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Block 2: Histology > Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Flashcards

1
Q

How long do RBCs live? Thrombocytes?

A 
RBC= 120 days
thrombocytes= 10 days
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2
Q

Where does hematopoiesis begin in development?

A

In the blood islands of the yolk sac.

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3
Q

Major hematopoiesis site in the second trimester? Where does it also start during the second trimester? What organ plays a minor role during this time

A

The liver. Also starts happening in the bone marrow during the second trimester. the spleen is also a minor site.

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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen in adults?

A

in the red bone marrow (and lymph tissues)

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5
Q
  1. What are blood cells derived from?
  2. what role do these cells have in regeneration?
  3. Where can these cells be isolated in the embryo? In adults?
A
  1. The pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), which can differentiate into all blood cell lineages.
  2. can contribute to non-blood cell lineages as well to regenerate tissues and organs.
  3. In the umbilical cord, liver, and bone marrow. In adults, they can be found bone marrow.
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6
Q

As far as blood cells are concerned, what do HSC cells become, and what do those two things give rise to?

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor- becomes granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages, monocytes, megakaryocytes, dendritic cells, and erythrocytes.
  2. common lymphoid progenitor- natural killer cells, t cells, B cells
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7
Q
  1. What commit cells to become proerythroblasts?

2. How does it divide?

A
  1. Cytokines (EPO) and the transc. fact. GATA-1.

2. Undergoes MITOSIS

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8
Q
  1. What does a basophilic erythroblast look like?
  2. Nucleoli?
  3. how does it divide?
A
  1. Smaller than proerythroblast. Blue cytoplasm due to ribosomes making hemoglobin.
  2. No nucleoli.
  3. Undergoes mitosis.
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9
Q
  1. What does a polychromatophilic erythroblast look like?
  2. Nucleoli?
  3. How does it divide?
A
  1. Pronounced checker-board pattern. Basophilic cytoplasm, but has eosinophilic areas due to hemoglobin.
  2. No nucleoli
  3. Undergoes mitosis.
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10
Q
  1. What does a normoblast (orthochromatophilic erythroblast) look like?
  2. How does it divide?
A
  1. Dark, round, condensed nucleus about to get extruded. High amounts of hemoglobin makes a more eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  2. NO LONGER CAPABLE OF MITOSIS.
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11
Q
  1. What does a reticulocyte look like?

2. What do high numbers of it indicate?

A
  1. No nucleus. Cytoplasm is slightly basophilic compared to erythrocyte.
  2. High numbers indicate that the patient is experiencing blood loss.
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12
Q

Order of developing erythroblasts, starting from HSC.

A

He Can Make People Believe Polygamy Normally Retains Everyone

  1. HSC
  2. Common myeloid progenitor
  3. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
  4. Proerythroblast
  5. basophilic erythroblast
  6. polychromatophilic erythroblast
  7. normoblast (orthochromatophilic erythroblast)
  8. reticulocyte
  9. erythrocyte
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13
Q

How are RBCs destroyed, and where? What happens to the heme and iron?

A

Macrophages phagocytyze old RBCs in the spleen, liver, and marrow. The heme iron is released and recycled or stored as ferritin or hemosiderin. Heme is degraded to billirubin.

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14
Q

How many platelets made a day? What controls their production, and where does it come from?

A

over a billion. GM-CSF cytokine as well as thrombopoetin, produced by liver and kidney.

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15
Q

Order of cells in production of thrombocytes, starting with HSC.

A
  1. HSC
  2. common myeloid progenitor
  3. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
  4. megakaryocyte committed progenitor
  5. megakaryoblast
  6. megakaryocyte
  7. thrombocyte
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16
Q

What is interesting about the division of megakaryoblasts?

A

Does endomitosis, meaning it reproduces nuclear elements with dividing; causes ploidy of up to 64n.

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17
Q

What does a megakaryocyte look like? What does it have in its peripheral fields?

A

Complex multilobed nucleus. scattered azurophilic granules. Platelets in peripheral fields.

18
Q

What is thrombocytopenia, and what does it mean for chemo?

A

Decreased platelets due to immune disorder or cancer. Risk of bleeding, and limits chemotherapy.

