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Block 2: Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What color does the territorial matrix stain? Why?

A

Blue. Proteoglycans in them are sulfated, giving them a negative charge. Thus, they are basic and stain blue.

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2
Q

What color does the interterritorial matrix stain, and why?

A

Pink. There is more type II collagen there, so it is acidic.

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3
Q

What is the perichondrium? What type of cartilage is it on? What are its layers, what are they made of (what is found there), and what do they do?

A

It is dense CT that covers hyaline and elastic cartilage only.

  1. Outer fibrous layer- fibroblasts, type I cartilage, blood vessels.
    function: Structure and support
  2. Inner cellular layer- chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts
    function: Where chondroblats (pre-chondrocytes) are found!
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4
Q

What do chondrocytes do? What are they located in?

A

They secrete components of the matrix. They sit inside of lacunae.

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5
Q

Hyaline cartilage:

  1. What is its connection to bone?
  2. Where are its chondrocytes, and what are their shapes?
  3. How does it grow?
A
  1. Forms scaffolding for bone during endochondral bone development
  2. a. Less mature chondrocytes at the periphery of the tissue, and more elliptical in shape.
    b. Mature chondrocytes are deeper in the tissue and more round in shape (and secrete matrix)
  3. It grows in two ways:
    a. interstitial growth- chondrocytes w/in cartilage undergo mitosis.
    b. appositional growth- chondrogenic cells in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate to form new layers of cartilage outside of the existing cartilage.
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6
Q
  1. Where are 3 common places fibrocartilage is found?
  2. What’s it made of/what’s special about it?
  3. Does it have a perichondrium?
  4. how do you recognize it on a slide (think location)
A
  1. Symphysis pubis, annulus fibrosa of I.V. discs, some ligament-bone attachment points
  2. Made of dense CT and type I and II cartilage; very strong.
  3. NO.
  4. Its chondrocytes sit in lacunae betwen collagen bundles; these slides look a lot like dense CT, so look for the chondrocytes.
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7
Q

What is the matrix of bone made up of?

A

Hydroxyapatite, type I collagen (this is the organic portion) + ground substance

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8
Q

What makes the 3 layers of the periostium?

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer (Dense CT)
  2. Inner cellular layer (osteoprogenitor cells)
  3. Endosteum (osteoprogenitor cells)
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9
Q
  1. What are osteoblasts made from? What do they become?
  2. What do they secrete? Where are they located?
  3. How do you identify them?
A
  1. Come from osteoprogenitor cells, become osteocytes.
  2. Secrete osteoid, which is bone that hasn’t mineralized yet. Located at bone surfaces.
  3. Cuboidal or columnar shaped; basophilic cytoplasm.
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10
Q
  1. What do osteocytes reside in?
  2. How do they communicate with each other? (junction as well)
A
  1. Lacunae
  2. Using cytoplasmic processes that travel through canaliculi (gap junctions connect the processes)
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11
Q
  1. What do osteoclasts come from?
  2. What do they reside in?
  3. What do they look like?
  4. what and where is the clear zone?
A
  1. come from the same lineage as monocytes.
  2. Reside in Howship’s lacunae.
  3. Large, multi-nucleated cells with ruffled border.
  4. Area around the ruffled border. Clear of organelles, abundant in actin filaments- allows osteoclasts to attach to the bone matrix.
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12
Q
  1. Primary bone is also known as? What is it/composed of?
  2. Found where?
A
  1. Primary also known as immature or woven. Collagen fibers are irregular/unorganized. Low mineral content. Lots of osteocytes.
  2. Found in tooth sockets, near skull sutures, and some tendon insertions.
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13
Q
  1. Secondary bone also known as? How is the collagen?
A
  1. Secondary also known as mature or lamellar. Collagen fibers well organized.
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14
Q
  1. What are haversion systems/osteons? Center of them?
  2. How are they oriented? Found in primary or secondary bone? Compact or trabecular bone?
A
  1. Concentric lamellae. Center is an endosteum-lined canal that contains vessels, nerves, loose CT
  2. Longitudinally oriented. Secondary bone. Primarily in compact bone.
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15
Q
  1. What do Volkman’s canals do?
  2. How are they oriented?
  3. Primary route for what?
A
  1. Provide a way for haversian systems to communicate and to let them communicate with marrow.
  2. Perpendicular to haversian canals
  3. For developing blood cells to leave bone marrow cavity
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16
Q
  1. What are lamellae and what are they made of?
  2. What are the 3 layers of lamellae and where are they?
A
  1. Plate/disc like tissue structure made of collagen fibers and bone matrix
  2. a. Outer circumferential lamellae- right under periostium
    b. Inner circumferential lamellae- adjacent to marrow cavity
    c. Interstitial lamellae- remnants of haversian systems that degenerated during bone remodeling.
17
Q

