tradition?

A
  • Humility
  • Freedom from conventional judgements
  • Ability to perceive and respond to changes
  • Show full awareness of oneself and the world around us
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What were the 5 aspects of intelligence found by Yang & Sternberg 1997?

A
  • General Cognitive Factor Intelligence
  • Interpersonal Intelligence
  • Intrapersonal intelligence
  • Intellectual self-assertion
  • Intellectual self-effacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why may there be a reduction in cross-cultural differences?

A
  • Use of western intelligence may be changing views on intelligence within Korea?
  • Within increasing internationalisation, are layperson theories of intelligence converging acoss cultures?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two aspects of intelligence with age?

A
  • Perception of intelligence at different ages

- Perception of intelligent behaviours across the ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is considered intelligent in 6-month-olds?

A
  • Person and object recognition
  • Motor coordination
    Some awareness
    Some verbalisations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered intelligent at 2years old?

A
  • Verbal ability
  • Ability to learn
  • Awareness of people and the environment
  • Motor coordination
  • Curiosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is considered intelligent at 10 years old?

A
  • Verbal ability
  • Learning
  • Problem-solving
  • Reasoning
  • Creativity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is considered intelligent in adults?

A
  • Problem-solving
  • Verbal ability
  • Reasoning
  • Learning
  • Creativity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are primary perceptions of intelligence?

A
  • Popularity
  • Friendliness
  • Respect for rules
  • Interest in the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are secondary perceptions of intelligence?

A
  • Energy

- Verbal fluency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are tertiary perceptions of intelligence?

A
  • Logical thinking
  • Broad knowledge
  • Reasoning
  • Maturity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is unknown about intelligence?

A
  • The exact nature of the influence of genetics
  • Exact nature of the influence of the environment
  • How nutrition affects intelligence
  • Why there are differences in scores of intelligence tests between various groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Alfred Binet come up with?

A

The concept of a mental age
Intelligence as malleable
Binet-Simon scale of intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is IQ calculated?

A

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does IQ stand for?

A

Intelligent Quotient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How did Spearmant view intelligence?

A

As a set of cognitive resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was Spearman’s two-factor model?

A 
Specific Abilities:
- Vocab
- Maths
- Spatial
General Intelligence:
- Underlying performance on all specific abilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What test did David Wechsler create?

A

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) and WISC (for children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What components does the WAIS test?

A
  • Verbal comprehension
  • Perceptual Organisation
  • Working Memory
  • Processing speed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What test did John Raven create?

A

Raven Progressive Matrices

- the idea that general intelligence was an abstract ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 3 big IQ tests?

A
  • Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale)
  • John Raven (Raven Progressive Matrices)
  • David Wechsler (WAIS and WISC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where do all theories of intelligence come from?

A

Originating from Spearman but have slightly different conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 7 Primary Mental Abiltiies?

A
  • Associative Memory
  • Number
  • Perceptual Speed
  • Reasoning
  • Space
  • Verbal Comprehension
  • Word Fluency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Raymond Cattell think general intelligence is made up of?

A
  • Fluid Intelligence

- Crystallised Intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

The ability to solve abstract relational problems that have not been explicitly taught and are free from cultural influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is crystallised intelligence?

A

The ability to solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired in school of through other experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What groups are elemental abilities split into in structure of intellect theory?

A
  • Operations
  • Content
  • Products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Exaplain the object group in structure of intellect theory

A

Mental processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain the content group in structure of intellect theory

A

Mental material we possess that operations are performed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain the products group in structure of intellect theory

A

How information is stored, processed and used to make new connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Vernon’s Hierarchical Theory?

A

Argued that intelligence is made up of various groups of abilities that can be described at various levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the Three-Striatum Model of Human Cognitive Abilities?

A
  • Similar structure to Vernon’s but integrated vast amount of research conducted since this was proposed
  • Brings together the theories we have considered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is CHC theory?

