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Neuro > Cortical Spinal Tract > Flashcards

Cortical Spinal Tract Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract get input from

A

The vestibular system

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1
Q

What are the 5 tracts of the cortical spinal cord

A 
Tectospinal
Medial recticulospinal 
Medial vestibulospinal
Lateral vestibulospinal 
Medial corticalspinal
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2
Q

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract get info from

A

The vestibular system

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3
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract travel to

A

The medial ventral horn

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4
Q

What kind of tract is the medial corticospinal tract

A

Bilateral

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5
Q

Where do the lateral activating systems traveling

A

Lateral white matter

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6
Q

Where do lateral activating systems end in

A

In the lateral ventral horn

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7
Q

What is the lateral corticospinal tract also known as

A

The pyramidal tract

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8
Q

What kind of tract is the lateral corticospinal tract

A

Contralateral

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9
Q

What does the premotor cortex do when stimulated

A

Produce movement that covers several joints (more complex)

Generate pattern of movement

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10
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex do when stimulated

A

It becomes active before movement starts of both hands together
It acts before emotion
It is active when you have movements on both sides of the body
Movements of combined sequence of activities that require a specific order

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11
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract do

A

Controls distal extremities

Fractional movements

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12
Q

Where does is the location of axons in the spinal cord or brainstem lateral corticalspinal tract

A

The anterior/ventral/base of the brainstem

Lat column of spinal cord

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13
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse in

A

The lateral part of the ventral horn

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14
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract Cross in

A

The Caudal medulla

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15
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract

A

Flexion of upper extremities

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16
Q

Where is the location of cell bodies in the rubrospinal track

A

In the red nucleus.

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17
Q

What is the main function of the lateral recticulospinal tract

A

Flexion in the body but may also do extension

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the medial activating system

A

Control posture

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19
Q

What is the primary function of the lateral activating system

A

Moving the body

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20
Q

What are the two nonspecific motor pathways

A

Raphespinal tract

Cerulospinal tract

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21
Q

What does the nonspecific motor pathways do

A

Facilitate movement from other pathways

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22
Q

Where does the raphespinal tract come from

A

The Raphe nuclei in the brainstem

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23
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for ceruleospinal tract

A

Norepinephrine

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24
Q

Where does the ceruleospinal tract come from

A

The ceruloses

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25
Q

What do the basal ganglia and cerebellum do

A

Adjust activity in descending motor tracts
Control circuits
Adjust activity in upper motor neurons

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26
Q

What do the basal ganglia and cerebellum not have direct connections with

A

Lower motor neurons

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27
Q

What are the connections for the basal ganglia and cerebellum

A

Motor cortex

Brainstem

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28
Q

Where does info come in from for the basal ganglia

A

The caudate

The putamen

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29
Q

What are the two pathways through the basal ganglia

A

Direct pathway

Indirect pathway

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30
Q

What are the output regions for the basal ganglia

A

Globus palllidus internus

Substantia Nigra recticularis

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31
Q

What does the direct pathway do

A

Facilitates movement

Inhibits posture

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32
Q

Where does the direct pathway end

A

Reticulospinal and vestibule spinal tracts

Or motor areas of the cerebral cortex

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33
Q

What does indirect pathway do

A

Posture and balance are activated

Movement pathways are inhibited

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34
Q

Where do the indirect pathways end

A

In the recticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

Or the lateral activating systems

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35
Q

What is excited in the direct pathway

A

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

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36
Q

What is inhibited in the direct pathway

A

Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

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37
Q

What is excited in the indirect pathway

A

Recticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

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38
Q

What is inhibited in the indirect pathway

A

Lateral activating systems

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39
Q

If there is more dopamine being used where is info processed in

A

The direct pathway

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40
Q

There is less dopamine being used where is info processed in

A

The indirect pathway

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41
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia

A

Sequencing movements
Regulating muscle tone
Selecting synergies (direct pathway) and inhibiting synergies (indirect pathway)