What does osteoprotegrin (OPG) do?

A

Builds and protects bone by sequestering and binding OPGL

18
Q

What does osteoprotegrin ligand (OPGL) do?

A

Binds and activates the osteoclast receptor RANK which eventually leads to osteoclastogenesis.

19
Q

what causes osteoporosis?

A

Estrogen levels drop, which used to upregulate OPG and downregulte OPGL. With less estrogen, osteoclasts resorb bone faster.

20
Q

What is osteopetrosis and what causes it?

A

Excess bone. OPG over-expressed, genetic.

21
Q

Which is where the growth plate is in the humerus, the anatomical or surgical neck?

A

anatomical neck

22
Q

What are the 5 steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells condense to form a membrane
  2. They differentiate into osteoblasts, and form a primary ossification center.
  3. Osteoblasts lay down a bone matrix that surrounds them and calcifies.
  4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes
  5. Spicules and trabeculae form; compact bone cavity becomes spongy bone
23
Q

What are the 5 steps of endochondral ossification for long and short bones? (primary ossification center)

A
  1. Perichondrium becomes periostium: primary ossification center becomes vascularized, which allows for osteoblast formation.
  2. Osteoblasts form a bone collar via intramembranous ossification.
  3. Remaining condrocytes hypertrophy and degenerate, and their lacunae form marrow spaces.
  4. osteoclasts eat away at bone collar to make space for osteogenic bud, where the blood vessels are.
  5. Remaining cartilage is replaced osteoblasts, and bone growth continues towards the epiphysis.
24
Q

What is the difference with endochondral ossification with the secondary ossification center vs. the primary?

A

Process by which growth plates close. Same as primary but no bone collar is formed.

25
Q

What is the zone of resting cartilage?

A

Normal hyaline cartilage not doing anything.

26
Q

What is the zone of proliferation?

A

Chondrocytes are proliferating, forming columns (coin stacking).

27
Q

What is the zone of hypertrophy?

A

Chondrocytes get really big and are about to die. Losing their ability to function

28
Q

What is the zone of calcification? Where to look?

A

calcification- Chondrocytes degenerate and the cartilage matrix that was acting as scaffolding starts to calcify. Look for area b/w very big chondrocytes and true bone formation. Often basophilic.

29
Q

Zone of ossification? How to identify it?

A

Osteoblasts depositing bone matrix on remnants of calcified cartilage. Once they beocome osteocytes completely surrounded by bone matrix, it is the z of ossification. Usually acidophilic.

30
Q

What is appositional growth? What cells help? Type of ossification?

A

Bone growth in width. Form of intramembranous ossification. Osteoclasts help.

31
Q

What does PTH actually activate?

A

Activates osteoprogenitor cells, not osteoclasts directly. However, more osteoclasts thus form.

32
Q

What does calcitonin actually do?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts. Much more direct than PTH.

33
Q

What 4 main places do you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular surfaces, respiratory tract, ribs, nose

34
Q

External ear is what type of cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage

35
Q

What does hydroxyapatitie stain with?

A

hemotoxylin

Block 2: Histology (8 decks)

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