PERIODIC TABLES AND FAMILIES OF ELEMENTS Flashcards
All Group 0 elements except ______ occur in the atmosphere
Radon (Rn)
“Donald duck-like sound”
Helium (He)
2nd lightest air
Helium (He)
used to prepare synthetic air
Helium (He)
advertising purposes
Neon (Ne)
most abundant noble gas
Argon (Ar)
*substitute to nitrogen as an inert atmosphere for pharmaceutics
*by-product of the fractionalization of liquid air for the prodxn of O2 and N2
Argon (Ar)
investigated for possible use as anesthetics
Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe)
comprises the most reactive of all the metallic elements
Group 1A
cation of the EXTRACELLULAR fluids
Sodium (Na)
*cation of the INTRACELLULAR fluids
* diuretic effects
Potassium (K)
- cation of choice to optimize the
pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments - used with caution in the tx of
cardiac & renal condition in w/c edema is a problem
Sodium (Na)
promotes the retention of H2O
Sodium (Na)
similar in behavior to K
Rubidium (Rb)
no pharmaceutical significance
Rubidium (Rb) and Cesium (Cs)
- Bridge element
- resembles Mg, to some extent Ca, more closely than Na
Lithium (Li)
for mania
Lithium (Li)
salts show a striking resemblance to K & Rb salts (isomorphous)
ammonia and ammonium compounds
central depressant
ammonium bromide
expectorant (nh4 nh3 compounds)
chloride
expectorant
carbonate
- household ammonia
- contains 10% NH₃
16° ammonia (degrees Baumé)
- occur free in the metallic state
- easy to recover from ores
- very malleable
- coinage metals
GROUP 1B
• toxic
• essential trace element
• small quantity enhance the physiological utilization of Fe
Copper (Cu)
oligodynamic axn
Silver (Ag)
basis for Fehling’s & Benedict’s soln, the classic test solns for reducing sugars
CuSO₄
occurs in the respiratory pigment hemocyanin
Copper (Cu)
Fungicides, insecticides, algaeci
Copper (Cu)
provide local germicidal axn
Ag
ability of Ag ion to ppt CHON & Cl- in the
affected tissue
AgNO₃
topically as germicide
Ag sulfadiazine
cast into sticks & used as a styptic
Toughened AgNO₃
ophthalmology
Mild Ag CHON
• autoxidation
• tx of lupus erythematosus & rheumatoid arthritis
Au (Gold)
antidote for Au toxicity
Dimercaprol (BAL)
alkaline earth group
Group IIA
bridge element, resembles Al
Beryllium (Be)
2nd most plentiful cation inside the cell & natural Ca blocker
Magnesium (Mg)
• Gastric antacids (compounds)
• Cathartics (OH & SO₄)
• Anticonvulsant (SO₄)
• Anti-inflammatory (conc. solns)
• Lubricants (stearate)
Magnesium (Mg)
antidote for Mg poisoning
Ca gluconate
cation of hydroxyapatite (the major constituent, 98%, of the bones & teeth)
Calcium (Ca)
most active of Group IIA
Barium (Ba)
antidote for Ba ingestion
Epsom Salt (MgSO₄)
only medical use
BaSO₄
GROUP IIB elements
Zinc (Zn), Cd (Cadmium), Mercury (Hg)
emetic
Strong ZnSO₄
Essential component of carbonic anhydrase & many other enzymes
Zinc (Zn)
antidote (Zinc)
NaHCO₃ (baking soda)
tx of seborrheic dermatitis
Cadmium (Cd)
caused by drinking H₂O contaminated with Cd
Itai-itai disease
lowest melting point among metals
Mercury (Hg)
best antidote for Hg poisoning,
particularly the bichloride
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate NF
used in emergency, if discovered shortly after ingestion
Egg albumen
• +3 oxidation state
Group IIIA
double salts
Alums
bridge element, resembles silicon
Boron (B)
have no germicidal act, feebly bacteriostatic
boric acid & borates
most abundant of the metals
Aluminum (Al)
3rd most abundant element
Aluminum (Al)
Gastric antacids, antiperspirant, deodorants
Aluminum (Al)
used as adsorbent and demulcent
Kaolin
useful as a suspending agent
Bentonite
most toxic, similar to arsenics
Thallium (TI)
except for Hg, has the lowest melting point of the metals
Gallium (Ga)
appears in transferring, an iron transport CHON, & appears to be useful in treating cancer related hypercalcemia
Gallium (Ga)
• +4 oxidation state
Elements of Group IV
Oxides of C & Si are ____
acidic
produced in various forms, such as coke, lampblack, or charcoal
