periodic table Flashcards
periodic table has simplified study of chem cus properties of the elements vary according to some _______ __________ & if those ___________ r known, u need to know position of element in periodic table & predict its chem & physical properties
fixed patters, patterns
periodic table is arrangements of elements in order of _____________ __________ (_________) no.
increasing atomic (proton)
periodicity is _______/ ____________ ____________ in __________ & ____________ properties of elements & its _____________ when elements arranged in _____________ __________ no.
trend/ recurring variations, physical, chemical, compounds, increasing atomic
GROUP is the ____________ ___________ of elements
vertical columns
elements in same grp have
1. _______ no. of ___________ ______________
2. _______ ____________ _________________ ___________________
3. ___________ ______________ properties
- same, valence electrons
- same valence electronic configuration
- similar chemical
PERIOD is the _____________ _______ of elements
horizontal rows
period no. = no. of
principal quantum shells (electron shells)
elements in same period have ________ no. of _____________ __________ ________ (eg all elements in period 3 has ___ electron shells)
same, principal quantum shells, 3
valence electronic config of s-block
grp 1-
grp 2-
- ns1
- ns2
valence electronic config of p-block
grp 13-
:
:
grp 18
- ns2 np1
- ns2 np6 (except Helium)
electronic config of He
1s2
grp __, ___ & ____r metals –> tend to _______ electrons to form ___________ ions
1,2,13, lose, positive
grp 14 elements r ___________ –> have _________ tendency to form ions, rather they share electrons & form ____________ bonds
metalloids, lesser, covalent
grp ___, ____ & ____ r non-metals that ______ electrons to form _____________ ions
15,16,17, gain, negative
grp 18 elements hav _________ _______________ ____________________ –> generally ________ react to form compounds
stable electronic configuration, don’t
no. of valence electrons =
grp no. (‘cept He)
charge of ion formed
grp 1:
:
grp 13:
grp 14:
grp 15:
:
grp 17:
grp 18:
1+
3+
4+ or 4- (equally hard to lose/gain)
3-
1-
nil (don’t form compounds)
in period 2,
grp ____: metallic character
grp ____: metalloid character
grp ____: non-metallic character
1-2
13
14-18
in period 3,
grp ___: metallic character
grp ___: metalloid character
grp ___: non-metallic character
1-3
14
15-18
general trend of metallic –> non-metallic across period: nature of elements changes from _______________________ across each period
metallic to non-metallic
metalloids: elements with properties _______________ between those of typical _________ & ______________
intermediate, metal, non-metal
metalloids can be found in periodic table along
stair-step line that separates metals from non-metals
Si and Ge (germanium) r _____________ used in ___________________ ______________
metalloids, semi-conductor industry
due to changes from _____________________ across period, there’s change in _____________ properties of the __________ of the elements
metal –> non-metal, chemical, oxides
grp ______ oxides: basic
grp ______ oxides: amphoteric
grp ______ oxides: acidic
1-2
13
14-16
egs of amphoteric oxides:
aluminium oxide, lead (II) oxide & zinc oxide
s-block elements: grp _____ (includes ___ & ____)
1&2, H, He
d-block
transition elements
p-block elements: grp ______
13-18
transition metal: element that forms __/_____ _______ ions which have ________________ filled __ orbitals
1/more, stable, incompletely, d
typical transition elements r _______ having _______ melting pt, ______ density, variable oxidation state & usually form ____________ compounds
metals, high, high, coloured
grp 1 elements called ________ _______
as they’re all ________ and they react with ________ to form ___________ solutions (containing _____ ions)
alkali metals, metals, water, alkaline, OH-
grp 1 metals have ___ valence electron, which they ______ to form ions of ____ charge
1, lose, 1+
PHYSICAL properties of grp 1 elements: melting & boiling pts ___________ down grp cus melting & boiling involve overcoming ________ _______________ forces of _____________ between ________ & ____ of _______________ ____________. down grp, __________ _______ ______________, resulting in _________ metallic bonding which needs _______ energy to overcome
decrease, strong electrostatic, attraction, cations, sea, delocalised electrons
metallic radius increases, weaker, less
PHYSICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
density of grp 1 _______ than those of other metals
densities of elements ____________ down grp
lower
increase
PHYSICAL properties of grp 1 elements: grp 1 metals r ______, ________ _______ & r ______ (can be cut with a knife)
when freshly cut, they show ________ & _________ surface which ____________ rapidly in ____
shiny, silvery solids, soft
shiny, silvery, tarnishes, air
PHYSICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
they react _________ with __________ & ________ hence they gotta be stored under _____ to protect them from moisture
rapidly, oxygen, water, oil
CHEMICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
grp 1elements react vigorously with _____ _______ to produce ________________ ______ & an ____________ solution of ________ _____________
cold water, hydrogen gas, alkaline, metal hydroxide
CHEMICAL properties of grp 1 elements: metal + water –>
hydrogen + metal hydroxide
CHEMICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
trend is grp 1 elements become _______ ___________ _______ the group (least reactive: ____, most reactive: ____)
more reactive down, Li, Fr
CHEMICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
grp 1 elements _______ reactive down grp cus _________ ________ of metals ______________ down grp so ____________ ______________ r __________ away from nucleus & ______ ___________ ______________ to nucleus r _______ easily ______
more, metallic radius, increases, valence electrons, further, less strongly attracted, more, lost
