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Histology > Peripheral blood and hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Peripheral blood and hematopoiesis Flashcards

0
Q

What is the main difference between stem cells and progenitor cells?

A

Stem cells are capable of replication AND DIFFERENTIATION at the same time (i.e. making another of its self, and a specialized cell).

Progenitor cells do NOT engage in self-replication, i.e. both the progeny of progenitor cells are DIFFERENTIATING CELLS.

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1
Q

Describe the chronology and location of hematopoietic tissue

A
  1. ) Early embryo (0-3 months): YOLK SAC
  2. ) Second trimester (3-6 months): Liver & spleen
  3. ) Third trimester (6-9 months/birth): Bone marrow
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2
Q

Why is it difficult to to distinguish stem and progenitor cells?

A

Because they are not morphologically distinct and resemble LYMPHOCYTES.

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3
Q

Progenitor cells for blood cells are often called _______, and fall into four main categories. Name and describe them.

A

Progenitor cells, aka COLONY FORMING UNITS (CFUs):

  1. ) Erythroid lineage (CFU-E):
  2. ) Thrombocytic lineage (CFU-Meg):
  3. ) Granulocyte-monocyte lineage (CFU-GM):
  4. ) Lymphoid lineage (CFU-L):
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4
Q

List the general progression of hematopoietic differentiation

A

Stem cell (not distinguishable) –> Progenitor cell (not distinguishable) –> Precursor cell/blast (distinguishable) –> Mature cell

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5
Q

Hematopoiesis depends on the _______ or ________, which is largely created by what?

A

Microenvironment or Niche, which is largely created by endocrine factors, and factors released by local cells and ECM of the hematopoietic organs.

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6
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors are often called what?

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSF)

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7
Q

What are the main contents of bone marrow?

A
  1. ) Reticular connective tissue stroma (bed)
  2. ) Hemopoietic cords or islands of cells
  3. ) Sinusoidal capillaries
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8
Q

Describe the stroma of bone marrow

A

A meshwork of specialized fibroblastic cells called stromal cells (aka reticular cells or adventitial cells). Also contains a web of reticular fibers supporting the hemopoietic cells and macrophages.

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9
Q

What does the hematopoietic niche of bone marrow include (3)?

A

Stroma, osteoblasts, and megakaryocytes (precursors to platelets).

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10
Q

What are the internal cellular changes that are undergone during erythropoiesis?5.

A
  1. ) Cell and nuclear volumes decrease.
  2. ) NUCLEOLI diminish in size and disappear.
  3. ) Chromatin continually condenses and nucleus shrinks and then eventually disappears.
  4. ) Decrease in polyribosomes (basophilia = less blue).
  5. ) Increase in hemoglobin (highly eosinophilic = red).
  6. ) Mitochondria and other organelles gradually disappear.
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11
Q

What are the six stages of cellular development in erythropoiesis?

A

1.) Proerythroblast –> 2.) Basophilic erythroblast –> 3.) Polychromatophilic erythroblast –> 4.) Orthochromatophilic eryhtroblast (normoblast) –> 5.) Reticulocyte (lacks nuclei, but has RNA) –> 6.) Erythrocyte

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12
Q

What does increased reticulocyte count in a blood test indicate?

A

Destruction or decrease in number of erythrocytes. Indicates hemorrhage, blood loss, or anemia.

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13
Q

Give the generalized steps for a cell undergoing Granulocytopoiesis (Granular leukocyte formation)

A

Myeloblast –> Promyelocyte –[neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic]–> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> stab cell –> Mature: a.) neutrophil b.) eosinophil c.) basophil

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14
Q

List the cell stages of thrombopoiesis (platelet formation)

A

Megakaryoblast –> Promegakaryocyte –> Megakaryocyte –> Platelets

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15
Q

How does the blast cell in thrombopoiesis resemble that of the other blast cells?

A

Non-condensed chromatin and nucleoli.

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16
Q

What is the percent composition of plasma (3 things)

A
  1. ) 92% Water
  2. ) 7% Protein
  3. ) 1% Other solutes
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17
Q

What are the “formed elements” circulating in plasma

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

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18
Q

What percent of plasma is protein? What are the proteins contained within (4)?

A

7% protein:

  1. ) Albumins 58%
  2. ) Globulins 37%
  3. ) Fibrinogen 4%
  4. ) Regulatory proteins 1%
19
Q

Define serum. What are the major differences between serum and plasma?

A

Serum is the yellow fluid remaining after blood has clotted. It is similar to plasma, BUT LACKS FIBRINOGEN AND CLOTTING FACTORS.

20
Q

What do Romanovsky stains contain? What are they used for?

A

Methylene blue, azure dyes, and eosin. They are used to identify blood cells.

21
Q

What is the volume of blood an average adult has in circulation?

A

5 liters

22
Q

What is a smear preparation?

A

FIND OUT!

23
Q

What is the most abundant formed element in blood? What is their form/function? What is the point of their shape/form?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC’s): Specialized to transport oxygen. They are anucleate (no nucleus), biconcave cells with an average lifespan of 120 days. Their BICONCAVE SHAPE helps to maximize surface-to-volume ratio in order to facilitate OXYGEN EXCHANGE.

24
Q

What helps to maintain the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

A

The inner-surface membrane proteins, including SPECTRIN. Dimers of which form a lattice bound to underlying actin filaments and ANKYRIN, which anchors the lattice to glycophorins and band 3 (?) proteins.

25
Q

What is the metabolic process of RBC’s? Why?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis because they lack MITOCHONDRIA.

