Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many levels in the thoracic spinal cord

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many levels are in the lumbar spinal cord

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many levels are in the sacral spinal cord

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the conus medullaris

A

The most inferior caudal part of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What vertebral level is the conus medullaris at

A

Between L1 and L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two spinal cord enlargements

A

The cervical enlargement

the lumbosacral enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the cervical enlargement control

A

Upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the lumbosacral enlargement control

A

Lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is the Rostro spinal cord or the coddle spinal cord bigger

A

Rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the peripheral nerve supply

A

Either the viscera or somatic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the somatic peripheral nerves include

A

Sensory autonomic and motor axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What to cutaneous branches of peripheral nerve supply

A

The skin and subcutaneous tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are peripheral axons classified according to

A

Speed of conduction and diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the components of peripheral nerves

A

Neural components
Glial components
connective tissue components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did the neural components of peripheral nerves contain

A

Axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did the glial components of peripheral nerves contain

A

Schwan cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the connective tissue components of peripheral nerves

A

The endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do connective tissue components in the peripheral nerves have a role in

A

How nerves work and how they recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the endoneurium do

A

Surrounds each individual axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the perineurium do

A

Surrounds bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the epineurium do

A

Surrounds all the bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the sensory components of cutaneous branches of peripheral nerves do

A

Go to receptors e.g. touch pain vibration etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the motor components of cutaneous branches do

A

Supply blood vessels sweat glands and hair on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do you cutaneous branches of peripheral nerves go to

A

The skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do muscular branches of peripheral nerves go to

A

Skeletal muscle and nerves ligaments tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are nerve plexuses

A

Junctions of anterior rami from four nerve plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the four nerve plexuses

A

Cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is the cervical nerve plexuses between

A

C-1 through C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the brachial nerve plexuses between

A

C5 to T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the brachial nerve plexuses control

A

Upper extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the lumbar nerve plexuses between

A

L1 to L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the lumbar nerve plexuses control

A

Anterior and medial thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is the sacral nerve plexus says between

A

Part of L4

between L5 to S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the sacral nerve plexuses control

A

Posterior thigh and leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the cervical plexus provide

A

Cutaneous sensory information from the posterior scalp to the clavicle
Control sensation in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate

A

The anterior neck muscles and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the brachioplexus innervate

A

The entire upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the lumbar plexus innervate

A

The skin and muscles of the anterior and medial thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate and what does it contain

A

The posterior thigh and most of the leg and foot and sciatic nerve
Parasympathetic axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a dermatome for the face

A

The trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the dermatome for the remainder of the head

A

C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the dermatome for the nipple line

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the dermatome for the umbilicus

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is a dermatome for the top of the shoulder

A

C-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a dermatome for the shoulder and lateral arm

A

C-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a dermatome for the lateral forearm and the first two digits

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the dermatome for the middle digit

A

C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the dermatome for the fourth and fifth digits

A

C8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the dermatome for the medial arm and forearm

A

T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the dermatome for the anterolateral thigh

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the dermatome for the anteromedial thigh and knee

A

L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the dermatome for the anteromedial shin

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a dermatome for the anterolateral shin and top of the foot to the big toe

A

L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the dermatome for the small toe lateral foot sole and calf

A

S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the dermatome for the perineal region

A

S2 S3 S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are myotomes

A

Muscles innervated by a single nerve root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where are disc herniations most common

A

In the cervical and lumbosacral levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

In disc herniations the nerve root that is involved usually corresponds to

A

The lower of the adjacent two vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

In the cervical level where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

A

Above the same number of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In the lumbosacral level where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

A

Below the same number vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

The synapse between lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released in the neuromuscular junction

A

ACH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

In the neuromuscular junction what are the receptors on the muscle

A

Nicotinic

65
Q

In the neuromuscular junction what are the ion channels

A

Sodium and potassium

66
Q

In the neuromuscular junction what is the effect on the muscle

A

Depolarizes and produces a muscle contraction

67
Q

What happens in normal conditions in the neuromuscular junction

A

Enough neurotransmitter is released to produce an effect

68
Q

What is a miniature endplate potential

A

Where small amount of ACH creates a small depolarization not enough to contract a muscle

69
Q

What is the function of a miniature endplate potential

A

Signal to muscle that there is a functional nerve which maintains the integrity of muscle fibers

