Endodontic Infections Flashcards
what is inflammation?
the cellular and vascular response to tissue injury
what is infection?
the invasion and proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the tissue
can you have inflammation without infection?
yes
what are some of the bacteria that can cause infections to produce inflammation?
Pseudoramibacter
Treponema Dialister
Prevotella Porphyromonas
Fusobacterium
Peptostreptococcus Campylobacter
what do bacteria produce that can lead to inflammation and where can they reach?
proteolytic enzymes, organic acids and endotoxins that can reach the pulp and periapical area
what is the purpose of inflammation?
to start the release of chemical mediators to repair and heal the damaged tissue
what are the 4 ways inflammation can occur?
wounds
injured organs
hypersensitivity reactions
chronic diseases
what are the cardinal manifestations of inflammation?
swelling
color change
pain
what are the chemical mediators that cause inflammation?
histamine
NO
prostaglandins
bradykinin
other cytokines
what does the release of chemical mediators cause in the inflammatory response?
- changes in vascular flow
- structural changes in the microvasculature
- migration of PMNs into the site of injury by chemotaxis
what 5 things occur during swelling?
- changes in vascular flow
- changes in vascular permeability
- escape of protein rich fluid
- increase in osmotic pressure
- outflow of fluid
describe what happens during the change in vascular flow?
prostaglandins and nitric oxide relax vascular smooth muscle to cause vasodilation and increased blood flow
what happens during the venule events?(increased permeability, exudate, increase in osmotic pressure)
blood flow slows down and margination begins
what is margination?
displacing of the leukocytes and macrophages towards the wall of the vessel
what is transmigration?
occurs during venule event across the endothelium where leukocytes move by extending pseudopods and squeezing through intracellular junctions
an increase in exudate means an increase in?
fluid containing fighting cells like neutrophils and macrophages
why does color change occur during inflammation?
- access of fluid
- escape of blood and blood cells from the blood vessels into the tissues
what are the chemical mediators of the inflammatory response that can cause pain?
histamine
serotonins
bradykinins
prostaglandins
where is histamine stored?
granules of basophils, platelets and mast cells
what are the functions of histamine in the inflammatory response?
- cause pain
- endothelial cell contraction
- intracellular gaps
- increased cellular permeability
- causes sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, hives and bronchospasm
where is serotonin stored?
cellular granules in platelets and the CNS
what are the functions of serotinin in the inflammatory response?
- sensitize nerve cells involved in pain
- can make CNS more sensitive to pain
what are the steps for bradykinin activation?
- factor XII → XIIa triggers cascade
- Facter XIIa activcates Prekallikrein → Kallikrein
- Kallikrein activates kininogen → bradykinin
how is the kinin cascade amplified?
kallikrein activates the formation of more Factor XIIa which amplifies the cascade
