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Nurs 203 > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurological System is divided into 2 parts

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Brain
-Spinal Cord
Sends efferent (away) (motor) messages from CNS to effectors (muscles, organs and glands) (brain to muscles)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
-Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
-Spinal Nerves (31 pairs) + branches
Sends sensory (afferent) messages to CNS from sensory Receptors (anything to brain (touches you so you go aaaaa)

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2
Q

Nervous System is responsible for: 5 RSVCR

A
  • Regulating body activities
  • speech, memory, emotions and thoughts
  • Various senses
  • Controlling body movements
  • Regulating internal organs
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3
Q

Three Basic Functions of Nervous System

A 
Sensory = detect stimuli
Integrative = processes info and decides what to do 
Motor = Activation of muscles and glands
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4
Q

What is a neuron

3 parts of the neuron

A

Functional cell of the nervous system

  • Dendrites = input portion of the neuron
  • Cell body = Contains nucleus and cellular organelles
  • Axon = Output portion of the neuron/ Propagates action potentials (nerve impulses) to another neuron, muscle or gland cell
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5
Q

What is a synapse

A

Site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

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6
Q

CNS Protection: 3 parts

Bone: 2

A

Skull (cranium covers and protects the brain

Vertebrae (spine) encircle and protect the spinal cord

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7
Q

CNS Protection: 3 parts

what is Meninges and 3 layers pad

A

Envelope and protect the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Inner to outer:

  • pia mater (closest to brain)
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater (closer to skull)
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8
Q

CNS Protection: 3 parts

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), where is it located and its functions (4)mtrc

A

Clear liquid that circulates around and through the brain and spinal cord

Located in subarachnoid space

Functions:
-Mechanical protection
-Transport of oxygen and nutrients 
-Removal of wastes
Circulation of chemicals
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9
Q

CNS: Major Components
2

Brain (4 parts) C(CB)D(TH)CB

Spinal cord

A

Cerebrum

  • cerebral cortex
  • Basal ganglia

Diencephalon

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

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10
Q

Cerebrum

What is Cerebral Cortex, how is it divided and its functions (5) CMRSV

A

Outer layer of neurons

  • known as gray matter because it lacks myelin
  • divided down middle, 2 hemispheres, divided into four lobes

Functions:

  • Controls thought
  • memory
  • reasoning
  • sensation
  • voluntary movement
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11
Q

Cerebrum

Cerebral Cortex: 4 Lobes

A

Frontal Lobe

  • Personality, behaviour, emotions, judgement, intellectual functions
  • Voluntary movement
  • Contains Broca’s area (motors speech)

Parietal Lobe
-Primary sensation centre

Occipital Lobe
-Primary visual receptor centre

Temporal Lobe

  • Primary auditory centre
  • Contains Wernicke’s area (language Comprehension)
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12
Q

Cerebrum

What is the Basal Ganglia and function (2)IT/AM

A
  • Additional bands of grey matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres
  • Receive input from cerebral cortex = provide output to motor neurons

Functions:
•Helps regulate initiation and termination of movements
•Control automatic associated movements like arm swing while walking & true laughter

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13
Q

Diencephalon

What is the function of the Thalamus(R)

A

Function: Main relay station for the nervous system

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14
Q

Diencephalon

What is the function of the Hypothalamus(CC)

A

Control centre for vital functions

i.e. temp, heart rate, BP, blood glucose, sleep, hormones, emotional status, regulates pituitary gland, coordinates autonomic nervous system activity

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15
Q

Where is the Cerebellum, how does it operate and what are its functions 5CEMCB

A

Under occipital lobe

Operates subconsciously

Function:
-Coordination of voluntary movements 
-equilibrium 
-maintains muscle tone
-Coordinates & smooths complex movements		
Helps maintain balance
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16
Q

What are the 3 areas of the brain and their functions MPM

A

Midbrain:

  • Contains many motor neurons and tracts
  • Connects diencephalon to the pons below

Pons:

  • Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another
  • Contains motor and sensory tracts

Medulla:

