Periodontal Infection and Inflammation Flashcards
what are the species of bacteria always present even in healthy periodontium?
streptococcus sanguis
streptococcus mitis
veillonella parvula
actinomyces maeslundii
actinomyces viscosus
rothia dentocariosa
how does the saliva prevent bacteria accumulation?
- mechanically cleans
- acts as a acid buffer
- inhibits bacteria growth
what are the bacteria growth inhibitors in saliva?
hydrolytic enzymes
lysozyme
lactoperoxidase
myeloperosidase
antiproteases
secretory IgA
statherin
histatins 1,3 and 5
what two main bacteria do histatins 1,3 and 5 inhibit?
C. Albicans
P. Gingivalis
what is the crevicular fluid?
inflammatory exudate from serum that contains cytokines, antibodies, neutrophils, macrophages and enzymes that increases its flow with inflammation
what are the periotron readings for crevicular fluid per each level of inflammation?
healthy: 0-20
mild: 21-40
moderate: 41-80
severe: 81-200
what are B-defensins?
peptides produced by the epithelium that are important in controlling bacterial growth
when does primary colonization occur in the dental biofilm and what are the primary colonizers?
within a few hours and contains mainly facultative and gram positive bacterial species such as actinomyces and streptococcus
what are the 4 different phases of pathogenesis?
initial
early
established
advanced
what are the characteristics of initial lesions?
- classic vasculitis adjacent to JE
- increase in crevicular fluid
- increased phagocytes to JE and sulcus
- presence of serum proteins
- alterations in coronal aspects of sulcus
- loss of perivascular collagen
mechanisms of periodontal destruction
direct and indirect
what are the direct causes of periodontal destruction?
enzymes
endotoxins
cell inhibitors
amonium
what are the indirect causes of periodontal destruction?
inflammatory response
immunologic response
what are the characteristics of early lesions?
- worsening of initial lesion
- increased crevicular fluid
- increased lymphocytes
- initial lateral migration of JE
- changes in fibroblasts
- more loss of gingival collagen
what stage is considered early gingivitis?
early lesion stage
what are serum complement proteins important for?
phagocyte recruitment
ingestion of pathogens
mediation of vascular responses
what are the characteristics of established lesions?
- progression of early lesion
- increased plasma cells
- increased extravascular immunoglobulins
- changes in fibroblasts
- loss of collagen and connective tissues
what stage is considered moderate gingivitis?
established lesion
what is the treatment for gingivitis associated to the biofilm?
no calculus —-> OHI
with calculus —> scaling and OHI
what is periodontal disease?
series of infections which infect individual or multiple sites within the oral cavity leading to loss of supporting periodontal tissue
what are the characteristics of advanced lesions?
- progression of established lesion
- lesion reaches alveolar bone and periodontal ligaments
- perio pocket formation
- increase in plasma cells
- inflammatory and immunologic reactions
what stage is considered periodontitis ?
advanced lesion stage
periodontitis presents the same clinical characteristics as gingivitis but adds
loss of attachment of gingiva to bone and teeth
what bacterial species is prominent in diseases in younger individuals?
A. actino B