A

Brings together Carroll’s and Cattell’s work

- Idea that there are 9 broad ‘g’ abilities beyond fluid and crystallised

44
Q

What is ‘g’?

A

General Intelligence

45
Q

What is Howard Gardner’s Multiple intelligences?

A
  • More practical uses of intelligence
  • Disputes that intelligence is a sensory system
  • Can’t be measured through traditional intelligence tests, needs to be assessed through activities
  • Argues that western education is tailored to certain abilities and not others
46
Q

What are the multiple intelligences in Howard Gardner’s Model?

A
  • Logical-mathematical
  • Linguistic
  • Musical
  • Spatial
  • Bodily-kinaeshetic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalist
  • Existentialist
47
Q

Who tested musical ability?

A

Law & Zentner 2012

48
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

A

1: Componential Sub-theory
2: Contextual sub-theory
3: Experiential sub-theory

49
Q

What is componential sub-theory?

A

Analytical

The mental mechanisms that underly successful intelligence

50
Q

What is contextual sub-theory?

A

Practical

The way in which people use these mechanisms to demonstrate intelligent behaviour

51
Q

What is experiential sub-theory?

A

Creative

The role of experience in mobilising cognitive mechanisms to meet environmental demands

52
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

the tendency of IQ scores to change over time and across generations

53
Q

What contributes to the Flynn Effect?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Better/different education
  • Different child rearing practices
  • Technology - greater access to info
54
Q

What is factorial invariance?

A

We would not expect predictive coefficients to change drastically across cohorts, even though the scores themselves might change

55
Q

Why is IQ not everything?

A
  • Self-discipline accounted for twice as much variance in final grades than IQ scores
  • Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents
56
Q

What is a first degree relative?

A

Shares around 50% of genes e.g. parents and siblings

57
Q

What is a second degree relative?

A

Share around 24% of genes e.g. grandparents, grandchildren, aunts etc

58
Q

What is a third degree relative?

A

Shares around 12.5% of genes e.g. great-grandparents, great-aunt, first cousin etc

59
Q

What did Francis Galton teach?

A

First to introduce the idea of nature vs nurture and heritability

60
Q

What is genetic heritability?

A

The considering how much of any phenotype is passed on from parent to child.

61
Q

How is genetic heritability assessed?

A

By considering the variability found between parents and child and considered in terms of the proportion of shared variance

62
Q

What studies are used to assess genetic heritability?

A
  • Family studies
  • Twin Studies
  • Adoption studies
63
Q

How high is heritability of intelligence?

A

Estimates of 69-74%

64
Q

What did Deary et al 2012 find about heritability estimates?

A
  • there is genetic contribution to the stability of intelligence across the life span
  • estimated to be only 38%
65
Q

What 4 considerations do we need to keep in mind when considering the role of genes in the heritability of intelligence?

A
  • Concepts of genetic heritability & environment
  • Different types of genetic variance
  • Assortative Mating
  • Representativeness of twin + adoption studies
66
Q

What are different types of genetic variance?

A
  • Additive
  • Dominant
  • Epistatic
67
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Variation in traits between mating couples is not random - similar phenotypes or genotypes mate with each other

68
Q

Why do we need to consider the representativeness of twin + adoption studies when considering genetic heritability?

A

they may under or over estimate heritability in the general populations

69
Q

What environmental influences are there on intelligence? (4)

A
  • Biological
  • Family Environment
  • School & Education
  • Culture
70
Q

How does biology influence intelligence?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Lead (-ve)
  • Prenatal factors
71
Q

How does family environment influence intelligence?

A
  • Non-shared environments influence over shared
  • Within family-factors considers how they influence trait behaviours that can complicate the genetic heritability route
  • SES considered in terms of occupation
  • birth order and family size
72
Q

How does birth order and family size influence intelligence?

A
  • As family size increases and birth order position increase, intelligence scores decreased
73
Q

What is the admixture hypothesis?

