Peripheral Physiology Flashcards
efferent and afferent neurons in the knee-jerk reflex
Muscle spindle -> afferent neuron -> to the brain
Interneuron (brain) -> efferent neurons -> hamstrings/quadriceps
Where do brains come in the clock analysis and what is that telling us?
„2 minutes before midnight“ -> are grounded in bodies
Two premises
1) the (inner) body is important
2) the (outer) body is important
What did Claude Bernard / Walter Cannon highlight?
Regulation of the internal milieu
Other names for (Homeo)stasis
(Homeo)dynamics/variability
12 Human bodily systems
Lympathic system, Respiratory System, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Male/Female reproductive System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System
3 parts of peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system
What is the somatic nervous system not?
The somatosensory system
What is the somatic nervous system also called?
Voluntary nervous system
Which parts of the PNS does the somatic nervous system consist of?
All the parts of the PNS that are involved with the outside environment (sensing + acting)
What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system
Skeletal muscle
Which parts of the PNS does the ANS consist of?
All the branches of the peripheral nervous system that deal with the internal environment (sensing + acting)
What is the role of the SNS?
Energy mobilization -> fight or flight
Whatis the role of the PSNS?
Energy conservation -> rest and digest
What is the target/effector organ of the ANS?
Smooth or cardiac muscle, glands, or organs
Path in Somatic nervous system
Spinal cord -> acetylcholine -> skeletal muscle
Path in sympathetic nervous system
Spinal cord -> short acetylcholine pre-ganglion neuron -> long norepinephrine peripheral ganglion -> smooth muscle etc
Path in parasympathetic nervous system
Spinal cord -> long acetylcholine preganglion neuron -> short peripheral acetylcholine neuron -> smooth muscle etc
Measures of endocrine system
Salivary, blood, hair stress hormone levels (cortisol)
Measures of skin/sweat glands
EDA (SC, SP, SR, SX, SY)
Measures of muscular system
EMG, EOG (eye tracking)
Measures of cardiovascular system
HR/HRV, BP, impedance cardiography, plethysmography, baroreflex measures
Measures of respiratory system
Respiration rate, tidal CO2
Measures of eye/ear
Pupillometry, eye tracking, startle response
Measures of gastrointestinal system
EGG
How do we measure it?
- optical/video-based (e.g. movement, photoplethysmography)
- pressure/mechanical (e.g. respiration, blood pressure)
- electrophysiology (ExG) -> amplifier
7 measures of Electrodermal activity
Electrodermal response (EDR), Sympathetic skin response (SSR), Skin conductance response (SCR), SKin conductance level (SCL), galvanic skin response (GSR), psychologically driven sweat-gland activity (SNS)
Measures changes in the voltage measured from skin surface (exosomatic - applying weak electricity)
Phasic response
Transiently increased (- 0.5-4 s after stimulus)
Tonic level
Longer modulation (over minutes)
Facial muscles (EMG)
- corrugator supercilii (eyebrow) -> frowning (negative valence)
- zygomaticus major (mouth) -> smiling (positive valence)
Eye blink msucle
Obricularis oculi
What is the orbicularis oculi potentiated for?
Negative valence (e.g. fear)
What does a startle response mean?
Suprising stimulus
What is the post-auricular muscle potentiated for?
Positive valence
Eye movements (4)
Fixations, blinks, saccades, microsaccades
What are the projections in pupillometry?
Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine efferent projections
What is responsible for pupil dilation and reactivity?
Noradrenergic Locus coeruleus (arousal, attention)
What is the heart?
An electric pump
What is HRV
Heart rate variability
In HRV (RSA), in general:
The higher, the better
Other cardiovascular/-respiratory measures
- respiratory rate and phase (chest strap, nasal pressure)
- impedance cardiography
- blood pressure
EGG
Electrogastrography
Considerations (4)
- baselines
- tonic vs. phasic measures
- population-level confounds
- situated confounds („noise“)
Population-level confounds (2)
- inter- vs. intra-individual differences
- demographics (gender, ethnicity (WEIRD), etc.)
Situational confounds (5)
- other physiological processes
- room temperature and humidity (e.g., electrode gel)
- body movements (e.g. muscle activity)
- electric interference
- undesired participant states
Baselines (4)
- time of day
- resting-state (5-20 min) -> sleep, vanilla experiment
- meta-experiment
- control condition (subtraction) -> „neutral“ emotion