70
Q

If there are no miniature endplate potentials what do you see

A

The nerve is injured

muscle atrophy

71
Q

What is Myasthenia gravis

A

And auto immune disease that damages ACH receptors at the neuromuscular junction

72
Q

What happens in myasthenia gravis

A

Repeated use of the muscle leads to increased weakness

73
Q

What are the first muscles affected in myasthenia gravis

A

Eye muscles

74
Q

What does botulism interfere with

A

the release of ACH from the motor axon

75
Q

What does botulism produce

A

Acute progressive weakness with loss of stretch reflexes

sensation remains intact

76
Q

What does botulism do to vesicles

A

Binds to vesicles and permanently inactivate them

does not have permanent effects because it makes new synapses

77
Q

What are the antibodies to myasthenia gravis

A

NMJ ACH receptor

78
Q

What muscles are more affected in myasthenia gravis

A

Proximal limb muscles
diaphragm
Eye movement muscles

79
Q

When does myasthenia gravis tend to affect men

A

In the sixth and seventh decades

80
Q

When does myasthenia gravis tend to affect women

A

In the second and third decades

81
Q

What makes the toxin in botulinum toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

82
Q

What are signs and symptoms of botulinum toxin

A

Acute weakness

little sensory loss

83
Q

What is botulinum toxin used for in clinical purposes

A

Spasticity and dystonia

84
Q

What are myopathies

A

Injury to the muscle

disorder intrinsic to muscle

85
Q

What muscles are more weak in myopathies

A

Proximal than distal weakness

86
Q

What do you see in myopathies

A

Paresis

87
Q

What are myopathies not due to

A

Dysfunction of the nervous system

There are no sensory deficits and no autonomic dysfunction

88
Q

How does movement optimize the health of nerves

A

By promoting blood flow through the nerves and the flow of axoplasm through the axons
causes axoplasm to thin and flow more easily

89
Q

What is neuropathy

A

Disorders of peripheral nerves

90
Q

Signs of peripheral nerve damage include changes in

A

Sensory autonomic and motor

91
Q

In dysfunction of peripheral nerves what do you see in sensory changes

A 
Decreased or lost sensation
 hyperalgesia 
dysesthesia 
paresthesia 
allodynia
92
Q

What is hyperalgesia

A

Increased sensitivity to pain

93
Q

What is dysesthesia

A

Abnormal sensations that are painful

94
Q

What is paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensations that are not painful such as tingling

95
Q

What is allodynia

A

Sensations that are not painful are perceived as painful

96
Q

What do signs depend on in autonomic changes of dysfunction of peripheral nerves

A

The pattern of axonal dysfunction

97
Q

Where are signs of single nerve dysfunction of autonomic changes observed

A

They’re observed only if the nerve is completely severed

see problems where the nerve goes to

98
Q

What are signs of many nerves of autonomic changes in peripheral nerve dysfunction

A

Difficulty regulating blood pressure heart rate sweating Bowel and bladder functions and impotence

99
Q

What are signs of peripheral nerve damage in motor changes

A

Paresis or paralysis

100
Q

If there are motor changes in peripheral nerve damage what does the EMG recording show

A

no activity for +/-1 weeks after injury

101
Q

What happens in motor changes of peripheral nerve damage

A

Muscle atrophy progresses rapidly

102
Q

After week period In motor changes of peripheral nerve damage what happens

A

Muscle fibers begin to develop a generalized sensitivity to ACH along the muscle membrane membrane
fibrillation ensues

103
Q

What does fibrillation tell you

what is it not

A

The nerve is not functioning and loses connection between the nerve and the muscle
it is not a diagnostic of a specific lesion

104
Q

What do you see in tone and reflexes in motor changes

A

Decreased

105
Q

What kind of atrophy is there in motor changes

A

Rapid and severe

106
Q

What are tropic changes

A

Changes that occur in the denervated tissues

changes in blood supply sensation and lack of movement

107
Q

What do you see in changes that occur in denervated tissues

A

Skin becomes shiny and thin
nails become brittle
subcutaneous tissues thicken

108
Q

What do you see in changes in blood supply, sensation and lack of movement in tropic changes

A

Ulceration of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
Poor healing of wounds
increased risk of infection
neurogenic joint damage

109
Q

What is neurogenic joint damage

A

Damage to joints secondary to loss of muscle function

110
Q

What can peripheral neuropathy involve

A

Single nerve several nerves or many nerves

111
Q

What is mononeuropathy

A

Involves a single nerve and is considered a focal dysfunction

112
Q

What is multiple mononeuropathy

A

Involves several nerves and is multifocal

113
Q

What is polyneuropathy

A

Involves many nerves and is a generalized disorder that typically has a distal and symmetrical presentation

114
Q

In mononeuropathy ,depending on the severity of the damage, what three categories are injuries classified in

A

Traumatic myelinopathy- neurapraxia
traumatic axonopathy- axinotmesis
Severance- neurotmesis

