Period 4: 1800-1848

Question 1

The Second Great Awakening

Answer 1

1790; Set the stage for other reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance.

Question 2

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 2

1803; Doubled the size of the U.S., strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the Constitution.

Question 3

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 3

1803; By ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional, Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review. From this point on, SCOTUS could decide whether an act of Congress/the president was Constitutional.

Question 4

Embargo Act

Answer 4

1807; Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose U.S. trade. Brought greater economic hardship to the United States than to Britain.

Question 5

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Answer 5

Established that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Question 6

Macon’s Bill No.2

Answer 6

1810; A bill that restored U.S. trade with Britain and France.

Question 7

The War of 1812

Answer 7

Main causes: Continued violation of US neutral rights at sea & troubles with the British on the western frontier.

Question 8

War Hawks

Answer 8

Made up of Democratic-Republicans. Supported war with Britain. Led by Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun.

Question 9

Declaration of War

Answer 9

1812; British delays in meeting US demands over neutral rights with political pressures persuaded Madison to seek a declaration of war against Britain.

Question 10

Southern Campaign

Answer 10

1814; At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in present-day Alabama, Jackson ended the power of an important British ally, the Creek nation. The victory eliminated the Indians and opened new lands to white settlers. Meaningless victory.

Question 11

The Hartford Convention

Answer 11

1814; Before the war ended, the New England states threatened to secede from the Union.
Radical Federalists in New England urged that the Constitution be amended and that secession be voted upon.
Rejected.

Question 12

The Treaty of Ghent

Answer 12

1815; The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States. Britain made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences.
Thus, the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side.

Question 13

Effects of the War

Answer 13

1) U.S. gained the respect of other nations.
2) Federalist party ended as a national force.
3) Natives were forced to surrender land to white settlement.
4) U.S. factories were built and Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency.
5) The feeling of nationalism & the belief that the future for the United States lay in the West and away from Europe grew.

Question 14

Economic Nationalism

Answer 14

Political movements came about to support the economic growth of the nation.

Question 15

Tariff of 1816

Answer 15

Congress raised tariffs for protecting US manufacturers from competition. New England was the only section to oppose this tariff, since there was little manufacturing there at that time. The South and West generally supported it, believing that it was needed for national prosperity.

Question 16

Henry Clay’s American System

Answer 16

(1) Protective tariffs.
(2) A national bank.
(3) Internal improvements.

Question 17

Protective Tariffs

Answer 17

Clay argued it would promote US manufacturing & raise revenue with which to build a national transportation system, and would chiefly protect the East

Question 18

National Bank

Answer 18

Clay Argued it would keep the system running by providing a national currency.

Question 19

Internal Improvements

Answer 19

Clay argued that it would promote growth in the West & South, and the bank would aid the economies of all sections.

Question 20

Panic of 1819

Answer 20

Largely the caused by Second Bank of the U.S., which had tightened credit in a belated effort to control inflation. Many banks closed, and unemployment, & bankruptcies, increased. Most severe in the West where many were in debt because they speculated on land during the postwar era.

Question 21

Fall of the Federalists

Answer 21

Mainly because of its failure to adapt to the changing needs of the growing nation.

Question 22

Fletcher v. Peck

Answer 22

1810; Established that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract.

Question 23

Martin v. Hunter’s Lease

Answer 23

1816; Established that the SC had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights.

Question 24

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 24

1819; established that a state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy,” and federal laws are supreme over state laws.

Question 25

Cohens v. Virginia

Answer 25

1821; Established that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government.

Question 26

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 26

1821; Established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce.

Question 27

Reasons for westward expansion

Answer 27

1) Acquisition of Native lands.
2) Economic pressures.
3) The impact of the embargo in the Northeast caused people in the region to seek a new future.
4) Improved transportation
Immigrants; more Europeans were coming to the U.S.

Question 28

Missouri Compromise

Answer 28

1820; An effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.

Question 29

Effect of the Missouri Compromise

Answer 29

1) Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state.
2) It was struck down as unconstitutional, and slavery/anti-slavery advocates rushed into the territory to vote in favor or against the practice. 3) The rush led to a massacre (Bleeding Kansas) and propelled itself into the real beginnings of the American Civil War.

Question 30

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 30

1819; Tallmadge proposed an amendment to the bill for Missouri’s admission; (1) prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri & (2) requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25.
Defeated in the Senate because enraged southerners saw it as a northern effort to abolish slavery in all states.

