ADDITIONAL NOTES IN INORG CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Artificial Atmospheres
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Carbon dioxide & Nitrous Oxide
GROUP IA: ALKALI METALS
•Hydrogen
•Lithium
•Sodium
•Potassium
• not actually a metal
• Inflammable air
• Lightest element
Hydrogen
• Uses: Inflating balloons
Hydrogen
• Lightest metal
Lithium
• Use: heat exchanger in air conditioners
Lithium
drug of choice for mania
Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃)
• most abundant extracellular cation
• responsible for fluid retention
Sodium
• diuretic, urinary alkalizer, antacid, alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s
solution
Sodium acetate
• “baking soda”
• systemic antacid; carbonating agent
• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)
• cathartic, urinary acidifier (under sodium)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄)
• water soluble antioxidant (under sodium)
Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃)
antacid, carbonating agent (under sodium)
Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)
electrolyte replenisher, preservative, condiment (under NA)
Sodium chloride
anticoagulant (under Na)
Sodium citrate
anticariogenic agent (Na)
Sodium fluoride
saponifying agent (Na)
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• oxidizing agent; disinfectant, bleaching agent (Na)
• Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl or NaClO)
expectorant; solubilizer of Iodine (Na)
Sodium Iodide
vasodilator; antidote for cyanide poisoning
Sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃)
meat preservative
Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄)
cathartic
primary standard for Karl Fischer reagent
Sodium tartrate (Na₂C₄H₄O₆)
Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN)
• hypotensive agent
treatment of cyanide poisoning.
• Sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃)
• most abundant intracellular cations
• for muscular contraction
Potassium
diuretic, urinary alkalizer, antacid
Potassium acetate (C₂H₃KO₂)
antacid, carbonating agent
Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃)
Potassium bitartrate (KHC₄H₄O₆)
laxative
Potassium bromide (KBr)
depressant
Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)
antacid, carbonating agent
ingredient of toothpaste, mouthwashes, gargles
Potassium chlorate (KClO₃)
Potassium chloride (KCl)
electrolyte replenisher
Potassium citrate (K₃C₆H₅O₇)
diuretic, expectorant, diaphoretic
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• saponifying agent
Potassium iodide (KI)
expectorant, solubilizer of iodine
Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)
meat preservative
oxidizing agent, antidote for strychnine
Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)
Potassium sodium tartrate
• cathartic, sequestering agent/chelating agent
• a mixture of potassium polysulfide and potassium thiosulfate
• ingredient of white lotion
Sulfurated Potash
• catalyst in polymerization of resin
Cesium (Cs)
• used in density gradient centrifugation (separates proteins)
• Cesium chloride
• hypothetical alkali metal
• diuretic, expectorant, anticariogenic, buffer
Ammonium
• Ammonium bromide (NH₄Br)
• sedative, depressant
• expectorant, respiratory stimulant, antacid, Ingredient of
aromatic ammonia spirit
• Ammonium carbonate: (NH₄)₂CO₃
Aromatic ammonia spirit
• respiratory stimulant
Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)
diuretic, expectorant, urinary acidifier
Ammonium iodide (NH₄I)
expectorant
GROUP IB: COINAGE METALS
•Copper (Cu)
•Silver (Ag)
•Gold (Au)
• only reddish colored metal
• 3rd most malleable metal, 3rd best conductor of electricity
• Protein precipitant
Cu (Copper)
• Used in preparation of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s, and Fehlings solution
(test of raduring agents)
• Emetic
Copper sulfate (CuSO₄)
• Antidote for phosphorus poisoning
• Component of Bordeaux mixture (an algicide/fungicide in swimming pools)
• Copper sulfate (CuSO₄)
Copper acetoarsenite
Insecticide
- 2ND most malleable metal
- 2nd best conductor of electricity
- Oligodynamic action
SILVER (Ag)
Silver (Ag) Poisoning is called ______.
