Pathophysiology

Question 0

anterior pituitary growth hormone disorders

Answer 0

hypersecretion-gigantism, acromegaly

hyposecretion- dwarfism

Question 1

iatrogenic

Answer 1

induced by medical treatments like chemo, radiation therapy, or surgical removal, beta blocker, chronic hormone replacement therapy

Question 2

Acromegaly in adults, gigantism in children

Answer 2

increase in frontal sinuses, ring/shoe size, deepened voice and enlarged tongue. Treatment is GH replacement therapy.

Question 3

pituitary dwarfism

Answer 3

hypoglycemia, growth 3%, dental delayed, thin hair and greater fat mass.
Adults have hypercholesterolemia, decreased bone density and body mass

Question 4

Posterior pituitary of ADH diseases

Answer 4

hyposecretion- diabetes insipidus

hypersecretion- Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, adrenal insufficency and Hypothyrodism

Question 5

Diabetes inspidus

Answer 5

not enough ADH, too much water leaves the body, constant thirst and urination. Causes the 3 poly (polyuria, nocturia, high Na in blood)

Question 6

SIADH

Answer 6

more water, less Na, increase bp

Question 7

Hypothyroidism causes

Answer 7

primary failure of thyroid gland, secondary to a deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both, not enough iodine, cretinism, congenital, Hashimoto

Question 8

Myxedema (in hypothyroid state)

Answer 8

thickening, non-pitting edematous changes in the soft tissues. coma is rare and life-threatening condition occurring in progression of Hypothyroidism. Treatment is thyroid hormone replacement

Question 9

Cretinism

Answer 9

hypothyroid disorder, caused by untreated congenital thyroid hormone deficiency. Causes stunted growth mentally and physically, abnormal bone development myxedema- might have goiter

Question 10

hyperthyroidism causes

Answer 10

thyroid nodules for excess hormone secretion called hot nodules. It feels hot and might lose weight even though they are eating more. Solution is surgery removal, iodine ( radioactive) to shrink thyroid.

Question 11

Grave’s disease

Answer 11

hyperthyroidism disorder, enlarged thyroid ( goiter) producing too much thyroid hormone, women are likely to get disease, runs in the family, only a small amount produces too much as most doesn’t produce enough.

Question 12

Thyroid storm

Answer 12

life threatening thyrotoxicosis, when excessive amounts of thyroid hormone is released. It triggers radioactive iodine therapy, emotional stress, uncontrolled diabetes. It increases heart rate, arrhythmia, CHF, temperature, extreme restless, agitation.

Treatment includes cooling with ice packs. BUT don’t induce shivering

Question 13

Hyperparathyrodism

Answer 13

increase in calcitonin, bone deformity and fractures, Calcium stones in urinary tract.
Causes kidney stones, osteoporosis, dehydration, high serum calcium levels, decrease neuromuscular excitability

Question 14

hypoparathyrodism

Answer 14

severe muscle tetany due to low calcium levels, too much claw like hands, numbness, cramps, spasms, seizures

Question 15

Adrenocortical insufficiency

Answer 15

causes anorexia, weight loss, salt wasting, diminished vascular tone, reduced cardiac output and low bp. Treatment is intravenous glucocorticoids and volume replacements

Question 16

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 16

hypersecretion of corticosteroids, changes in carbs and protein metabolism, results in puffy moon shaped face

Question 17

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 17

Adrenal medulla disorder, a tumor resulting in too much production of catecholamines.
causes hypertension, headache, tachycardia, tremor, nervousness

Question 18

Pancreas disorder

Answer 18

hyperinsulism: hypoglycemia, too much insulin released, pancreatic cancer- too much production of insulin, lack of glucose delivery to the brain

hypoinsulism; diabetes mellitus