CHEMICAL properties of grp 1 elements:
lithium reacts __________ with water, sodium reacts ____________ with water, potassium reacts ____________ with water
slowly, vigorously, violently
grp 17 elements r called ___________ cus they react with most ________ to form ______
halogens, metals, salts
halogens (grp ___) r very __________ ________________
17, reactive non-metals
halogens (grp ___) exist as __________ _____________
17, diatomic molecules
halogens r ___________ & hav ________ ______________ _____________ with ____________ bonds between ________ & ________ ____________________ __________ of attractions between ______________
non-polar, simple molecular structures, covalent, atoms, weak intermolecular forces, molecules
halide ions all have a ___ charge
1-
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
they have _____ boiling & melting pts due to ________ amt of energy needed to ____________ the _______ ___________________ __________ of attractions between _____________
low, small, overcome, weak intermolecular forces, molecules
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
trend: boiling & melting pts ____________ down grp as
- size of ___________ _______ _______________ –> __________ extent of polarisation (uneven distribution of electrons around an atom/molecule) of electron cloud
- __________ & more _____________ ____________________ forces of __________________ between _____________ which need ___________ amt of energy to overcome
- increase
- electron cloud increases, greater
- stronger, extensive, intermolecular, attraction, molecules, greater
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
___________ _____________ increases down grp (Cl is ________________, Br is
__________________ & I is _________________)
colour intensity, greenish-yellow gas, reddish-brown liquid, shiny black solid
volatility:
ease of conversion from liquid to gas
lower the boiling pt, _________ the volatility
higher
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
trend: volatility of halogens ______________ down grp cus boiling pt ______________ down grp
decreases, increases
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
trend: colour intensity of halogens ____________ down grp
for eg,
F is also a _____ (since it’s above Cl & Cl is a ____)
elements under I (eg astatine) also a _______ ______ (cus I is _______ ______)
- increases
- gas, gas
- black solid, black solid
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
colour of Cl gas:
colour of Cl liquid:
colour of Cl solid:
colour of Cl aq solution:
colour of Cl in organic solvents:
- greenish yellow
- greenish yellow
- nil
- pale yellow
- pale yellow
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
colour of Br gas:
colour of Br liquid:
colour of Br solid:
colour of Br aq solution:
colour of Br in organic solvents:
- reddish brown
- reddish brown
- nil
- orange
- orangey red
PHYSICAL properties of grp 17 elements
colour of I gas:
colour of I liquid:
colour of I solid:
colour of I aq solution:
colour of I in organic solvents:
- purple
- nil
- black
- brown
- purple
displacement reactions:
more reactive halogens, X2 (higher up in grp) can displace the halides, X- (lower down in grp) to form an acqueous solution of their salts
displacement reactions: basically in grp 17, if the halogen is _________ than the aq halide, it can ___________ the aq halide (halogen goes from charge ___ to ____ & aq halide goes from charge ___ to___)
higher, oxidise, 0, 1-, 1-, 0
displacement reactions: if halogen added is _______ than aqueous halide, there’ll be _________________
lower, no reaction
volatile: likely to be
a gas
not volatile at all: means have a very _______boiling pt –> a __________
high, solid
displacement reaction concept: more reactive halogens, X2 (________ up in grp) can __________ the halides, X- (________ down grp) from an aqueous solution of their ______
higher, displace, lower, salts
stair step line in periodic table separating metals from non-metals starts between _______ & ___________ and ends between __________ & ___________
boron & aluminium, polonium (Po) & astatine (At)
electron cloud is the
region of electrons arnd molecule/atom
displacement reactions: the colour of solution will turn to the colour of _________ halogen (like the one that becomes ___)
displaced, X2
displacement reactions of metals concept: the ______ reactive metal (_______ in reactivity series) can displace the _____ reactive metal (_______ in reactivity series) from an aqueous solution of their ______
more, higher, less, lower, salts
REACTIVITY SERIES
from most to least reactive
potassium K
sodium Na
calcium Ca
magnesium Mg
aluminium Al
carbon C
zinc Zn
iron Fe
lead Pb
hydrogen H
copper Cu
silver Ag
gold Au
grp 18 elements r ____________ cus they have a _______ config hence hav _____ tendency to react/combine with other elements/itself
monoatomic, stable, less
helium has what config?
stable duplet config
all grp 18 elements (cept He) have what config?
stable duplet config
grp 18 elements are _______ & ______________
inert & unreactive
PHYSICAL properties of grp 18 elements
- trend: melting & boiling pts __________ down grp
- melting & boiling involves __________ the _______________________________ of ___________ between _______
- _____ of electron ______ _____________ down grp, causing greater ________ of _____________ of it, and there r _______ & _____ extensive ______________________ of ____________ between ______ which needs _______ energy to ___________
- increase
- overcoming, weak intermolecular forces, attraction, atoms
- size, cloud, increases, extent, polarisation, stronger & more, intermolecular forces, attraction, atoms, more, overcome
PHYSICAL properties of grp 18 elements
- trend: density __________ down grp
increases
noble uses of noble gases
- ________ for filling weather balloons
- ______ used in coloured lights
- ______ used for filling light bulbs to provide ______ atmosphere (cus it’s unreactive so tungsten filament won’t react with it)
- helium
- neon
- argon, inert