argyria
- Removal of warts
- Eyewash for newly born babies of mothers with gonorrhea
Silver nitrate
dental protective, Ingredient of Tollen’s reagent
Ammoniated silver nitrate (𝐍𝐇𝟑)𝟐 𝐍𝐎𝟑
Silver iodide
germicide
Mild silver protein
antiseptic for the eyes
Strong Silver Protein
antiseptic for the ears, nose and throat
colloidal Silver Protein
general germicide
“king of all metals”
Gold (Au)
- Most malleable metal
- best conductor of electricity
- Compounds are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Gold (Au)
GROUP II-A: ALKALINE-EARTH METALS
•BERYLLIUM (Be)
•MAGNESIUM (Mg)
•CALCIUM
•STRONTIUM (Sr)
•BARIUM (Ba)
•RADIUM (Ra)
- Most toxic metal
- Can cause lung carcinoma, chronic granuloma
Beryllium (Be)
- Lightest of all structurally important metal
- 2nd most abundant intracellular cation
Magnesium (Mg)
- natural calcium channel blocker
- also present in chlorophyll -present in Grignard Reagent (R-Mg-X)
Magnesium (Mg)
antacid; laxative
Magnesium carbonate & Magnesium hydroxide 𝐌𝐠 (𝐎𝐇)𝟐
antacid; component of universal antidote
Magnesium oxide (𝐌𝐠𝐎)
antacid (has prolonged effect due to gelatinous consistency of preparation)
Magnesium trisilicate 𝟐𝐌𝐠𝐎 ∙ 𝟑𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟑∙ 𝒏𝐇𝟐𝐎
cathartic; anticonvulsant
Magnesium sulfate (𝐌𝐠 𝐒𝐎𝟒)
adsorbent, filtering aid, clarifying agent, dusting powder (Mg compound)
Hydrated Magnesium silicate
Magnesium citrate 𝐌𝐠𝟑 (𝐂𝟔𝐇𝟓𝐎𝟕)𝟐
cathartic
- 2ND most abundant extracellular cation
- blood coagulation factor
Calcium
sedative (Ca compound)
Calcium bromide (𝐂𝐚𝐁𝐫𝟐)
- “Prepared /Precipitated chalk”
- antacid; carbonating agent→causes rebound hyperacidity
Calcium carbonate (𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑)
- “Muriate of Lime”
- electrolyte replenisher
Calcium chloride
- Milk of Lime, Slaked Lime, Calcium hydrate
- saponifying agent
Calcium hydroxide [ 𝐂𝐚 (𝐎𝐇𝟐)]
- Lime, Quick Lime; Calx
- preparation of various insecticide; Bordaux mixture
Calcium oxide 𝐂𝐚𝐎
- “bone ash”
- antacid
Calcium phosphate [ 𝐂𝐚 𝟑 (𝐏𝐎𝟒)𝟐 ]
- bleaching agent, disinfectant (Ca compound)
Calcium hypochlorite 𝐂𝐚 (𝐂𝐥𝐎)𝟐
- Plaster of Paris
- Gypsum (mineral source)
- Terra Alba (white cement)
- preparation of surgical casts; dentifrice
Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate hydrated→ _______
𝐂𝐚𝐒𝐨𝟒∙ 𝟏/𝟐 𝐇𝟐𝐎
- flame test: crimson color
- salts are used in red pyrotechnics
Strontium (Sr)
- temperature desensitizing agents (Sr compound)
Strontium chloride (Sensodyne)
- Flame test: yellow /apple grem color
- salts are used in green pyrotechnics
BARIUM (Ba)
- radiopaque substance for GIT imaging; contrast medium
Barium sulfate
- carbon dioxide absorbent
Barium hydroxide
- radioactive substance discovered by Marie Cury
RADIUM (Ra)
• aka Zinc Family
• melting points
• volatilized at RT
GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS
- metal present in insulin
- as container for batteries and dry cells
ZINC (Zn)
- protective coating of galvanized iron→steel coated with zinc
- astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, protectant
ZINC (Zn)
steel coated with zinc
galvanized iron
- antiseptic found in mouthwashes, topical protectant, dentin desensitizer
Zinc Chloride
- mild antiseptic, astringent, topical protectant
Zinc oxide
- antiseptic (Zr compound)
Zinc peroxide (𝐙𝐧𝐎𝟐)
- While vitriol
- emetic; astringent; ingredient of white lotion
Zinc sulfate
- active component of white lotion
- scabicidal agents
sulfurated potash + Zinc sulfate - antiseptic and protectant
Zinc sulfide
- natural calamine
- topical protectant; anti-itch
prepared calamine→ 𝐙𝐧𝐎 ∙ 𝐅𝐞𝟐𝐎𝟑
ex. Caladryl
Hydrated Zinc Silicate 𝐙𝐧𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟒∙ 𝐇𝟐𝐎
- dental protective; dentifrice
- Zinc oxide + clove oil
Zinc-eugenol cement
