Periodization 1: 8000-600 BCE Flashcards
J1 What is the Great Wall?
Barrier in Northern China protecting from Mongols
DH17 What happened in 1595 B.C.E.?
The Hittites toppled the Babylonian empire of Mesopotamia, and were the dominant power in southwest Asia many centuries after that.
What does the term “Neolithic era” refer to today? 12
The early stages of agricultural society from 12 thousand to 6 thousands years ago 12
Do scholars believe men or women invented agriculture? 12
Scholars believed women invented agriculture 12
What were some of the first crops people domesticated? Where? 12
People in modern day Iraq, Syria, and Turkey cultivated wheat and barley 12
What were some of the first animals that were domesticated in southwest Asia? 12
Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated in southwest Asia 12
What is the name of one of the earliest agricultural techniques? 12
The slash-and-burn cultivation 12
27 How did the Nile affect the Egyptians??
Annual floods helped agriculture and facilitated trade. This increase in agriculture also allowed Egypt to support large populations
27 Who were the rulers of Egypt? How did the people view them?
Egypt was ruled by a Pharaoh. Pharaohs claimed to be gods living on earth in human form
27 What was Egypt’s relationship with Nubia?
Egypt wanted Nubia’s wealth and Nubia wanted to protect their independence from their neighbor. Egypt and Nubia often traded and fought each other
27 What were the three Egyptian kingdoms??
The Old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E) The Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E) The New Kingdom (1550-1070 B.C.E)
27 What form of writing did the Egyptians use? How did it work?
Their writing was hieroglyphs. The symbols represented sounds and ideas
27 Who was responsible for the unification of Egypt?
A conqueror named Menes
27 What is mummification and what was its significance?
Mummification is the preservation of a body. It proved that Egyptians believed that death was not the end but a transition into a new dimension
27 What were some popular trading items from Egypt??
Pottery, wine, honey, fine linen textiles, and other finished products
27 What was the purpose of Egyptian pyramids?
They served as the tombs of kings
27 What was the status of women in ancient Egypt?
Egypt had a patriarchal society. Some women of the royal family served as regents for young rulers, and a few women actually were pharaohs
30) what style of writing did the Sumerians use?
Cuneiform- cuneiform is an early style of writing and it’s all pictures.
- What type of material did the Shang value most?
The Shang valued bronze highly to make decorations and weaponry. The dynasty was known as the “Golden Age of China”
30) What was the most famous story of the Sumerian?
Gilgamesh epic
30) The Sumerians weren’t warlike but when they did go to war what was there army called?
They had something called a citizen army. They would only go to war if needed.
30) how did the Sumerians fall?
They were conquered by a man named king Sargon of Akkad.
- What advantages did the Homo Erectus have over the Australopithecus?
They had a much larger brain, which helped them create more sophisticated tools. They knew how to control fire. They developed language skills, which men used in coordinating hunts on large animals.
30) where did the Sumerians settle?
They settled in Mesopotamia. The land was dry and they needed to find ways to get water into there city so they created irrigation systems.
- In which continent did Hominids (humans) originate?
In East Africa. Archeologists have found bones and tools from 5 million years ago in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and other places.
- What was a significant advantage the Australopithecus had that helped their survival?
They walked on two legs instead of four, had well-developed hands, and used tools (choppers, scrapers, and other food preparation tools).
(20) the early Aryans depended on which type of economy?
Pastoral economy.
- What were key religious beliefs of the Shang?
Shang Di was the chief god. The king was the key link to god. Veneration of ancestors
- who were the first hominids to discover how to make fire?
The Australopithicus
- Describe the migration patterns of early Humans.
They Originated in East Africa. Then they migrated to Western Asia. Then to Europe and Eastern Asia. They crossed the Bering strait to the Americas and Oceania Islands.
(15) Where did the Isrealites initially settle before some migrated to Egypt in 1300 B.C.E.?
