Periodic Table Flashcards
appear in nature in pure form noble gases, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, gold, silver, and copper
Native elements
The _____, alone or in combinations, make up our bodies, our world, our sun, and in fact, the entire universe
Elements
Organizes the elements in a particular way that helps one obtain basic information about each of the 118 known elements
Periodic Table of Elements
Elements are organized on the table according to their _______, usually found near the top of the square.
Atomic number
the “weight” of the atom
Atomic mass
Obtained by adding the number of its protons and the number of its neutrons
Atomic mass
Some atoms have more or less neutrons than protons. These are called _____?
Isotopes
All elements have their own unique symbol. It can consist of a single capital letter, or a capital letter and one or two lower case letters
Symbols
The electrons in the outer energy level of an atom The electrons (e-) that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together
Valence Electrons
What are the Properties of Metal?
- conductor of heat and electricity
- shiny
- Ductile
- Malleable
- A chemical property of metal is its reactivity with water which results in corrosion
Properties of Nonmetals
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Neither ductile nor malleable
- Solid nonmetals are brittle and break easily
- Dull appearance
- Many non-metals are gases
Properties of Metalloids
- have properties of both metals and nonmetals
- solids that can be shiny or dull
- conduct heat and electricity better than nonmetals but not as efficient as metals
- ductile and malleable
- Each columns of elements - group or family
- Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties.
- Example - lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.
- All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons.
- Each horizontal row of elements - period
- The elements in a period are not alike in properties.
- Properties change greatly across in a given row.
- The first element in a period is always an extremely active solid.
- The last element in a period is always an inert or an inactive gas.
Families and Periods
- sits atop Family AI, but not a member of that family
- ____ is in a class of its own
- a gas at room temperature
- has 1 proton and 1 electron in its 1 and only energy level
- only needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell.
Hydrogen
- Lithium, sodium, and potassium
- have 1 electron in the valence shell, that is why they are found in group 1
- all are metals
- react with group 7 to form metal halides.
Group 1
- The ___ family is found in the 1st column of the periodic table.
- Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level - 1 valence electron.
- They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife.
- the most reactive metals
- react violently with water
- are never found as free elements in nature
- are always bonded with another element
Alkali Metals
What does it mean to be reactive?
- reactive elements bond easily with other elements to make compounds
- some elements are only found in nature bonded with other elements
What makes an element reactive?
- An incomplete valence electron level
- Octet Rule: All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their outermost energy level.
- Atoms bond until it completes its valence shell with 8 electrons and becomes stable.
- Atoms with few valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.
- They are never found uncombined in nature.
- They have two valence electrons.
- ______ include magnesium and calcium, among others.
Alkaline Earth Metals
- Transition Elements include those elements in the B families.
- These are the metals you are probably most familiar with: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver.
- They are good conductors of heat and electricity
- The compounds of transition metals are usually brightly colored - often used to color paints
- Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, which they lose when they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons in their next-to-outermost level.
Transition Metals
- have properties similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family
- many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides
Transition Elements
- named after the first element in the family
- atoms have 3 valence electrons
- includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals
- includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust - aluminum
Boron Family
- Atoms of this family have 4 valence electrons.
- includes a nonmetal (carbon), metalloids, and metals
- The element carbon is called the “basis of life.” Organic Chemistry - an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds
Carbon Family
- named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere
- nonmetals, metalloids, and metals
- have 5 valence electrons
- tend to share electrons when they bond
- Other elements - phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth
Nitrogen Family
- Atoms have 6 valence e-
- Most elements of this family share e- when forming compounds
- Oxygen - most abundant element in the earth’s crust, extremely active and combines with almost all elements
Oxygen family
The element ___ is called the “basis of life.”
Carbon
most abundant element in the earth’s crust, extremely active and combines with almost all elements
Oxygen
- fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine
- have 7 valence electrons - the most active nonmetals
- only need 1 e- to fill their outermost energy level
- are never found free in nature
- react with alkali metals to form salts
- have 7 e- in their outer shell, so they’re found in group 7 of the PT
- are all colored
- form metal halides with group 1 metals
- Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine - highly effective component of disinfectants and antiseptics
- Bromine – pesticide
- Silver bromide is used in photography
Halogen Family
- colorless gases that are extremely inert
- have full outer shells
- found in group 8 of the periodic table
- helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
- One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
- Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert.
- All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth’s atmosphere.
The Noble Gases
- The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.
- One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made.
- In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeléev created the first accepted version of the periodic table.
- grouped elements according to their atomic mass, and as he did, he found that the families had similar chemical properties
- Blank spaces were left open to add the new elements he predicted would occur.
Rare Earth Elements
What are the 4 recent discovered elements?
- Nihonium (Nh) for Element 113
- Moscovium (Mc) for Element 115
- Tennessine (Ts) for Element 117
- Oganesson (Og) for Element 118
Is the distance from the nucleus of the atom to the outermost energy level (valence electron)
Atomic radius
The ease of an atom to lose an electron
Metallic property
The energy needed by an atom to lose an electron
Ionization Energy
The ability of the atom to attract an electron to itself
Electronegativity
The energy released by the atom when it accepts an electron
Electron Affinity