- caused “itai-itai” poisoning
CADMIUM (Cd)
- emetic, treatment of tinea infections
Cadmium chloride
- antiseborrheic agent
- only yellow sulfide
Cadmium sulfide
- ophthalmic antiseptic (Cd compound)
Cadmium sulfate
- industrial uses: manufacture of thermometers, formation of amalgams
- caused “Minamata” poisoning
- pharmacologic actions: diuretic, antiseptic, antisyphilis, cathartic, parasiticide, fungicide
Mercury (Hg)
- active component of Lyna→ Menna
- cathartic, antiseptic
Mercurous chloride -Calomel (𝐇𝐠𝟐𝐂𝐥𝟐)
- Corrosive Sublimate
- disinfectant
Mercuric chloride (𝐇𝐠𝐂𝐥𝟐)
- anti-syphilis
Mercurous iodide (𝐇𝐠𝐈)
- antiseptic; ingredient of Mayer’s reagent (most sensitive)
Potassium mercuric iodide 𝐊𝟐𝐇𝐠𝐈𝟒
- “White Precipitate”
- topical anti-infective
Ammoniated Mercury (𝐇𝐠 𝐍𝐇𝟐𝐂𝐥)
- ” Yellow precipitate”
- ophthalmic antiseptic
Mercuric oxide (𝐇𝐠𝐎)
GROUP IIIA: BORON FAMILY
•BORON (B)
•ALUMINUM
•GALLIUM (Ga)
•THALLIUM (Tl)
- used in vulcanizing rubber
Boron (B)
- eyewash (2% w/v)
- buffer component
Boric Acid (𝐂𝟑𝐁𝐎𝟑)→ Sal sedativum
- antiseptic; eyewash; wet dressing for wounds;
Sodium tetraborate (𝐍𝐚𝟐𝐁𝟒𝐎𝟕)
- most abundant metal
- 3rd most abundant element
- Pharmacologic actions: constipation, astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant; thin Al foil is
used to treat burns
ALUMINUM
Aluminum poisoning is called _______.
Shaver’s disease
- Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, deodorant
Aluminum chloride 𝐀𝐥𝐂𝐥𝟑∙ 𝟔𝐇𝟐𝐎
antacid→interferes with phosphate absorption
ex. Amphogel
Aluminum hydroxide 𝐀𝐥(𝐎𝐇)𝟑
- antacid →does not interfere phosphate absorption
ex. Phosphagel
Aluminum phosphate 𝐀𝐥𝐏𝐎𝟒
- treatment of phosphatic calculi (elimination of 𝐏𝐎𝟒 via fecal route)
Aluminum carbonate 𝐀𝐥𝟐(𝐂𝐎𝟑)𝟑
- astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant (Al compound)
Alum 𝑨𝒍𝑲 (𝐒𝐎𝟒)𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝐀𝐥𝐍𝐇𝟒(𝐒𝐎𝟒)𝟐
- treatment of silicosis
Aluminum oxide 𝐀𝐥𝟐𝐎𝟑 → aka Alumina
Aluminum silicates:
•Kaolin
•Bentonite
•Pumice
- native hydrated Al silicate
- adsorbent - tx of mild diarrhea
Kaolin
aka China Clay
Kaolin
- suspending agent
- native colloidal hydrated Al silicate
- suspending agent
Bentonite
Bentonite → Mineral soap/ Soap clay preparation: _________
Bentonite magma (5)
- complex silicate of Al, Na and K → volcanic origin
- dental abrasive
Pumice
- substitute for mercury in the manufacture of arc lamps
Gallium (Ga)
- for the treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia
Gallium nitrate 𝐆𝐚(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟑
- rodenticide
- poisoning causes green tongue and alopecia
THALLIUM (Tl)
GROUP IVA: CARBON FAMILY
•CARBON
•SILICON (Si)
•TIN (Sn)
•LEAD (Pb)
- nonmetal
- can form multiple bonds with itself (catenation/ Chain formation)
Carbon (C)
- adsorbent, component of universal antidote
activated charcoal
- respiratory stimulant
- treatment of persistent hiccups
- dry ice: treatment of acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts, eczema
Carbon dioxide
- antacids, carbonating agents (C compounds)
Carbonates/Bicarbonates
- toxic gas, causes hypoxia
Carbon monoxide
- 2ND most abundant element
- Forms inert oxide called silica which causes silicosis
Silicon (Si)
prepared by fusing a base such as sodium carbonate and pure silica
Glass
Appearance and characteristics of glasses can be modified by the addition of:
- MnO2
- boron/borates
- potassium
- lead
- Adsorbent, clarifying agent, filtering aid
Silicon dioxide
- Antifoaming agent; anti-flatulent
Simethicone
- Used in manufacture of cans, household utensils
TIN (Sn)
- Anticariogenic agent
Stannous fluoride 𝐒𝐧𝐒𝟐
- Germicide against Staphylococcal infection
Stannic oxide 𝐒𝐧𝐎𝟐
- Germicide against Staphylococcal infection
Stannic oxide 𝐒𝐧𝐎𝟐
Lead (Pb) Poisoning is called _____.