26
Q

What can RBC’s do about defective proteins? Why?

A

Nothing. They cannot replace defective proteins because they lack a NUCLEUS.

27
Q

Name and describe the two main subdivisions of leukocytes and their respective subdivisions? What is/are their main morphologic difference(s)? Concentrate on appearance of GRANULES and NUCLEUS!!!

A
  1. ) Agranulocytes: NON-SEGMENTED NUCLEI.
    a. ) Lymphocytes: DARK ROUND NUCLEUS with very little cytoplasm.
    b. ) Monocytes: INDENTED NUCLEUS with more cytoplasm.
  2. ) Granulocytes: SEGEMENTED NUCLEI.
    a. ) Neutrophils: Salmon pink/lilac granules that are small and difficult to see. NUCLEUS has 3-5 lobes
    b. ) Eosinophils: Intensely red/orange. BILOBED NUCLEUS
    c. ) Basophils: Blue granules which OBSCURE THE NUCLEUS
28
Q

What are the two classes granules possessed by granulocytes?

A
  1. ) Azurophilic (primary) granules

2. ) Specific (secondary) granules: Specific to a PARTICULAR TYPE of granulocyte.

29
Q

What type of granule(s) do neutrophils possess and what is their function?

A
  1. ) Faint pink-lilac SPECIFIC granules: Contain antibacterial compounds for EXOCYTOSIS at sites of bacterial infection.
  2. ) Azurophilic (purple) granules: Correspond to LYSOSOMES specialized for killing ingested bacteria.
30
Q

What are the characteristics and purpose of the granules contained within eosinophils?

A

They contain eosinophilic granules with a BASIC PROTEIN that has a toxic effect against WORMS AND PARASITES.

31
Q

Describe the the granules within BASOPHILS: What they contain and what they do.

A

Basophilic granules that contain HISTAMINE (increases vascular permeability) and HEPARIN (inhibits blood coagulation).

32
Q
  1. ) What are the most abundant agranulocyte?
  2. ) What is their purpose?
  3. ) What are the major classes?
  4. ) What are general morphologic characteristics?
A
  1. ) Lymphocytes
  2. ) Central role in immunity
  3. ) B Lymphocytes, T Lymphocytes, Natural killer cells.
  4. ) Spheroid or slightly indented nucleus with relatively small amount of cytoplasm.
33
Q
  1. ) What class of cells are MONOCYTES?
  2. ) What are they precursors to?
  3. ) What are general morphologic characteristics of monocytes?
A
  1. ) Agranulocytes
  2. ) Macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.
  3. ) Larger, more deeply indented nucleus, and more cytoplasm than a lymphocyte.
34
Q
  1. ) Describe the structure and function of platelets.

2. ) What do they release?

A

Non-nucleated, membrane enclosed fragments of cytoplasm derived from MEGAKARYOCYTES in bone marrow. They are DISC-LIKE and often CLUMPED in blood smears.

Major function is to promote blood coagulation by releasing contents of ALPHA and DELTA GRANULES.

35
Q

Describe the two main regions of platelets

A
  1. ) Hyalomere region: Peripherally situated LIGHT BLUE region of ACTIN FILAMENTS and MICROTUBULES for maintaining shape. Open canalicular system (???) for rapid degranulation.
  2. ) Granulomere region: Centrally located PURPLE region of dense alpha and delta granules which contain substances that promote COAGULATION.
36
Q

Mnemonic for WBC’s?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas –> Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

37
Q

What cells resemble coffee beans on electron microscopy?

A

Eosinophils

38
Q

Where will and won’t you find mast cells and basophils.

A

You won’t see a mast cell inside the blood vessel, and you won’t see a basophil outside the blood vessel?

39
Q

List the chronologic lineage for granulocytes (7)

A

1.) MYELOID STEM CELL –> 2.) Progenitor cell –> 3.) Myeloblast –> 4.) Promyelocyte –> 5.) Eosin, Baso, Neut MYELOCYTE –> 6.) Eos, Baso, Neut, Metamyelocyte –> 7.) Eosiniphil, Basophil, Neutrophil. p.252

40
Q

List the chronologic lineage of platelets (Thrombopoiesis) - (6)

A
  1. ) MYELOID STEM CELL –> 2.) Progenitor cell –> 3.) Megakaryoblast –> 4.) Promegakaryocyte [thrombopoietin] –> 5.) Megakaryocyte [thrombopoietin] –> 6.) Platelets
    p. 252
41
Q

List the chronologic lineage for erythropoiesis (8)

A

1.) MYELOID STEM CELL –> 2.) Progenitor cell –> 3.) Proerythroblast –> 4.) Early or basophilic erythroblast –> 5.) Polychromatophilic erythroblast –> 6.) Orthochromatic erythroblast –NUCLEUS EJECTED–> 7.) Reticulocyte –> 8.) Erythrocyte

42
Q

During which stage of erythropoiesis is the nucleus ejected?

A

Orthochromatophilic erythropoiesis

43
Q

What nucleotides do reticulocytes contain?

A

RNA, but no DNA

44
Q

At which stage in granulocyte formation do the nonspecific granulocytes appear? Specific?

A 
Nonspecific = promyelocyte
Specific = Baso, eosin, neutro MYELOCYTE
45
Q
  1. ) During what stage of granulopoiesis do azurophilic granules (blue) appear?
  2. ) Specific granules?
A

p. 257
1. ) Promyelocyte
2. ) Myelocyte

Histology (9 decks)

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