Carbon (C)
are prepared from ligneous mat’l by carbonization in the absence of air, followed by heat &/or chem’l tx to ↑ surface area and porosity
Activated Charcoal
- use in liquid media
- official use in USP is bx of diarrhea
finely powdered
gas absorption
coarse, hard, porous particles
effective respiratory stimulant toxicity due to suffocation
CO₂
toxicity due to interaxn with hemoglobin
CO
gastric antacid (Carbon)
NaHCO₃
source of K ion in electrolyte replenishers
KHCO₃
effective reflex stimulant & expectorant
(NH4)₂CO₃
most abundant element on earth
Silicon (Si)
used as mild abrasives
siliceous earth (diatomaceous earth, Fuller’s earth, Kieselguhr, celite)
lung condition resembling TB develops after long exposure to respirable dust (silica particles)
silicosis
pulmonary condition similar to silicosis
asbestosis
has adsorptive properties similar to kaolin
attapulgite
3 clay minerals
montmorillonites (bentonite)
kaolins
illites
- softest mineral known
- used as dusting powders, lubricant, filter aid
talc
swelling clays, suspending agents
bentonite
most common rock
feldspars
- porous rock of volcanic origin
- used as dental abrasive
pumice
generic term used to identify vitreous silicate mat’l prepared by fusing a
base, such as Na₂CO₃ & CaCO₃, with pure silica
Glass
mask the blue-green color of the Iron usually present in silica
MnO₂
reduce the coefficient of expansion
Borates
give a brown & light resistant glass
K ion
• most metallic element of the group
• no longer used bec. it is a cumulative poison
Lead (Pb)
powerful reducing agents
Ti (Titanium)
solar ray protective
TiO₂
consequence of its high refractive Index
white pigment
as hydrous oxide or carbonate- used as a lotion or cream for contact dermatitis
Zr (Zirconium)
Zr compounds → antiperspirant
alum
oxides of N&P are _____. As & Sb are ____, Bi is ____
-acidic
-amphoteric
-basic
• 78% in atmosphere
• Prepared primarily by the fractional distillation of liquid air
Nitrogen (N)
Inhalational anesthetic
Nitrous oxide
laughing gas
nitrous oxide
antidote for cyanide poisoning
sodium nitrite
causes vasodilation
Nitric oxide
potassium arsenite soln
Fowler’s soln
oral antidote (As)
Mg(OH), & iron (III)
antidote (arsenic)
Dimercaprol by IM
tx of schistosomiasis
Antimony (Sb)
tx of peptic ulcer
Colloidal bismuth subcitrate
unaffected by body fluids, used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones
Tantalum (Ta)
• chalcogens
• lower oxi state-basic
• higher oxi state - acidic
Elements of Group VI
low oxi state
basic
high oxi state
acidic
Tx of hypoxia
oxygen (o)
powerful oxidant
3% H₂O₂ - 10 volumes
common bleach for hair
6% H₂O2₂ - 20 volumes
fungicidal (sulfur)
elemental S
cathartic (S)
sublimed S
scabicide
precipitated S
used in the tx of psoriasis
sulfurated potash
prepared by adding freshly prepared, filtered, sulfurated potash soln to ZnSO₄ soln
White lotion USP
2.5% suspension in the topical tx of seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff)
selenium sulfide
antioxidant (sulfur)
sodium metabisulfite
antidote for cyanide poisoning
sodium thiosulfate
halogens
Elements of Group VII
• most electronegative element
• strongest oxidizing agent
• essential element present in the teeth and bones
Fluorine (F)
sole Ingr in physiological salt soln
NaCl
expectorant & systemic acidifying agent
NH₄CI
• dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating odor
• powerful caustic & germicide
Bromine (Br)
if in contact with skin wash immediately w/ a soln of NAHCO₃ & treated with
glycerin
Bromine (Br)
CNS depressant
Bromide
effective antimicrobial
Iodine (I)
enhance the solubility of iodine
KI or NaI
expectorant
Iodide
effective chem’l antidote
cornstarch & sodium thiosulfate
from the Greek word “technetos” meaning _____
artificial
1st element produced artificially
Technetium (Tc)
consist of 3 elements (triads)
Elements of Group VIII
first triad
Fe (Iron)
Co (Cobalt)
Ni (Nickel)
second triad
Ru (Ruthenium)
Rh (Rhodium)
Pd (Palladium)
third triad
Os (Osmium)
Ir (Iridium)
Pt (Platinum)
