Peripheral Blood

Question 1

What percentage of blood volume is plasma? How much of plasma is water?

Answer 1

55% is plasma. 90% of plasma is water.

Question 2

What is blood serum?

Answer 2

It is plasma, minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors.

Question 3

Male and female hematocrit levels?

Answer 3

Male: 40-50% Female: 35-45%

Question 4

Where is fibrinogen made? What is it for and what does it become?

Answer 4

Made in liver. Essential for clotting, during which it is made into fibrin

Question 5

Top, middle, and bottom layers of centrifuged blood?

Answer 5

Top layer: plasma Middle layer: WBC and platelets (buffy coat) Bottom layer; erythrocytes

Question 6

What is the energy source and breakdown method for RBCs?

Answer 6

glucose through glycolysis. Also use hexose monphosphate shunt.

Question 7

What are reticulocytes? How common are they? Useful for?

Answer 7

Young erythrocytes that still have some rRNA in cytoplasm. 1% of total circulating RBCs. Useful for diagnosing anemia, or checking to see how RBC drugs are working.

Question 8

Where are leukocytes? How do they get there? What are the two categories?

Answer 8

In tissues. Use blood as transport. Include granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Question 9

What are azurophilic granules?

Answer 9

lysosomes found in granulocytes and agranulocytes. Stain with azures present in dye.

Question 10

Most important leukoctye in infection?

Answer 10

neutrophils.

Question 11

1. How common are neutrophils? What is their main function? 2. Well suited for what environment? 3. What does number of lobes tell you? 4. What is a shift to the left?

Answer 11

1. Most common leukoctye. Phagocytosis of small particles and bacteria. 2. Well-suited for oxygen poor environments, where bacteria are found. 3. More lobes means it is older. 4. Higher presence of young neutrophils and more stab cells is the shift to the left, indicating infection.

Question 12

What 3 granules do neutrophils have, and what do they do? (first type has 4 things in it)

Answer 12

1. Specific, which contain: a. alkaline phosphatase b. collagenase- breaks collagen to help neutrophil move c. lactoferrin- binds iron to keep it from bacteria d. lysozyme- cleaves peptidoglycan 2. Azurophilic 3. Tertiary- contain proteins important for cell movement

Question 13

1. How common are eosinophils? 2. What do they do? 3. What does its nucleus look like?

Answer 13

1. Only 2-5% of leukocytes 2. Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergic responses through histamine, reaction to parasites . 3. bi-lobed nucleus

Question 14

What do eosinophils contain?

Answer 14

Major basic protien, with large amounts of arginine. Also peroxidase, RNAase, (add others as you get comfortable)

Question 15

Relative abundance of basophils? What do they do? What do their granules contain?

Answer 15

Least common leukocyte. Inflammatory response, and assist mast cells. Granules contain heparin, histamine, leukotrienes.

Question 16

Lymphocyte relative abundance? Where are they found? Main function/importance?

Answer 16

Most common agranulocye. Found in the lymph and in CT. Act as main functional cells of lymph/immune system.

Question 17

Differences b/w the three groups of lymphocytes?

Answer 17

1. small lymphocytes- spherical nucleus, heterochromatin, thin basophilic cytoplasm with a few azurphilic granules. 2. medium and large lymphocytes- More cytoplasm and less heterochromatic nuclei than the small ones. They are activated lymphocytes.

Question 18

What do T cells secrete? How many types of T-cells, and what do they do?

Answer 18

Lymphokines, which moderate macrophage function. 1. cytotoxic T cells- recognize foreign antigens on cell surface. classic example is virus protein on a cell. 2. Helper t cells- release lymphokines which stimulate other immune cells 3. suppressor t-cells- supress activity of b cells 4. memory t cells- duh.

Question 19

How common are monocytes? size? What are they? cytoplasm is what? Appearance?

Answer 19

Least common agranulocyte, but the biggest. Precursor of all mononuclear macrophages, and differentiate when they enter CT. basophilic cytoplasm. Nucleus is kidney bean shape, and have irregular cell membrane shape.

Question 20

What are the 4 zones of thrombocytes?

Answer 20

1. peripheral zone- cell membrane w/glycocalyx that absorbs clotting factors 2. structural zone- cytoskeletal elements that support platelets disc shape
2. organelle zone- contains organelles plus 3 granules:
   alpha: contain fibrinogen, PDGF
   delta: ATP, ADP, calcium, serotonin
   gamma: contain lysosomal enzymes
3. membrane zone- forms channels to enable communication b/w compartments

Question 21

What does a metamyelocyte look like?

Answer 21

Has the V thing, developing neutrophil