Question 31

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 31

1823; Declared further that the U.S. opposed attempts by a European power to interfere in the affairs of any nation in the West.

Question 32

Effects of the Monroe Doctrine

Answer 32

1) Granted the US the ability to independently intervene in the trading economy.
2) Allowed them to make economic decisions based on what they felt was best for them to prosper.

Question 33

Market Revolution

Answer 33

Fundamental transformation of the economy throughout the first half of the 19th century, mainly due to the widespread mechanization of industry and the expansion and integration of various economic markets both domestic and foreign.

Question 34

Effects of the Market Revolution

Answer 34

1) Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, & the development of modern capitalism meant a growing interdependence among people.
2) For most Americans, the standard of living increased.

Question 35

Women

Answer 35

Women seeking employment in a city were usually limited to two choices: domestic service or teaching. In both urban and rural settings, women were gaining relatively more control over their lives.

Question 36

Social Mobility

Answer 36

1) Real wages improved for most urban workers in the early 1800s, but the gap between the wealthy and poor increased.
2) Social mobility occurred from one generation to the next.
3) Economic opportunities were greater in the US than in Europe.

Question 37

Northern Economy

Answer 37

Bound together by transportation routes & rapid economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation.
While manufacturing was expanding, many northerners stuck with agriculture.

Question 38

Immigrants

Answer 38

Strengthened the U.S. & provided a steady stream of cheap labor & an increased demand for mass-produced consumer goods.

Question 39

Immigrants

Answer 39

Strengthened the U.S. & provided a steady stream of cheap labor & an increased demand for mass-produced consumer goods.

Question 40

Southern Economy

Answer 40

Agriculture was the foundation.
Sugarcane, tobacco, & rice were valuable, but far exceeded by the production and sale of Cotton. The development of mechanized textile mills in England made cotton cloth affordable throughout the world.

Question 41

Slavery & Economics

Answer 41

0ne result of the large capital investment in slaves was that the South had much less capital than the North to undertake industrialization.

Question 42

White Society

Answer 42

Southern hierarchy: Aristocratic planters above poor farmers.
The planter aristocracy maintained its power by dominating the state legislatures of the South & enacting laws that favored large landholders’ economic interests.

Question 43

Spoils System

Answer 43

Jackson believed in appointing people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had actively campaigned for the Democratic party. This practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty was called the spoils system.

Question 44

Effects of the Spoils System

Answer 44

These two systems affirmed the democratic ideal that one man was as good as another and that ordinary Americans were capable of holding any government office. Also helped build a strong two-party system.

Question 45

Indian Removal Act

Answer 45

1830; Forced the resettlement of many Natives.

Question 46

John C. Calhoun’s Nullification Theory

Answer 46

Each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void (of no effect).

Question 47

Democrats

Answer 47

Supported by South, West, & urban workers. Supported local rule, limited government, & free trade. Concerned about high tariffs, national bank, high land prices, & monopolies.

Question 48

Whigs

Answer 48

Supported by mid-atlantic states, Protestants, & urban professionals. Supported national bank, federal funds for II’s, & a protective tariff. Concerned about crime with immigrants.

Question 49

Shakers

Answer 49

One of the earliest religious communal movements. Shakers held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate.

Question 50

The Amana Colonies

Answer 50

Germans who belonged to the religious reform movement known as Pietism. Like the Shakers, they emphasized simple, communal living.

Question 51

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 51

This philosophy took the position that there were “separate spheres” that regulated gender roles in American society; the philosophy was largely accepted by the middle and upper classes. Fundamentally, the cult held that a woman’s place was in the home where her superior virtue was to create a strong morally uplifting environment for her children and husband.

Question 52

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 52

1848; At the conclusion of their convention-the first woman’s rights convention in American history-they issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Question 53

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 53

Declared that all men and women are created equal and listed women’s grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Question 54

American Colonization Society

Answer 54

The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony was first tried in 1817 with the founding of the American Colonization Society.
This appealed to moderate antislavery reformers/politicians, in part because whites with racist attitudes hoped to remove free blacks from U.S. society.

Question 55

Southern Reaction to Reform

Answer 55

The reforms were largely found in the North. Southerners were more committed to tradition and slow to support public education and humanitarian reforms. They viewed social reform as a northern threat against the southern way of life.