115
Q

What is traumatic myelinopathy-neurapraxia

A

Damage to the Myelin sheath

everything else is intact

116
Q

What is traumatic axonopathy-axinotmesis

A

Damage to axons

everything else is intact

117
Q

What is severance- neurotmesis

A

Damage to the nerve

damage everything were cut occurred

118
Q

What do peripheral myelinopathies interfere with

A

The function of large diameter axons

119
Q

What causes Traumatic myelinopathy

A

Focal compression of a peripheral nerve

E.g. Brace too tight

120
Q

What causes focal compression

A

Repeated mechanical stimuli

121
Q

How many levels are there in the cervical spinal cord

A

Eight

122
Q

What does traumatic axonopathy do

A

Disrupts axons and Wallerian degeneration

123
Q

Where does Traumatic axonopathy

A

Distal to the lesion

124
Q

What size of axons do axonopathies affect

A

All sizes especially large diameter

125
Q

What are significantly reduced or absent in traumatic axonopathy

A

Reflexes
Somatosensation
motor function

126
Q

In traumatic axonopathy, regenerating axons are able to re-innervate appropriate targets how

A

Because Myelin and connective tissue’s remain intact

127
Q

What is severance

A

It occurs when nerves are physically divided by excessive stretching or a laceration

128
Q

What happens in severance

A

immediate loss of sensation and or muscle paralysis in the area supplied

129
Q

In severance if proximal and distal nerve stumps are apposed and scarring does not interfere what happens

A

Some sprouts enter the distal stump and Are guided to their target tissue in the periphery

130
Q

What can cause multiple mononeuropathy

A

Vasculitis

131
Q

Vasculitis is suspected what should you do

A

An urgent referral should be made for an electrodiagnostic evaluation

132
Q

What happens to nerves in multiple mononeuropathy

A

Individual nerves are affected producing a random asymmetrical presentation of signs

133
Q

What are signs of polyneuropathy

A

Symmetrical involvement of sensory motor and autonomic fibers often progressing from distal to proximal

134
Q

Where do symptoms begin in polyneuropathy

A

In the feet and then appear in the hands and areas of the body supplied by the longest axons

135
Q

What are Polyneuropathies not a result of

A

Ischemia or trauma

136
Q

What are the most common causes of polyneuropathy

A

Diabetes nutritional deficiencies secondary to alcoholism and autoimmune diseases

137
Q

What are other causes of polyneuropathy

A 
Toxic 
metabolic 
autoimmune 
therapeutic drugs 
industrial and agricultural toxins 
nutritional disorders
138
Q

What do you see in polyneuropathy for a pattern

A

Stocking glove pattern

139
Q

What is an autoimmune disease often affected by polyneuropathy

A

Guillain-Barré

140
Q

Polyneuropathy Guillain-Barré is characterized by

A

More severe effects on the motor system then the sensory system

141
Q

In Guillain barre onset is

A

Rapid with progressive paralysis

142
Q

In polyneuropathy the most common inherited form is

A

Charcot Marie tooth disease

143
Q

What happens in Charcot Marie tooth disease

A

Causes precess of muscles distal to the knee with resulting footdrop steppage gait frequent tripping and muscle atrophy and progression muscle atrophy and precess affects the hands

144
Q

When does charcot Marie tooth disease typically occur

A

Adolescence or young adults but varies with the type

145
Q

What are causes of diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Vascular changes

metabolic changes

146
Q

What is the pattern in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Usually distal symmetrical polyneuropathy

147
Q

What happens in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

There’s injury to axons and myelin sheath

148
Q

What is affected predominately in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Sensory neurons of all sizes

149
Q

What effects do you see in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Decreased sensation
pain
paresthesia
dysesthesias

150
Q

In diabetic polyneuropathy loss of pain sensation often leads to what

A

Foot ulcers and damage joints in the foot

151
Q

What occurs later in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Muscle atrophy and weakness also predominantly distal

152
Q

What are half of nondramatic foot amputations related to

A

Diabetes

153
Q

What might you also see in diabetic polyneuropathy

A

Autonomic dysfunction

154
Q

What are potential long-term adverse effects of neuropathy

A

Incomplete or aberrant innervation

complex regional pain syndrome

155
Q

What is treatment for peripheral neuropathy

A

Should be taught to visually inspect the involved areas daily to monitor for wounds and for reddening of the skin that persists more than a few minutes
proper footcare should be taught if feet are involved example socks without seems, not going barefoot, make sure shoes fit properly
Interventions for edema, contractures prevention, endurance exercises

156
Q

What do interventions for edema include

A

Elevation of the limb compression bandaging electrical stimulation

157
Q

How can contractures be prevented

A

Prolonged stretching or by daily activities

158
Q

What have endurance exercise after peripheral nerve crush injury shown

A

They enhance sensory and motor recovery

Neuro (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions