Peripheral Vascular System & Lymphatic System Flashcards
Vascular System is made up of what
Functions of:
Vascular system
Arteries or blood
Lymph or veins
Vascular system- all vessels in the body
Functions:
Vascular system: transport fluids (blood or lymph)
Arteries or blood: O2 & nutrients to tissues
Lymph or veins: wastes from tissues
What are the 5 main types of blood vessels and their functions
- Arteries- carry blood AWAY from the heart
- Arterioles- small arteries
- Capillaries- thin walled vessels that connect arterioles and venules
- allow exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues - Venules- small veins
- Veins- carry blood BACK to the heart
Arteries
- What do they carry
- What is the level of pressure
- what do artery walls contain
- What is contraction and relaxtion
Carry oxygenated blood
AWAY from the heart
HIGH pressure
Artery walls contain:
-Elastic fibres- allows for stretch and recoil
-Muscular fibres- control amount of blood delivered to tissues
Contraction- causes vasoconstriction
Relaxation- causes vasodilation
CAPILLARIES
- what are they
- what is the function
- what do they carry in and out
Thin walled vessels that connect arterioles & venules
Allow exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues
O2 and nutrients out of capillaries
CO2 and wastes in capillaries
Veins
- What do they carry
- how many compared to arteries
- what pressure
- what are capacitance vessels and describe them
- contain what
- types 2
Carry deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart
More numerous than arteries
LOW pressure
Have thin walls that are distensible = capacitance vessels (acts as blood reservoir)
Contain valves that prevent blood backflow Types: 1.Superficial- in the subcutaneous layer -Responsible for most venous return 2.Deep- between skeletal muscles
Peripheral Vascular System: Flow of Blood
8
Heart Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Vena Cava
What causes a pulse 3
Where can they be felt
Which is faster apical/radial
- Each heart beat creates a pressure wave
- arteries expand and recoil
- creates a wave that can be felt called a pulse
Pulses only felt at body sites where the artery is near surface & over bone
Should never have slower apical pulse compared to radial pulse, but can have slower radial pulse, because you might not feel every wave
Arteries: HEAD & NECK
Name the 2, which they supply and where it can be palpated
Temporal- supplies parts of the scalp
-palpated in front of the ear
Carotid- supplies head & neck
-palpated in groove between sternomastoid muscle and trachea
Arteries: ARM
Name the 3, which they supply and where it can be palpated
Brachial-major artery supplying arm (divides into): (Bifurcates to radial and ulnar arteries)
-Palpated in the antecubital fossa
Radial- supplies forearm & hand
-Palpated on radial aspect of wrist
Ulnar- supplies forearm &; hand
-Palpated on ulnar aspect of wrist
Arteries: LEG
What does the femoral divide into 3, where can it be palpated
Femoral- major artery of the leg (divides into):
- Palpated below the inguinal ligament
1. Popliteal- behind knee
2. Dorsalis pedis- top of foot
3. Posterior tibial- behind MEDIAL malleolus
ISCHEMIA
- Definition
- Caused by
- 2 different and SS
Ischemia- LACK of oxygenated blood to a tissue
Often caused by obstruction of blood vessel
Complete blockage= death of tissue (necrosis)
-might result in heart attack
partial blockage= insufficient supply
- S&S may only be apparent during exercise
- S&S apparent Only when body needs increased oxygen
Veins: HEAD &NECK
- Where does the jugular vein drain stuff
- what are the two parts and where do they lay
• Jugular veins- drain deoxygenated blood from the head/neck/brain
- Internal Jugular- lies deep & MEDIAL to the sternomastoid
- External Jugular- lies more superficial LATERAL to the sternomastoid
Veins: ARM
-What are the two sets, responsible for what, which of the two can be removed , where are they found
Superficial- responsible for most of the venous return from the arm
- Found in the subcutaneous tissue
- Superficial veins can be removed without harming circulation as long as those deep veins art intact
Deep
-Found deeper in the muscles
Veins: LEG
-what sets are there, what are they divided into, and what are they responsible for
Deep veins- responsible for most of the venous return from the leg (divides into):
[Deep veins will run alongside deep arteries]
-Femoral vein
-Popliteal vein
Superficial veins
- Great saphenous vein – longest/largest vein in body
- Small saphenous vein – starts at foot and to the back of knee, where it will join and become popliteal
Perforators- connecting veins that join the two sets