19
Q
  1. what is the length of granulopoiesis?

2. When/where do the phases begin/end? What are they called?

A
  1. Two weeks.
  2. a. mitotic (proliferative phase)- occurs in first week and stops in late myelocyte.
    b. post-mitotic (differentiation phase)- occurs in second week, from metamyelocyte to mature granulocyte.
20
Q

How long do neutrophils live in tissue? What does the bone marrow thus do? When do their numbers increase? Special reserve is where, in addition to this?

A

Only 1-2 days. Marrow retains a large pool of neutrophils, and makes over a billion a day. Numbers increase during strenuous exercise, infection, inflammation. Vascular reserve also there, known as circulating pool of neutrophils.

21
Q

What are the precursors in order of granulopoiesis? Include when you can differentiate between the kind of granulocyte.

A
  1. HSC
  2. Common myeloid progenitor
  3. Granulocyte/monocyte progenitor
  4. myeloblast
  5. Promyelocyte
  6. Myelocyte- can differentiate b/w the three granulocytes due to specific granules
  7. Metamyelocyte- lineages clearly identifiable by specific granules
  8. band/stab cell
  9. neutrophil (or others, but only expected to recognize neutrophil)
22
Q

What does a promyelocyte look like? Nucleoli?

A

Round nucleus, coarse chromatin. Nucleolus present. Basophilic cytoplasm.

23
Q

what does a myelocyte look like? nucleoli? golgi?

A

Dark blue granules in cytoplasm. Flattened nucleus, no nucleoli. Clear golgi next to nucleus.

24
Q

What does a metamyelocyte look like?

A

Kidney bean/v shaped nucleus. cytoplasm starting to become more pink than blue due to specific granules. Pale cytoplasm, golgi in the V.

25
Q

When are high number of band/stab cells seen?

A

in acute/chronic infection.

26
Q

What does a neutrophil look like?

A

Distinct lobes of nucleus. Cytoplasm contains fine granules.

27
Q

How can you recognize an eosinophil?

A

cytoplasm full of eosinophilic granules. Bi-lobed large nucleus.

28
Q

How can you recognize a basophil?

A

dark basophilic granules obscure the nucleus.

29
Q

How can you recognize a monocyte?

A

Very large. Irregularly shaped nucleus, sometimes in U shape. Foamy-looking cytoplasm, basophilic.

30
Q

How can you recognize lymphocytes? Inactive v. active?

A

round large nucleus. If active, more cytoplasm is present. If inactive, very small rim of cytoplasm visible.

31
Q

Ikaros family of transcription factors do what?
What does GATA-3 do?
PAX5?

A

Tell cells to become lymphocytes.
GATA-3 transcr. factor makes cell become a T-lymphocyte.
PAX5 makes cell become B-lymphocyte.

32
Q

When do NK cells become mature? What influences their development?

A

When they develop the ability to secrete interferon and have cytotoxicity. Interleukins.

33
Q

Each blood-cell type develops in different ____, located where?

A

nests, located near the wall of a sinusoid.

34
Q

What is a sinusoid? Where are they located? What do they contain?

A

Specialized blood vessels that separate peripheral circulation from compartment where hematopoiesis occurs. They are between an artery and vein. Contain endothelia, basal lamina, and incomplete covering of adventitial cells.

35
Q

What are adventitial cells? How do they relate to the sinusoids? What do they produce?

A

Also called a reticular cell. Send sheet-like extensions into hematopoietic cords to provide support for developing blood cells. Produce reticular fibers.

36
Q

What do new blood cells have to do to enter circulation?

A

They have to penetrate the endothelia

37
Q

Where are erythroid nests, and what do they contain?

A

Near sinusoid wall, contain macrophage.

38
Q

What is different about where granulocytes nest?

A

Nest farther from sinusoid wall.

39
Q

How is cellularity calculated? 20 year old, for example?

A

Reduces with age. Calculated by 100-age (+/- 10%). 20 yr old has cellularity of 70-90%

40
Q

What is hypocellular bone marrow? Name for disease?

A

aplastic anemia. Indicates that marrow is predominately adipocytes, and lacks normal hematopoietic activity.

41
Q

What is hypercellular bone marrow? Name for disease?

A

Myeloid leukemia. Very little adipocytes, extra hematopoietic activity.

42
Q

What is the monophyletic theory of hemopoiesis?

A

All blood cells are derived from a common hemopoietic stem cell (HSC, pluripotent cell)

Block 2: Histology (8 decks)

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