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42
Q

What are the two main categories for basal ganglia disorders

A

Hypokinetic

Hyperkinetic

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43
Q

What is hypokinetic and an example

A

Decrease in overall movement

Parkinson’s disease

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44
Q

What is hyperkinetic and examples

A 
Increase in overall movement
Huntington's disease
Dystonias 
Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy
Hemiballismus
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45
Q

What is the most common basal ganglia disorder

A

Parkinson’s disease

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46
Q

What kind of disease is Parkinson’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative disease

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47
Q

What happens in Parkinson’s disease

A

Lose dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

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48
Q

What reduces risk of Parkinson’s disease

A

Coffee

49
Q

What is Parkinsonian and Parkinsonism syndrome

A

Parkinson like symptoms but brought on by something else

50
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

What does it damage

A

Hyperkinetic
Genetic basis-Autosomal dominant
Basal ganglia and cerebral cortex (patients with this disease will develop dementia)

51
Q

What is dystonia

Where’s the dysfunction

A

A genetic movement disorder that is usually nonprogressive
Involuntary sustained muscle contractions (twisting or repetitive motions or abnormal posture)
In basal ganglia (May appear as a cramp but is in the basal ganglia rather than the muscle)

52
Q

What is the most common type of dystonia

A

Focal dystonia

53
Q

What does focal dystonia do

A

Affects one part of the body and is often limited to a particular activity

54
Q

What are examples of focal dystonia of the hand

A

Writers cramp and musicians cramp

55
Q

What is Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy

A

A movement disorder of damage to the basal ganglia structures

56
Q

Where is damage in hemiballismus

A

Subthalamic nucleus

57
Q

What is hemiballismus characterized by

What side is affected

A

Ballistic movements

One side injury and effects on same side

58
Q

What are ballistic movements

A

Movement of proximal joint and rest of extremity goes along

59
Q

What is the most common cause of hemiballismus

A

Stroke

60
Q

Where is the location of the cerebellum

A

Posterior or dorsal to the brainstem

61
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum

A

Balance
Coordination of movement
Control of Eye movements

62
Q

Where is the gray matter in the cerebellum

A

Cells on the outside

63
Q

Where is the white matter of the cerebellum

A

Axons deep to the gray matter inside

64
Q

Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellum

A

In the white matter a collection of cells

65
Q

What are arbror vitae

A

White matter

66
Q

What is folia

A

Gray matter

67
Q

What are the layers of cells in the cerebellum

A

Outer inner and middle

68
Q

What is the middle layer of cells made of in the cerebellum

A

Purkinje cell bodies

69
Q

What are the outer and inner layers of cells made of in the cerebellum

A

Interneurons like Golgi cells

70
Q

What two ways can you divide the cerebellum

A

Medial to lateral

Anterior to posterior

71
Q

What ways does info get in and out of cerebellum

A

Through the three cerebellar peduncles
Superior
Middle
Inferior

72
Q

Does the inferior peduncle go between

A

The medulla and cerebellum

73
Q

Where does info in the inferior peduncle come from

A

The spinal cord and brain stem

74
Q

What does the middle peduncle connect

A

The cerebellum and pons

75
Q

Where does info come from in the middle cerebral peduncle

Where does it then send it to

A

Cerebral cortex
Send axons to pons and synapse there
Neurons go from pons to cerebellum (opposite side,cross midline)

