Glands associated with digestive organs

Question 0

What are the main components of a salivary gland lobule?

Answer 0

1.) Ducts –> a.) intercalated component b.) striated component.

Question 1

What type of secretion(s)/cell(s) are associated with each salivary gland?

Answer 1

1. ) Parotid: Serous and watery
2. ) Submandibular: Seromucous (both serous and mucous cells).
3. ) Sublingual: Seromucous (both serous and mucous cells).

Question 2

What hormones are exocrine pancreatic secretions regulated by? What is their structure and where do they come from? What secretions do they regulate?

Answer 2

Polypeptide hormones produced by ENTEROENDOCRINE cells of small intestine.

1. ) Cholecystokinin (CCK): Cause enzyme secretion by ACINAR CELLS.
2. ) Secretin: Causes water and HCO3- (bicarbonate) secretion by duct cells.

Question 3

Blood returns to the heart from the liver via the ______ vein.

Answer 3

Hepatic

Question 4

Describe the dual blood supply to the liver

Answer 4

1. ) Portal vein: 75%, nutrient rich and oxygen poor.

2. ) Hepatic artery: 25%, oxygen rich and nutrient poor.

Question 5

Describe the directionality of blood flow in the vessels of the liver.

Answer 5

Blood flows from the portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein (at the center of each hepatic lobule).

Question 6

The portal area of the liver is situated at the _______. What does it contain?

Answer 6

Periphery of the lobules. 
It contains the portal "triad": 
1.) Hepatic arteriole
2.) Portal venule
3.) Bile ductule
4.) *** Lymphatics also present!

Question 7

Kupffer cells are located within the _______. Describe the function os Kupffer cells.

Answer 7

Sinusoid lumen. Kupffer cells recognize and phagocytose aged erythrocytes. They are also antigen-presenting cells and remove bacteria or debris present in portal blood.

Question 8

Describe the direction of bile flow in hepatic lobules

Answer 8

From the center of the lobule to its periphery (opposite direction of blood).

Question 9

Describe the polarization of a hepatocyte and the orientation of its different regions.

Answer 9

They are polarized cells –> The APICAL domain faces the CANALICULUS and has microvili. The BASAL domain faces the SINUSOID.

Question 10

What structural component(s) of the gallbladder indicate that its function is for active water transport/concentration of bile?

Answer 10

Epithelial cells containing prominent mitochondria, microvilli, and large intercellular spaces.

Question 11

What is the type and tonicity of the acinus cell secretions? How is it modified by duct cells? What is the tonicity and type of resulting secretion?

Answer 11

Isotonic serous secretions. Duct cells modify this by REMOVING SODIUM CHLORIDE and ADDING BICARBONATE AND POTASSIUM. The result is a hyPOtonic, ALKALINE SALIVA.

Question 12

The large parotid gland consist entirely of 1.) ______ _____ with cells producing 2.) ______.

Answer 12

1. ) Serous acini

2. ) Amylase

Question 13

What makes striated ducts ideal for ion transport?

Answer 13

Many mitochondria and infolding plasmalemma (for surface area).

Question 14

What secretion of the submandibular gland is crucial in bacterial cell wall hydrolysis?

Answer 14

Lysozome

Question 15

What is the MAIN structural difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 15

Endocrine glands have NO DUCTS, exocrine glands HAVE DUCTS.

Question 16

What are the enzymes secreted by the pancreas for protein hydrolysis? How are they secreted and modified? Where?

Answer 16

Trypsin and chymotrypsin. They are stored and secreted as the proenzymes “protrypsin” and “prochymotrypsin” so they don’t autodigest the pancreas. They are activated in the duodenum by ENTEROPEPTIDASE which is secreted by the duodenal mucosa.

Question 17

What are the important fat metabolic functions of the liver?

Answer 17

Oxidizes triglycerides and synthesizes plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol and phospholipids.

Question 18

How does the liver interact with carbohydrates?

Answer 18

Helps to regulate blood glucose concentration through…1.) glycogenesis 2.) glycogenolysis 3.) gluconeogenesis.

Question 19

What does the liver do that involves proteins?

Answer 19

It synthesizes most medically relevant plasma proteins, e.g. albumin and clotting factors.

Question 20

What are two important liver functions apart from metabolism and synthesis.

Answer 20

1. ) Storage: Glycogen, triglycerides, vitamin A, iron, etc.
2. ) Detoxification: Drugs and toxins, e.g. alcohol.

Question 21

What does the liver synthesize and secrete that is a major function of digestion? What is its function?

Answer 21

Synthesis and secretion of bile. Bile emulsifies fat in the duodenum and disposes of bilirubin (a breakdown product of heme) in the gut.

Question 22

Describe the direction of blood flow in a hepatic lobule

Answer 22

Blood flows from portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein.

Question 23

CONTINUE WITH LIVER ON PAGE 9 OF MY NOTES

Answer 23

CONTINUE WITH LIVER ON PAGE 9 OF MY NOTES