Peripheral endocrine glands

Question 0

MIT and DIT

Answer 0

MIT is iodine attached to the tyrosine.
DIT is 2 iodines, becoming T4 ( activated by liver, kidney, target tissue)
MIT + DIT = T3

Question 1

Thyroid glands

Answer 1

2 lobes joined in the middle by narrow portion of gland- isthmus

• has follicular cells that forms follicle ( hair),
• lumen filled with colloid ( storage site)
• produce 2 iodine containing hormone derived from amino acid tyrosine (T3 and T4)
• C cells between the follicle that secrete peptide hormone calcitonin

Question 2

actions of thyroid hormones

Answer 2

it is lipophilic- doesn’t need carriers
after protein synthesis in target cells, it increases metabolic rate and heat production, increase growth hormone, nervous system growth, has sympathomimetic effect

Question 3

T3

Answer 3

it influences gene expression, muscle size, increase in calcium, coldness in infants means increase in TRH secretions. It is turned off by anterior pituitary

Question 4

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 4

bone breakdown and increase in blood calcium

• hydrophilic and peptide hormone
• increase in blood Ca means increase absorption of Ca and PO4, bone dissolution, kidney conserve calcium, increase vitamin D

Question 5

plasma calcium levels goes down means…

Answer 5

parathryoid hormone

Question 6

calcitonin

Answer 6

produced by parafollicular c cells, decrease plasma calcium, decrease bone reabsorption by inhibiting osteoclastsm, prevents excess bone growth

Question 7

Adrenal glands

Answer 7

• embedded above kidney in a capsule of fat

- has 2 endocrine organs: adrenal medulla and Adrenal cortex

Question 8

Adrenal cortex

Answer 8

outer portion, contains 3 zones

• glomerulosa- aldosterone, mineral RAA, electrolyte and Na and K
• fasciculata- cortisol, glucose, protein, lipid
• reticularis- sex hormones, DHEA- male sex hormone

Question 9

Adrenal medulla

Answer 9

Sym. nervous system, used during flight or fear

increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids

Question 10

Pancreatic hormones

Answer 10

pancreas: endocrine cells and islets of langerhans

insulin and glucagon

Question 11

Beta

Answer 11

insulin synthesis and secretion

Question 12

Alpha

Answer 12

glucagon- complex simple sugar molecule, goes into liver

Question 13

delta

Answer 13

somatostatin synthesis, inhibits digestive system

Question 14

PP cells

Answer 14

secrete polypeptide , decrease appetite

Question 15

E cells

Answer 15

produce ghrelin to control of hunger

Question 16

purpose of Insulin and glucagon

Answer 16

regulating fuel metabolism

Question 17

somatostatin (GHIH)

Answer 17

autocrine function, release from D cells to increase blood sugar and blood amino acids during absorption of a meal, prevents excess plasma levels of nutrients, decrease secretion of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 18

low blood glucose means

Answer 18

increase glucagon (A cells)

Question 19

high blood glucose means

Answer 19

increase insulin (B cells)

Question 20

Thymus gland includes

Answer 20

thymopoictin and thymosin- which stimulates the maturation of T lymphocyte

Question 21

gonads include

Answer 21

progesterone and estrogen- which are eggs and gives sex characteristics