76
Q

What does the superior peduncle connect with

A

The midbrain

77
Q

Where does the superior peduncle go to

A

Regions at the level of the midbrain or above

78
Q

What side of the body does the cerebellum control

A

The same side of the body info comes in on

79
Q

Where does inferior peduncle go to

A

The brainstem

Vestibular and recticular nuclei in the brain stem

80
Q

What are the three types of movement from the cerebellum

A

Balance
Fine movement
Gross movement

81
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum control

A

Distal parts of the extremities most importantly the hand

Fine movt

82
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum

A

Lateral hemispheres

83
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellar

A

Distal control
Coordination
Planning of movement
Maintaining rhythm

84
Q

What are the two regions of the spinocerebellum

A

Vermel region

ParaVermal region

85
Q

What does the vermal region control

A

The trunk

86
Q

What does the paravermal region control

A

Proximal extremities

87
Q

Where does info from the vermal enter in from

A

Spinal cord

Vestibular nuclei

88
Q

Where does info from the Vermal exit and go out to

A

Vestibular and reticular nuclei

Motor cortex

89
Q

What is the function of the vermal

A

Postural adjustments and movement of the trunk

Stereotyped movement -movement you repeat like walking

90
Q

Where does info from the paravermal enter

A

The spinal cord

91
Q

Where does info from the paravermal exit and go out to

A

Motor cortex

Red nucleus

92
Q

What does the paravermal do

A

Control movement

Correcting errors and movement

93
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum essentially

A

The flocculonodular node

94
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum info enter from

A

Vestibullar apparatus

The vestibular nuclei

95
Q

Where does info from the vestibulocerebellum exit and go to

A

Vestibular nuclei

96
Q

Kind of system is the vestibulocerebellum

A

Medial system

97
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum q

A

Control of equilibrium
Control of balance
Control of Eye movements

98
Q

In cerebellar disorders what does damage to the side cause

Will you see With tone

A

Impairment ipsilateral

Hypotonia-decrease in tone right away but usually returns to normal

99
Q

What is ataxia

A

Lack of coordination of movement, inaccurate movements

100
Q

What is truncal ataxia

Where is the damage

A

Difficulty sitting and standing

Vermal or vestibulocerebellum

101
Q

Where is the damage in limb and gait ataxia

A

Paravermal region

102
Q

Where is the injury in hand ataxia

A

Lateral hemispheres

103
Q

What happens if you injure the vestibulocerebellum

A

Balance -balance problem, truncal ataxia

Eve movement- abnormal movement

104
Q

What happens if you injure the spinocerebellar lesions vermal

A

Truncal ataxia

Dysarthria- speech problem, underlying cause from muscle control or contraction problem

105
Q

What is damaged in alcoholism

A

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum

106
Q

What happens if you injure the spinocerebellum paravermal

A

See gate ataxia- wide-based gate, difficulty walking in a straight line

107
Q

What do you see in limb ataxia

A

Dysdiadochokinesis
Dysmetria
Action tremor
difficulties with time intervals

108
Q

What happens if you injure the cerebrocerebellum

A

Dysarthria

hand ataxia

109
Q

Where does the coricobulbar tract cross

A

In the brain stem

110
Q

What is the termination site for the coricobulbar tract

A

Cranial nerve motor nuclei

111
Q

What’s the function of the coricobulbar tract

A

Cranial motor nerves

112
Q

What is the side of use for the coricobulbar tract

A

Bilateral

Contralateral for VII and xi

113
Q

Where are the location of cell bodies in the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

In the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem

114
Q

Where the location of cell bodies in the medial vestibulospinal tract

A

In the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem

115
Q

Where are the cell bodies located in the lateral reticulospinal tract

A

The reticular nuclei of the brainstem

116
Q

Where the location of cell bodies in the medial reticulospinal chat

A

In the reticular nuclei of the brainstem

117
Q

Location of cell bodies In the tectospinal tract

A

The superior colliculus

118
Q

What is the location of cell bodies in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract

A

Primary motor cortex
supplementary motor area
primary sensory cortex

119
Q

Location of axons in spinal cord or brain stem in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract

A

Anterior column of spinal cord

anterior/ventral/base of brainstem

120
Q

What is the cross site for LCS in the anterior or medial corticospinal tract

A

Spinal cord

121
Q

What’s the location of the axons in the spinal cord or brainstem in the coricobulbar tract

A

Not in spinal cord

In anterior/ventral/base of brainstem

Neuro (4 decks)

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