Venous Flow
Mechanisms that promote venous flow: 3
- Contracting skeletal muscles
- Breathing pressures
- Venous valves
Venous Flow: Mechanisms Contracting skeletal muscles -known as what -What does it do -where does it direct blood flow
Contracting skeletal muscles – also known as the “calf pump”
Contracting skeletal muscles milk blood back to the heart
Directing blood flow proximally (back towards heart)
Venous Flow: Mechanisms
Breathing Pressures
-What is inspiration
-what Mechanisms and what do they cause
Inspiration= thoracic pressure & abdominal pressure
Diaphragm moves down, increasing space, decreasing pressure in chest, increasing abdominal pressure
-Abdominal veins are compressed & more blood moves into thoracic veins towards the heart
Venous Flow: Mechanisms
Venous Valves
-What do the intraluminal valves ensure
-What do they prevent and how (2)
The intraluminal valves ensure unidirectional flow
Prevent backflow
- open towards the heart
- closed when filled with blood to prevent backflow of blood
Venous Flow: Factors Causing Venous Stasis
(when dealing with bed-ridden pts, need to be concerned of their venous blood flow, decreased movement, risk for clots)
Problems with any of the following leads to venous stasis: 3 and what are the problems
Contracting skeletal muscles
=Prolonged standing, sitting, or bed rest
Competent valves
- Varicose veins (risk factors: obesity, pregnancy, genetics)
- *Incompetent and not sealing well veins
- *Valves can’t close tightly, vein dilates because of blood sitting on vein
Patent vessel lumen
-Clotting problems, vein wall trauma
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Composed of: 4
- Lymph- fluid in the vessels
- Lymphatic Vessels- vessels that transport lymph
- Lymph nodes- small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue
- Organs- contain lymph tissue
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Functions 3
Drain excess interstitial fluid
Act in immune response
Absorb fat from the gut
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- how is it related to the vessel system
- what happens during blood circulation
- what does the system do
- What happens without the system
Completely separate vessel system
During blood circulation more fluid leaves the capillaries than is absorbed
The lymphatic system “sops up” the excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream (One way system that absorb large molecules aka fat)
Without lymphatic drainage, fluid would build in the interstitial spaces= edema
What path does lymph follow
blood
interstitial fluid
lymph
blood
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Lymphatic Vessels
What is their path and their importance
Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymphatic capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels)
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph Nodes (Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels unite to form lymphatic trunks)
Lymphatic trunks (The lymphatic trunks empty into 2 main lymphatic ducts)
Lymphatic ducts
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Lymphatic Ducts
-What are the two ducts
Right lymphatic duct
Empties into the right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Empties into the left subclavian vein
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Lymph Nodes
- What are nodes
- what do they contain
- Arranged how
- What is the function
- What happens when there is local infection
Lymph nodes: Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissues that occur in intervals along lymphatic vessels
Contain Lymphocytes (WBCs that mount an immune response)
Most arranged in groups (superficial & deep)
Function: Filter fluids before it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out microorganisms
Local infection= swollen & tender lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
What are the 4 nodes and what do they drain
Cervical nodes: drain the head and neck
Axillary nodes: drain the breast & upper arms
Epitrochlear node: drain hand & lower arm
Inguinal nodes: drain lower extremity, external genitalia, & anterior abdominal wall
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Related Organs 5, where are they located and what is their function
Tonsils- located at the entrance to the respiratory & GI tracts; respond to local inflammation
-pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
Thymus gland- aids in development of T lymphocytes; large in fetus & young child
Spleen- stores RBCs, destroys old RBCs, produces antibodies, & filters microorganisms in blood
Bone Marrow- produces lymphocytes
Peyer’s Patches- Lymphoid tissue in intestines