plumbism
- Astringent, ingredient of lead subacetate solution
Lead acetate
- astringent; antiseptic (Pb compounds)
Lead subacetate
GROUP IVB: TITANIUM FAMILY
•TITANIUM (Ti)
•ZIRCONIUM (Zr)
- powerful reducing agent
Titanium (Ti)
- solar ray protectant
- opacifying agent
Titanium dioxide
- used as deodorant and antiperspirant
- causes granuloma formation
ZIRCONIUM (Zr)
GROUP VA: NITROGEN FAMILY
•NITROGEN (N)
•PHOSPHORUS (P)
•ARSENIC
•ANTIMONY
•BISMUTH
- inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals
- liquid nitrogen-refrigerant
Nitrogen (N)
- meat preservative (N compounds)
Nitrates/Nitrites
- inhalatory anesthetic
Nitrous oxide
2 forms of Phosphorus (P)
• Red
• White/yellow
- Antacids; cathartics (P compounds)
Phosphates
- Component of Salvarsan
Arsenic
- Used to prepare insecticides such as:
1. Paris green
2. Fowler’s solution -K arsenite
3. Donovan’s solution- 1% mercuric iodide
arsenic O3
Arsenic trioxide
- Expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic
Antimony
- Expectorant, emetic, treatment of schistosomiasis
Antimony potassium tartrate
Astringent, antiseptic, internal protective → mng. of gastrin/ peptic ulcers
BISMUTH
GROUP VB
•Tantalum
- Not affected by body fluids
- Used for the surgical repair of bones, nerves and tissues (implants)
TANTALUM (Ta)
GROUP VIA: OXYGEN FAMILY
•OXYGEN
•SULFUR (S)
•SELENIUM (Se)
- Most abundant element
Oxygen
Three allotropes of Oxygen:
- Nascent oxygen 𝐎
- Ozone 𝐎𝟐
- Atmospheric/molecular oxygen 𝐎𝟑
Conditions based on oxygen requirement
- Anoxic
- Anemic
- Stagnant
- Histotoxic
Brimstone
Sulfur (S)
2 forms of Sulfur:
- Precipitated sulfur
- Sublimed sulfur
Precipitated sulfur - _______ -> used in ointments and lotions
Milk of sulfur
Sublimed sulfur- _______ → used as cathartic
Flowers of sulfur
- Essential trace element
- Synergistic with Vit E as antioxidant
SELENIUM (Se)
- Antiseborrheic agent
Selenium sulfide (𝐒𝐞𝐒𝟐)
GROUP VIB
•CHROMIUM (Cr)
•MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
•URANIUM (U)
- Essential trace element- similar fxn of insulin
- Glucose tolerance factor
Chromium
- Oxidizing agent (Cr compounds)
Potassium dichromate (𝐊𝟐𝐂𝐫𝟐𝐎𝟕)
- essential trace element
- cofactor of flavin dependent enzymes
- involved in bacterial fixing of atmospheric nitrogen
MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
- radioactive element discovered by Becquerel
- used in manufacture of atomic bombs
1 Bq= 1 disintegration per second
(1 Bq= 1 dps)
URANIUM (U)
GROUP VIIA: HALOGEN FAMILY
•FLUORINE (F)
•CHLORINE (CI)
•BROMINE (Br)
•IODINE (I)
•ASTATINE (At)
•MANGANESE (Mn)
•TECHNETIUM (Tc)
- most electronegative element
- strongest oxidizing agent
FLUORINE (F)
- anticariogenic agents (F)
Fluorides
- refrigerant, aerosol propellant
Dichlorodifluoromethane (𝐂𝐂𝐥𝟐𝐅𝟐)– aka Freon
- “Dephlogisticated Muriatic Acid”
- chloride - most abundant extracellular anion
- Important compounds: chlorides and hypochlor
CHLORINE (CI)
- toilet bowl cleaner (muriatic acid)
- diluted HCI- treatment of achlorhydria
(absence of acid in stomach)
10% w/v (except diluted acetic acid 6%)
Hydrochloric acid
- dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating odor
BROMINE (Br)
Bromine poisoning is called _____.