  • Connects the brain and spinal cord
  • Contains vital autonomic centres (resp, cardiac, Gi function)
  • Location of decussation of pyramids (90% of motor fibres cross to the opposite side)
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17
Q

What does the Spinal Cord contain

What is it composed of

Where does it extend from

And the functions

A

Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts

Composed of gray matter and white matter

Extends from medulla to L2

Functions:

  • Primary pathway for messages traveling between the periphery of the body and the brain
  • Mediates reflexes
18
Q

CNS Pathways

What are the sensory receptors

What do they do

And how do they travel

How are they represented

A

Detect sensations in various tissues of the body

Monitor conscious sensations, organ functions, body positions, reflexes

Sensations travels in afferent (sensory) fibres of the peripheral nerve -to spinal cords - to the brain

Crossed representation - Left side of brain talks to right side (vice versa)

19
Q

Sensory pathways

Spinothalamic Tract

  • What is a tract
  • what does it do
  • what path is the impulse transmitted
A

Tract = Bundles of axons in the CNS

Transmits impulses for pain, temp, crude and light touch

Impulse transmitted from spinal cord - to thalamus - to cortex

20
Q

CNS Pathways

Sensory Pathways

Posterior (dorsal) Columns

  • What impulses does it transmit (3) pvs
  • What path is the impulse transmitted
A

Transmits the impulses for position (proprioception), vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis)

  • Proprioception: position, or the sense of body movements and position of body in space
  • Stereognosis: the ability to identify familiar objects by touch without looking

-Impulse transmitted from the dorsal root - to spinal cord - to thalamus (then on to cortex)

21
Q

CNS Pathways

Motor Fibres

  • where does it originate and go
  • what are the two motor neuron and where are they located
A

Originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down the spinal cord

Upper motor neuron - Located in CNS (corticospinal & extrapyramidal neurons)

Lower motor neuron - located mostly in the PNS [Cell body in spinal cord but rest extends into periphery]
(Cranial nerves & spinal nerve)
-Ludericks Disease, Polio, Spinal Cord lesions

22
Q

CNS Pathways

Motor Pathways
-what are the two tracts and the system (What does it do, where does it originates)

A

Corticospinal or Pyramidal Tract

  • Produces voluntary, highly skilled and purposeful movements
  • originates in the cerebral cortex and travels down spinal cord
  • Pyramidal decussation = majority of fibres cross over to opposite side in brain stem before travelling down spinal cord

Extrapyramidal Tracts

  • Maintain muscle tone and control body movements
  • Includes all motor nerve fibres originating in the CNS that are OUTSIDE the pyramidal tract

Cerebellar System
-Complex motor system that coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and posture. Occurs on a subconscious level

23
Q

Peripheral Nervous System - ‘Postman’

  • Where does it deliver messages
  • Where doe it carry messages
  • What nervous tissue consist of
  • what is it divided into and what are the functions
A

Delivers messages TO the CNS via sensory afferent fibers (PNS to CNS)

Carries messages FROM the CNS via motor efferent fibers (CNS to PNS)

PNS consists of all the nervous tissue OUTSIDE the CNS (Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS)

Nerves can be divided into 2 functions: Somatic and Autonomic

  • Somatic Fibers (innervate voluntary muscles: skeletal muscles)
  • Autonomic fibers innervate involuntary muscles and organs: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)
24
Q

PNS

What are the two major components

  • where does it enter and exit
  • Components?
A

Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)

  • Cranial nerves enter and exit the BRAIN not the spinal cord
  • 12 pairs (labeled I - XII)
  • CN’s have either a sensor component, o motor component or both
Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
-Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
25
Q

Spinal Nerves

  • where do they connect
  • why are they considered mixed
A
  • Spinal nerves connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
  • Are considered mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor fibres
26
Q

Spinal nerve =What Vertebrae Level

8 cervical (c1-c8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12)
5 Lumbar (L1-L5)
5 Sacral (S1 -S5)
1 coccygeal
A 
c1 - c7
T1 - T12
L1 - L5
S1 - S5
Coccyx
27
Q

