ethics and plagiarism Flashcards
an abstract is a …
highly condensed summary of the paper
an abstract should provide an …
overview of the study
how long should and abstract be?
Between 150 and 250 words
what should an abstract include? (5)
- Problem identification
- Participants
- Methods
- Basic results
- Conclusions and Implications
an abstract limits …
the use of abbreviations
what are the essential parts of a paper? (7)
- Title page
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References
what does the part “methods” include? (3)
- Participants
- Materials
- Procedures
general structure of a paper resembles a …
hourglass:
introduction
Methods/Results
Discussion
what should an introduction do? (4)
- Introduce the topic
- Gives an overview of the existing research
- Develops your research question from the literature (e.g. a gap in the literature)
- Outlines how you will approach the research question
how should the part “methods” be?
- Should be detailed enough to replicate the study
- Methodological choices should be justified
- Should refer to the preregistration
what is the structure of “methods”?
- participants
- materials
- procedure
what should “participants” include?
- Participant or subject characteristics (e.g. mean age, gender)
- Sampling procedures (how were participants recruited, who was excluded during
sampling, compensation for participation) - Sample size and justification how the sample size was determined
what should “materials” include?
- Equipment used (type of computer, experimental software, monitor..)
- Software
- Environmental conditions (e.g. whether the room was dark…)
- Additional measures (e.g. questionnaires)
what should “procedures” include?
experimental design and data handling
what should experimental design include? 85)
- factorial structure
- dependent and independent variables
- trials structure (exact timing)
- randomization
- general procedure and relevant instructions
what should data handling include? (2)
- Data diagnostics (e.g. outlier analysis)
- Analytic strategies (statistical analyses)
what should be distinguished between in the “results”?
preregistered and post-hoc analyses
which effects should the “results” start with?
more simple effects (i.e. main effects)
how can data and results be distinguished?
- Data are the facts or numbers
- Results are statements in the text that explain what the data show
forms of plagiarism (7)
Global plagiarism, Verbatim, Patchwork, Paraphrasing, Self-plagiarism, Source-based plagiarism,, collusion and collaboration
what is Global plagiarism?
Using someone else’s work while passing it off as their own.
what is verbatim?
Verbatim quoting text without clear acknowledgement.
what is patchwork?
Cutting and pasting from the internet or any other source without acknowledging the source
what is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing the work of others by changing a few words, changing the order or closely following the structure
of an argument without acknowledging the source of the work.
what is self-plagiarism?
Submitting work for assessment that you have already submitted somewhere else (as a whole or in parts).
what is source-based plagiarism?
Not giving correct information about the source.
Using citations in the reference list that you have not consulted.
what is collusion and collaboration?
Working together with somebody else without revealing this.
This also includes technology like ChatGPT
why does plagiarism matter? (4)
- It is a matter of honesty to acknowledge the originator of an idea
- A breach of academic integrity
- It is poor scholarship
- Indicates that you failed to complete the learning process
how to avoid plagiarism? (4)
- keeping track of the sources
- avoiding plagiarism when quoting
- avoiding plagiarism when paraphrasing
- citing your source correctly
what happened in 1947?
The Nuremberg Code (first international code of ethics for research on human subjects)
what happened in 1964?
The World Medical Association publishes the Declaration of Helsinki (Ethical Principles
for Research Involving Human Subjects)
why do we have ethical regulations? (4)
- To ensure that research respects the people that take part in experiments
- To prevent unreasonable, unsafe or thoughtless demands from researchers
- To ensure that participants receive the relevant information
- To establish common standards
what are the principles for ethical research? (5)
- Respect for human dignity
- Respect for free and informed consent
- Respect for vulnerable persons
- Respect for privacy and confidentiality
- Balancing harms and benefits
what is the cardinal principle pf research ethics?
respect for human dignity -> protecting the multiple interdependent interests of the participant
what does informed consent assume?
that people have the capacity and right to make free and independent decisions
what about vulnerable persons?
There is a special ethical obligation towards vulnerable persons (e.g. children, patients..) because they might
have diminished decision-making capacities or competences
* Requires additional care to protect their interests
* Special protection against abuse, discrimination and exploitation
what about privacy and confidentiality in research?
Protecting the access, control and dissemination of personal information
what about harms and benefits?
Harms and benefits of a study should be balanced