bromism
- element present in thyroid gland
- elemental iodine preparations:
1. Strong iodine solution
Lugols solution- tx- hyperthyroidism
2. Iodine Tincture
3. Povidone-iodine
Iodine
- tx- hyperthyroidism
Lugols solution
- Synthetic, radioactive and metallic halogen
ASTATINE (At)
GROUP VIIB
•MANGANESE (Mn)
•TECHNETIUM (Tc)
- Essential trace element
- Cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, and fatty and cholesterol
syntheses
Manganese (Mg)
- First element produced artificially
- Used in preparation of radiopharmaceuticals (Tc-99)
TECHNETIUM (Tc)
- aka “Group Zero
GROUP VIIIA: INERT/NOBLE GASES
- 2nd lightest gas
- Inhalation of pure helium produces a Donald Duck or Chipmunk-like sound
- Component of artificial air
Helium (He)
- Used for advertising purposes
Neon (Ne)
- Most abundant noble gas
- as substitute for nitrogen as inert atmosphere
Argon (Ar)
- least abundant noble gas
- anesthetic
Krypton (Kr)
- anesthetic
Xenon (Xe)
- synthetic and radioactive noble gas
- treatment of cancer
Radon (Rn)
GROUP VIIIB: TRIADS
First triad: Fe, Co, Ni
Second triad: Rh, Ru, Pd
Third triad: Os, Ir, Pt
First triad:
Fe, Co, Ni
Second triad:
Rh, Ru, Pd
Third triad:
Os, Ir, Pt
- essential trace element (in the first triad)
Iron (Fe)
- hematinic agent
- most commonly used
- GI imitant
- Green Vitriol
Ferrous sulfate (𝐅𝐞𝐒𝐨𝟒)
- hematinic agent
- less gastric irritating
Ferrous gluconate - Fergon
- hematinic agent
- more stable than ferrous sulfate
Ferrous fumarate- Toleron
→ Ferruginous pills; Chalybeate pills, Blaud’s pills
- hematinic agent
Ferrous carbonate (𝐅𝐞𝐂𝐎𝟑)
- “Basham’s mixture”
- astringent
- styptic-stop bleeding of small wounds
Iron + ammonium acetate 𝐅𝐞 + 𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐎𝐎
- astringent and styptic
- test for tannins and phenols
Ferric chloride (𝐅𝐞𝐂𝐥𝟑)
→ Prussian blue
- blue print dye
Ferric ferrocyanide 𝐅𝐞𝟒 [𝐅𝐞 (𝐂𝐍𝟔)]𝟑
→ Turnbull’s blue
- blue print dye
Ferro ferricyanide 𝐅𝐞𝟑 [𝐅𝐞 (𝐂𝐍𝟔)]𝟐
- essential in the development of erythrocytes and hemoglobin
- metal present in Vit B12
- used in manufacture beer- enhance foaming quality of beer
Cobalt (Co)
→ “Lover’s ink/ Sympathetic ink”
- indicator in silica gel beads
color: blue, pink, white (very light pink)
Blue- anhydrous
Pink- hydrated
Cobalt chloride (𝐂𝐨𝐂𝐥𝟐)
“Old Nick’s Copper”
Nickel (Nickel)
- found in fossil fuel combustion
- metal in fancy jewelries
- causes “Nickel itch”→ contact dermatitis
Nickel (Ni)
causes contact dermatitis
Nickel (Ni)
used as parasiticides (Ni compounds)
- 𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐎𝟑
- 𝐍𝐢𝐒𝐎𝟒
- heaviest and densest metal
OSMIUM (Os)
- staining of specimen
Osmic acid (𝐎𝐬𝐎𝟒)
- catalyst
- used in making crucibles
- more expensive thon gold.
- for E microscopy
Platinum (Pt)
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum)
- treatment of prostate cancer
- not effective
Transplatin
- used as anticancer agent
Carboplatin
- less toxic than cisplatin
Carboplatin
- catalyst→ in catalytic hydrogenation
PALADIUM (Pd)
