Peripheral Physiology

Question 1

efferent and afferent neurons in the knee-jerk reflex

Answer 1

Muscle spindle -> afferent neuron -> to the brain
Interneuron (brain) -> efferent neurons -> hamstrings/quadriceps

Question 2

Where do brains come in the clock analysis and what is that telling us?

Answer 2

„2 minutes before midnight“ -> are grounded in bodies

Question 3

Two premises

Answer 3

1) the (inner) body is important
2) the (outer) body is important

Question 4

What did Claude Bernard / Walter Cannon highlight?

Answer 4

Regulation of the internal milieu

Question 5

Other names for (Homeo)stasis

Answer 5

(Homeo)dynamics/variability

Question 6

12 Human bodily systems

Answer 6

Lympathic system, Respiratory System, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Male/Female reproductive System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System

Question 7

3 parts of peripheral nervous system

Answer 7

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

Question 8

What is the somatic nervous system not?

Answer 8

The somatosensory system

Question 9

What is the somatic nervous system also called?

Answer 9

Voluntary nervous system

Question 10

Which parts of the PNS does the somatic nervous system consist of?

Answer 10

All the parts of the PNS that are involved with the outside environment (sensing + acting)

Question 11

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system

Answer 11

Skeletal muscle

Question 12

Which parts of the PNS does the ANS consist of?

Answer 12

All the branches of the peripheral nervous system that deal with the internal environment (sensing + acting)

Question 13

What is the role of the SNS?

Answer 13

Energy mobilization -> fight or flight

Question 14

Whatis the role of the PSNS?

Answer 14

Energy conservation -> rest and digest

Question 15

What is the target/effector organ of the ANS?

Answer 15

Smooth or cardiac muscle, glands, or organs

Question 16

Path in Somatic nervous system

Answer 16

Spinal cord -> acetylcholine -> skeletal muscle

Question 17

Path in sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

Spinal cord -> short acetylcholine pre-ganglion neuron -> long norepinephrine peripheral ganglion -> smooth muscle etc

Question 18

Path in parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

Spinal cord -> long acetylcholine preganglion neuron -> short peripheral acetylcholine neuron -> smooth muscle etc

Question 19

Measures of endocrine system

Answer 19

Salivary, blood, hair stress hormone levels (cortisol)

Question 20

Measures of skin/sweat glands

Answer 20

EDA (SC, SP, SR, SX, SY)

Question 21

Measures of muscular system

Answer 21

EMG, EOG (eye tracking)

Question 22

Measures of cardiovascular system

Answer 22

HR/HRV, BP, impedance cardiography, plethysmography, baroreflex measures

Question 23

Measures of respiratory system

Answer 23

Respiration rate, tidal CO2

Question 24

Measures of eye/ear

Answer 24

Pupillometry, eye tracking, startle response

Question 25

Measures of gastrointestinal system

Answer 25

EGG

Question 26

How do we measure it?

Answer 26

- optical/video-based (e.g. movement, photoplethysmography) - pressure/mechanical (e.g. respiration, blood pressure) - electrophysiology (ExG) -> amplifier

Question 27

7 measures of Electrodermal activity

Answer 27

Electrodermal response (EDR), Sympathetic skin response (SSR), Skin conductance response (SCR), SKin conductance level (SCL), galvanic skin response (GSR), psychologically driven sweat-gland activity (SNS) Measures changes in the voltage measured from skin surface (exosomatic - applying weak electricity)

Question 28

Phasic response

Answer 28

Transiently increased (- 0.5-4 s after stimulus)

Question 29

Tonic level

Answer 29

Longer modulation (over minutes)

Question 30

Facial muscles (EMG)

Answer 30

- corrugator supercilii (eyebrow) -> frowning (negative valence) - zygomaticus major (mouth) -> smiling (positive valence)

Question 31

Eye blink msucle

Answer 31

Obricularis oculi

Question 32

What is the orbicularis oculi potentiated for?

Answer 32

Negative valence (e.g. fear)

Question 33

What does a startle response mean?

Answer 33

Suprising stimulus

Question 34

What is the post-auricular muscle potentiated for?

Answer 34

Positive valence

Question 35

Eye movements (4)

Answer 35

Fixations, blinks, saccades, microsaccades

Question 36

What are the projections in pupillometry?

Answer 36

Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine efferent projections

Question 37

What is responsible for pupil dilation and reactivity?

Answer 37

Noradrenergic Locus coeruleus (arousal, attention)

Question 38

What is the heart?

Answer 38

An electric pump

Question 39

What is HRV

Answer 39

Heart rate variability

Question 40

In HRV (RSA), in general:

Answer 40

The higher, the better

Question 41

Other cardiovascular/-respiratory measures

Answer 41

- respiratory rate and phase (chest strap, nasal pressure) - impedance cardiography - blood pressure

Question 42

EGG

Answer 42

Electrogastrography

Question 43

Considerations (4)

Answer 43

- baselines - tonic vs. phasic measures - population-level confounds - situated confounds („noise“)

Question 44

Population-level confounds (2)

Answer 44

- inter- vs. intra-individual differences - demographics (gender, ethnicity (WEIRD), etc.)

Question 45

Situational confounds (5)

Answer 45

- other physiological processes - room temperature and humidity (e.g., electrode gel) - body movements (e.g. muscle activity) - electric interference - undesired participant states

Question 46

Baselines (4)

Answer 46

- time of day - resting-state (5-20 min) -> sleep, vanilla experiment - meta-experiment - control condition (subtraction) -> „neutral“ emotion