Palestine (modern day Isreal)
(15) What was unique about Moses, and the other Irealites’ beliefs, from other religions in their time?
Monotheism, they believed that Yahweh was the sole God and creator.
(15) A set of religious beliefs and ethical principals that Moses announced to the Isrealites were also called what?
The Ten Commandments.
(15) The Isrealites became later known as…?
The Jews
(15) What is the Torah?
Teachings complied by the Isrealites which layed down YahWeh’s (God’s) laws and outlined his role in creating the world and guiding human affairs. Now known as the “Old Testament”.
1) what did the Assyrians borrow from the Hitties?
Calvary forces and light, swift, and horse-drawn chariots.
1) what did the Assyrians rely on?
The administrative techniques and the code of Hammurabi.
1) what did the Assyrians preserve?
Mesopotamia literature
1) What are the Assyrians general most known for?
Being hardy people from northern Mesopotamia, who had built a compact state in the Tigris River Valley.
1) What were the factors of the Assyrian decline?
Rebellion, internal and external assault from other empires.
1) What characteristics did the Assyrians look for in an officer?
Skills, bravery, and the quality of being worthy.
Who standardized the spoken language in china?
The Zhou dynasty
How did the Zhou gain the approval to rule?
With the Mandate of Heaven, or approval of the gods to rule
How far did the Zhou expand their territory?
To the Yangtze river
What new material was introduced during the Zhou dynasty
The use of iron was introduced during the Zhou dynasty
How long did the Zhou dynasty kast
1045 BC to 265 BC is how long they lasted.
What were some of the Zhou cultural achievements
They added irrigation systems, and better tools to farm
How did they (Zhou) surpass the Shang dynasty
The Zhou invaded the capital city, then claimed that the Shang king at the time was unworthy to rule. Because he had a drinking problem, indulgent lifestyle, and immoral behavior.
When did the Zhou dynasty fall
Around 256 BC
How did the Zhou dynasty fall
They fell during the warring states, because they had grown so large that it was impossible o maintain control
How large was the Zhou dynasty
150,000 sq. km across China during its greatest extent
What was the religion of the Zhou dynasty
Confucianism was the main religion during the time
What is Confucianism
Confucianism is ethical and philosopher system that was design by confucius
What government did the Zhou have
They used a feudal system which would eventually lead to their downfall
What was one agricultural Zhou achievement
The use of crop rotation which allowed farmers to use land multiple times, instead of just one time per a season
What famous military book was written during this time?
(Zhou)
Art of War by: Sun Tzu
Who was the man that unified Egypt? (21)
King Menes
Who was the first female ruler? (21)
Queen Hatshepsut
What is mummification? (21)
A process of preserving dead bodies
What was the Egyptian system of writing? (21)
Hieroglyphics
What was the relationship between Egypt and Nubia? (21)
Egypt was wary of Nubian kingdoms that might threaten Upper Egypt, and they desired products like gold, ivory, ebony, and other precious stones. Nubia wanted to protect their independence.
What were the three kingdoms of Egypt? (21)
Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
What advantages did the Hyksos have over the Egyptians?
Horse-drawn chariots; used bronze weapons and bronze-tipped arrows
What was the social hierarchy of Ancient Egypt? (21)
Pharaoh Priests Nobles Merchants and artisans Peasants
Why is Egypt known as the “gift of the Nile”? (21)
The annual floods of the Nile helped develop Egyptian civilization
14.) What crops did the olmecs use?
they used beans,chili peppers, avocados, squash, gourds and maize
14.) why are the olmecs called the “rubber people”
it was not the people but the trees that flourished in the region.
14.) where did the olmecs live?
Mesoamerica
14.) how did the olmecs spread their influence across parts of Mexico and El Salvador
mainly by trade
14.) how did the olmecs fall?
they destroyed thier ceremonial centers and deserted the sites
14.) What did the ball games do?
determined who gets sacrificed
14.) who were the heirs of the olmecs?
the maya