Spinal Nerve - what does is it Innervation

C1 - C3

A

Movement in an and above the neck (including Larynx)

c3 is also breathing

28
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

C4 - C6

A

Neck and shoulder and diaphragm and diaphragm (C3 - C5) for independent breathing

C6, C7, C8: Thumb, middle, fifth finger

29
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

C7 - T1

A

Arms and fingers and hand grasp

C6, C7, C8: Thumb, middle, fifth finger

30
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

T1 - T6

A

Provide trunk stability (sitting) and innervate intercostal breathing muscles

T1: Axilla, T4: nipple

31
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

T6 - T12

A

Intercostal and abdominal muscles - respirations/transfer strength

T10: Umbilicus

32
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

T12 - L4

A

Abdominal and upper leg muscles

L1: Groin

33
Q

Spinal Nerve - Innervation

L4 - S4

A

Hip adductors and extensors; muscles of the knee, ankles, feet and perineum - leg strength, bladder control

L4: Knee

34
Q

PNS

Dermatomes

Dermal Segmentation

A

Cutaneous distribution of spinal nerves

35
Q

PNS

Dermatome

  • What is it
  • what is its mechanisms
  • what is the importance of it
A

Area of skin supplied mainly from 1 spinal cord segment

They overlap, which is a protective mechanism if one is damaged

By knowing which spinal cord segments supply each dermatome it is possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord

36
Q

PNS

Reflex

  • what is it
  • 4 parts of how it functions bqih
A

A fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a stimulus

  • Basic defense mechanism of the nervous system
  • quick reaction to potentially dmging event
  • involuntary and subconscious
  • help maintain balance and muscle tone
37
Q

PNS

Reflex Arc

  • What is it
  • What are the main components (5) ssime
A

Pathway followed by nerve impulses

Main components:

  • Sensory receptor
  • Sensory neuron
  • integrating center
  • motor neuron
  • effector

For a reflex to occur all components involved must be intact1

38
Q

PNS

What are the four type of reflexes
-name an example of each dsvp

A 
Deep tendon (stretch)
-patellar ( knee jerk)

Superficial (cutaneous)
-abdominal ( belly button shifts when you run something against stomach)

Visceral (autonomic)
-Pupillary ( eyes dilating)

Pathological = abnormal
-Babinski ( babys toes fan out if you draw a J on their foot, toes fan out, goes away after a certain age)

39
Q

PNS

Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) AKA stretch reflexes

  • How do you get a good response
  • What does testing reveal
  • compared how
  • Graded on?
A
  • For a good response the muscle needs to be partially stretched with the limb relaxed
  • testing of DTRs reveals intactness of the reflex arc at specific spinal levels and at higher cortical levels
  • Responses compared bilaterally
  • Graded on 5 point scale
40
Q

PNS

Superficial Cutaneous Reflexes

  • where are the receptors
  • what is the response
  • absent with
A
  • sensory receptors in the skin (cutaneous layer)
  • Response is a localized muscle contraction
  • Absent with orders of pyramidal tract
41
Q

Developmental Considerations:

Infants
-5 points and the reflexes (COME BACK AND REVIEW REFLEXES)

A
  • Neurological system not fully developed at birth
  • Major portion of brain growth occurs in the first year of life
  • Neurons not yet fully myelinated
  • Movements are directed primarily by PRIMARY REFLEXES (which disappear at predictable times as infants age)
  • Sensory and motor development follow a cephalocaudal and proximal-to-distal order (head, neck, trunk, then extremities)
42
Q

Developmental Considerations:

Older adults 8

Steady atrophy and loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord result in:

A
  • Changes in cognition
  • Changes is motor responses
  • Decreased muscle strength and impaired fine coordination
  • Slowed reaction time
  • Dizziness and loss of balance
  • Diminished senses (pain, taste, touch, & smell)
  • Diminished efficiency of the autonomic nervous system in regulating temperature and blood pressure.

Nurs 203 (15 decks)

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