A
  • Influenced by SES and parental intelligence

- Lower IQ and SES tend to have more children

74
Q

What is the resource dilution model?

A
  • Parental resources are finite

- Family increases, resources for a single child decreases

75
Q

What is the confluence model?

A
  • Need to consider intelligence within the context of the family
  • This intellectual environment is ever changing
76
Q

How can culture influence intelligence?

A
  • Decontextualisation
  • Quantification
  • Biologisation
77
Q

What is decontextualisation?

A

The ability to disconnect from a situation, think about it abstractly and generalise from it

78
Q

What is quantiifcation?

A

The ability to discover or express the quantity of something

79
Q

What is culture biologisation?

A
  • The prominance of biological and evolutionary theories over the last century
  • Can give new insights but are concerned with millions of years of development
  • study of ourselves is relatively new so should be careful
80
Q

What 4 ideas does the Bell Curve propose?

A

1: The cognitive elite
2: Socioeconomic variables and IQ
3: The relationship between race and intelligence
4: The implications for social policy

81
Q

Explain the cognitive elite

A

Suggests that there is an emergence of a CE within American based on the separation of society through college admission and the workplace

82
Q

Explain socioeconomic variables and IQ

A

Suggests that an indvidivual’s intelligence is more important than SES for predicting enomic and social welfare

83
Q

Explain the relationship between race and intelligence

A

Evidence fo higher IQ of asian-americans and lower IQ of african-americans in comparison to white americans

84
Q

Explain the implications for social policy

A
  • Population with lower IQ is increasing as women with lower IQ tend to have more children
  • Immigrants also contribute towards this
85
Q

What is eugenics?

A

A reproductive selection process within humans that aims to create children with desirable traits

86
Q

What is positive eugenics?

A

Encouraging reproduction in those who are perceived to have superior traits

87
Q

what is negative eugenics?

A

Discouraging or eliminating reproduction in those perceived to have poor hereditary traits

88
Q

What is a Narrative Analysis Approach?

A

weighs up findings across studies by analysing whether each studies findings support or don’t support a hypothesis

89
Q

What do we use to measure effect size?

A

Cohen’s d

90
Q

What does effect size tell us?

A

How important a difference is

91
Q

What did Lynn & Irwing find about sex differences in intelligence.

A

There is an effect size of men scoring higher than women even though it is small

92
Q

What types of intelligence tests do men score better on?

A

Tests of spatial abilities

93
Q

What types of intelligence tests do women score better on?

A

Tests of verbal ability

94
Q

Can brain size account for biological difference in general intelligence?

A
  • men’s brain are 10% larger
  • only seen from adolescence onwards due to different rates of maturity
  • link is small and overused as an explanation
95
Q

Could differences in brain structure influence differences in intelligence?

A
  • Females have a bigger splenium

- May mean tasks are more evenly distributed by hemispheres

96
Q

What is the function of gray matter?

A

Processing information in the brain

97
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

Transports the information

98
Q

Could differences in hormones account for sex differences in spatial ability?

A

Testosterone has been found to be related to higher performance in spatial ability tasks
Testosterone has an effect on organisation of spatial tasks

99
Q

When did men need spatial tasks in the old days?

A
  • Foraging and gathering food
  • Engaging in warfare with others
  • Maximising reproductive success
100
Q

Where do preferences come from?

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Modelling
  • Socialisation
101
Q

What is test validity?

A

The extent to which a test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

102
Q

What is internal reliability?

A

The different items within a test correlate positively with one another, suggesting they are measuring the same construct

103
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

The reliability of a test over time. If the same person took an intelligence test at different points in time, you would expect the results to be similar

104
Q

Why is it hard to measure internal validity of intelligence tests?

A

It depends on what you think intelligence is

105
Q

Why is test validity important?

A

We need to make sure a test is measuring what we think it is otherwise we risk drawing false conclusions from it’s results. Particularly important if a test is going to be used to make decisions about people that will have a significant impact.

Social, Personality, and Abnormal (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions