Period 1 Extras Flashcards
central/south america before colonization
- highly developed civilizations, extensive food supply + trade
- Mayans (Yucatan Peninsula) go extinct, Aztecs (Mexico and Central America) take over, Incas (Peru)
- Tenochtitlan: capital of Aztec Empire
- maize (corn) is important to all 3 civilizations (irrigation + food)
north america before colonization
- not as developed, different types of tribes w/ different lifestyles (depending on region) and dialects
- differences in environment, geography, climate, resources, and tribal loyalty caused native american groups to develop their own cultures
- tribes were spread out, making it harder for conquistadores to take over all tribes as opposed to large civilizations in South America
- hunter-gatherers (buffalo)
- regions: southewest, great plains, northwest, northeast
southwest native americans
navajo, pueblo, apache
- warlike
- trade w/ each other
- irrigation and farming
- Puebloans lived in large cave complexes as agriculture allowed them to grow their populations
great plains native americans
nomadic trives
- buffalo
- land = spiritual being
- teepees (dwellings easy to put up/take down)
mississippi river valley
- permanent settlements established by Woodland American Indians
- Adena-Hopewell culture famous for large mounds (ex: Cahokia)
northwest native americans
kwakuitl, chinook
- fishing (pacific ocean) + gathering
- cold temperatures
- groups isolated by mountain regions, limiting development
northeast native americans
iroquois confederation- the first political organization in America (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca)
- made intricate pottery + baskets to store food and aid farming
- three-sister farming
- longhouses (center of life)
- intertribal violence intensified with trading success
reasons for european exploration (3)
technological improvements: renaissance brought new tech (compass, gunpowder, shipbuilding, sails, improved mapmaking)
• Johann Gutenberg made 1st printing press (1450s), helped spread ideas, knowledge, and news (instead of word of mouth)
- religious conflict
• the uniting of castile+aragon to form the kingdom of Spain (1469) and the end of the reconquista (exiled the last Moors - 1492) encouraged Ferdinand and Isabella to explore
• protestant reformation (england, netherlands, germany) spreading their own version of Christianity - desire for wealth/power: new trade routes (triangular trade, middle passage), extraction (gold/native labor), establishment (missions/colonies) - St. Augustine 1st
changes in Europe during the Age of Exploration
- small European kingdoms (ex: HRE) replaced by nation-states (people share culture/loyalty towards govt), monarchs emerged
- feudalism (landowning) replaced by capitalism (controlling capital) as trade grew, having the potential to make voyagers wealthy
JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES allowed investors to make profits safely w/o large losses
Columbus and the Spanish
- Columbus approaches Spanish monarchs for funding to explore new trade routes (land route blocked by Ottomans in 1453)
- led to exchanges in goods, ideas, religion, diseases, economy, and nationalism
- lands in Bahamas, lies about success (no spices, little gold), died 1506 before realizing he landed in the New World
other voyages sparked by Ottoman blockage of land route
- Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal sponsored voyages
- Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India
establishment of the Spanish
- conquistadors brought ships full of gold/silver, making motherland richer (500% increase in gold)
- 3 G’s: god, glory, gold
- encomienda system: crown gave encomenderos the native labor on a tract of land whereby the encomenderos extracted tribute from natives
- las castas: a racial hierarchy in New Spain that described mixed races and dictated one’s status/rights
- st. augustine- first European settlement in North America (1565)
- california missions- encomienda system was used by Father Junipero Serra to construct the chain of missions up the California coast to instruct natives in the Catholic faith (began 1769, so out of Period 1)
settlement of north america- english (slow to develop colonies due to internal affairs)
english (1500s)
- John Cabot explored Newfoundland (1497), Jamestown established (1607)
- mostly families, not single men (less intermarrying)
- natives taught english survival skills, but this relationship was short-lived (english did not respect native “savages”) and warfare broke out
- Henry VIII created the Church of England (Anglican Church) in 1534 for a divorce
settlement of north america- french (slow to develop colonies due to internal affairs)
french (1500s - early 1600s)
- Verrazzno explored east coast (1524), Cartier explored St. Lawrence River
- seeking converts to Catholicism + furs
- communicated w/ natives, who knew how to get furs and were more open to converting
- coureurs de bois: independent fur trappers
settlement of north america- dutch
dutch (early 1600s)
- Hudson river + New Amsterdam
- didn’t treat natives well
