PERLS 207 review/Disabilty Review Flashcards
What is a paradigm?
Set of assumptions, concepts, values and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them
What are paradigms with respect to APA and APE
Backdrop to the evaluation of terminology associated with APA
Definitions are socially structured, express current opinions and subsequent change
Definitions reflects how society as a whole thinks about and deals with those with disabilities
What are the four paradigms?
Facility Based
Service Based
Support/Inclusion
Empowerment and Self-Determination
What is the facility based paradigm?
Early characterization of PWD first half of 20th century Mild disability excluded from PA Sever disability not given opportunity Needed fixing Isolation Corrective Therapy
What is the service based paradigm?
1950 grouped people services targeted individuals coming back from war Rehab programs Focus on physical disability
What is the support based paradigm?
1980
Seen as unique individuals not just their disability
Person-environment interactions
What is the empowerment and self determination paradigm?
Current viewpoint Individuals take responsibility for own actions make own choices/decisions self aware independence
What is the contemporary definition of APA?
Cross-disciplinary body of knowledge
Philosophy and attitude of acceptance and diversity
Focus on individual differences
Programming characterized primarily by adaptations of teaching skills and techniques to accommodate individual motor differences
Process of promoting independent self determined PA
Define adapted
Suggests change, modification, adjustment of goals
Based on individual and their needs
When should adaptations occur?
Means to enhance learning
Increase enjoyment
Enhance choice and opportunity
Increase empowerment
When are adaptations not necessary?
- create boredom
- behaviors
- promote ideas of barriers
- can become dependent
- misconceptions about ability
- reinforce belief they aren’t ready
What are characteristics of APA?
Service delivery, pedagogy, coaching, training or empowerment conducted by qualified professionals
Enhance PA goal achievement of individuals of all ages with movement limitations or social restriction
What are characteristics of APE?
Describes services delivered to school aged individuals from birth - 21
Services are provided where they are needed
Service delivery system not placement
APA educators
What are modifications?
Adaptations made in order to prevent mismatch of skill and lesson content
Promote success in learning targeted objective
What are three distinct categories of modifcations?
Multi-leveled curricular selection
Curriculum overlapping
Alternative Activities
What is multi-leveled curricular selection?
Each student works on the same curricular activity but at a level that accommodates individual ability
(most inclusive)
What is Curriculum overlapping?
Student gets to participate with peers in the activity but focus on unique subject
What is alternative activities?
The student works on a unique IEP objectives away from physical education activity setting
What can adapting games be used for?
Facilitating skill development
Promoting an understanding of rules, strategies and concepts
Promoting sportsmanship, cooperation and teamwork
What are the basic principles of adapting games?
Games are not sacred, kids are
Games are for everyone, but not always in the traditional configuration
You can modify any game to include anyone, accommodating a wide spectrum of activities, interests, needs and resources
How can developmental disabilities be classified?
Combination of mental/physical impairments
Substantial functional limitations in areas such as language learning, mobility and independence
What are types of developmental disabilities?
Autism Spectrum Disorder Down Syndrome Cerebral Palsy Developmental Coordination Disorder Global Developmental Delay
What is ASD
Umbrella term for a triad of impairment:
- communication
- social interaction
- restrictive interests and behaviors
What are distinctions of ASD based on?
Severity
What are other features of ASD?
Co morbidity
Fear of non-threatening situations (vice versa)
Obesity
What is the prevalence on causes?
- 1/68 affected by ASD
- Boys are more prone (1:4)
What are the speculative causes?
Biological/genetic factors
Neurological factors
Psychiatric factors
Environmental factors (least likely)
What are some movement behaviors of ASD?
Difficulty in motor functioning
Motor clumsiness and delayed development
What are some movement difficulties of ASD related to?
Timing/coordination
Momentum/force production
Trouble anticipating
Movements aren’t fluid
What are some implications for instruction in PA/PE (ASD)
Instruction should follow patterns of development but targeted towards younger individuals
Focused on increased opportunity
Individualized and based on current strength
Instructions should be systematic
Appropriate visual cues
What are some facts about Down Syndrome?
Most recognizable genetic conditions
1/691 babies born with down syndrome
Fathers are genetically responsible (25% of cases)
Women over 35 high risk (1/300)
Women over 40 (1/110)
Women over 45 (1/35)
High fertility rates in younger women 80% of children with DS born to women under 35
DS occurs in all races and economic levels
What are the causes of DS?
Chromosomal abnormalities
Trisomy 21
Non-disjunction
Translocation
What are some of the 80 clinical characteristics?
- Physical characteristics
- Medical issues
- Neurocognitive impairment
- Psychiatric concerns
- Behavior problems
- Comorbidity
How should children with DS be educated?
Attention to cognition, IP, language development and social emotional functioning when planning
Deficits to verbal short term memory can be compensated by visual memory of learning
Video modeling when combined with passive modeling can assist the acquisition of learning
What are barriers to participation in PA for individuals with DS?
Characteristics associated with DS
Competing family responsibility
Reduced physical or behavioral skill
Lack of accessible programs
What are faclitators to participation in PA for individuals with DS?
Positive role of the family
Opportunity for social interaction with peers
Structured accessible programs that make adaptations for children with DS
Children who are determined to succeed and physically skilled
What is Cerebral Palsy?
A group of disabling symptoms resulting from damage to the motor control areas of the brain
What are common misconceptions of CP?
It is non-life threatening It is incurable It is non-progressive It is not contagious and not communicable It is manageable It is chronic
What are risk factors?
Occurrances that increase the chances of a child developing CP
Does not ensure the child will develop Cp
Risk factors are not the same thing as sign, symptoms or causes
What are types of risk factors for CP?
Asphyxia Infection Birth complications Blood type incompatibility Premature birth Prenatal health habits Traumatic brain injury Placental problems Multiple births Intrauterine growth restrictions
What are causes of CP?
Brain injury
Prenatal disturbance of brain cell migration
Prenatal: poor myelination of developing nerve cell fibers
Perinatal: brain cell damage
Postnatal: non-functional or inappropriate connections between brain cells
What are the types of classifying CP?
Topographical
Neuromotor
Fucntional
What is teh topographical classification of CP?
Monoplegia Diplegia Hemiplegia Paraplegia Triplegia Quadriplegia
What are the neuromotor classification of CP?
Spasticity (contracture)
Athetosis ( slow uncoordinated involuntray movement)
Ataxia (hypotonisity -> leads to bone deformity)
What is the functional classification of CP?
Classifies according to the level of severity (8 different classes)
Used in para sport
What is the prevelance of CP?
Rate of occurance
2.3-3.6/100 live births
Spastic accounts for 77%
Most common are diplegia and quadriplegia
What are the incidences of CP?
How many live with symptoms
800,000 individuals in the US
8000-10,000 infants are diagnosed/yr
1200-1500 preschool aged children are identified/yr
What are general program implications for CP?
Safety consideration Physical fitness Motor development Psychosocial development Implications for sport
What are specific program implications for CP?
Strength Flexibility Speed Motor coordination Perceptual motor difficulties
What is Developmental Coordination Disorder?
Delay in the development of motor skills or difficulty coordinating movements
Child unable to perform everyday tasks
5-6% of school-aged children
More frequent in boys
What is Global Developmental Delay?
Delayed in 2 or more areas of development:
Motor skills, speech, language, ability to learn new things and to reason, social and personal skills, daily activities
~ 4 million birth/yr 40,000-120,000 children born/yr will manifest GDD
How to adjust to the PA environment
Prepare classmates w/o diasbility Do not underestimate abilities Select activity to ensure success Direct instruction about how to play with PE equipment Task analyze Constant reinforcement Allow flexibility in behaviors
What are 4 causes of CP?
1) Damage to white matter (empty areas fill w/fluid)
2) abnormal brain development (hemisphere division)
3) Asphyxia
4) Brain hemorrhaging
