Period 1 But This Is All Exported From Quizlet Bc That App Sucks Flashcards
the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world
cause: Christopher Columbus’ voyages to search for a land route to India/China
- to the New World: smallpox/other diseases, horses (hunting buffalo!), cattle, pigs, wheat, rice, sugarcane
- to the Old World: corn, potatoes, beans, tobacco, syphilis (benefits more)
effect: smallpox and other non-endemic diseases killed 90% of natives, disease + advanced weaponry allowed Europeans to quickly subsidize natives
Columbian exchange
16th century Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru for the Spanish Crown. (ex: Cortez, Pizarro)
Conquistadors
great fleet of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English “sea dog” ships in the Channel, with the aid of terrible winds and fire ships; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance
Spanish Armada
South American empires lasting from 1100s-1533
from which the Spanish traded gold and extracted resources. ended due to disease brought by the Spanish conquistadors
aztec and incan empires
capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, Mexico (Mexico City)
tenochtitlán
german printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
johannes gutenberg
a rebirth or revival following the Middle Ages, centering on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
effect: brought new technology (compass, gunpowder, improved shipbuilding, sails, and mapmaking) that allowed the Portuguese and Spanish to explore new trade routes
The renaissance
leader of the Aztec Empire during its fall to Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez
Montezuma
spanish conquistador who invaded and conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519
Hernán Cortez
(1550-1626) spanish conquistador who claimed New Mexico for Spain, was extremely cruel and violent to natives (+ forced conversion to Christianity), and led the 1599 Acoma Massacre, killing hundreds of natives
Juan de oñate
a humanist scholar who supported the Spanish Empire’s right to conquest and colonization of the New World. argued that the Spaniards were a superior civilization and had a right to rule the natives (and they should be punished brutally for resistance); also suggested that natives benefited from subjugation (got food+shelter)
argued against Bartolome de Las Casas in the Valladolid Debate (1550-51) regarding the role of natives in Spanish colonies
Image: Juan de Sepulveda
Juan de sepulveda
priest in southern Mexico who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans and protected them from exploitation, arguing for their moral equality to Spaniards. succeeded in encouraging the Spanish Crown to pass the 1542 New Laws, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to use coerced native labor
argued against Juan de Sepulveda in the Valladolid Debate (1550-51) regarding the role of natives in Spanish colonies
bartolome de las casas
classification system used in New Spain based on an individual’s ancestry; created a racial hierarchy that explained mixed-race classes and dictated a person’s social status, taxes, and rights
allowed the Spanish to maintain power, but created resentment between castes (ex: peninsulares and creoles)
Las castas (caste system)
system in which the Spanish Crown granted encomenderos the labor of all the natives on a tract of land; the encomenderos extracted tribute (goods, labor, metal, money) from the natives (ex: farming / working in mines) in exchange for teaching natives about Catholicism, caring for them, and paying a tax to the crown
different from slavery in that the encomienda system had inheritance, trading, and relocation restrictions
encomenderos + Crown profited greatly while natives lost their freedom and underwent depopulation due to being overworked
Ecomienda system
required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each African slave they imported to the Americas
Asiento system
a highly contagious disease that Europeans unintentionally spread to natives upon their arrival in the New World (Columbian Exchange); 90% of natives died due to the non-endemic disease, facilitating the domination of the New World by European powers
Small pox
italian navigator who landed in the Bahamas in 1492 while searching for an alternate route to India for Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella (land route was blocked by Ottomans and sailing around Cape of Good Hope was dangerous)
initiated more contact b/w hemispheres, leading to Columbian Exchange, conquering of the Aztecs/Incas, and exploitation of natives
Christopher Columbus
the buying, transporting, and selling of enslaved Africans for work in the Americas (1500s - 1800s); included the Middle Passage, which included unsanitary conditions for slaves
while European countries profited from additional labor, many slaves died on the journey, and the ones who made it to the New World had their freedoms/rights taken away. in Africa, women took on more roles and violence became more common.
Atlantic slave trade
Treaty of tordesillas a 1494 agreement b/w Spain and Portugal to divide land in the New World w/ the Line of Demarcation
Portugal got Brazil; Spain got the rest, which was later challenged by other European countries
settled conflicts b/w Spain + Portugal and divided resources, making them each more successful at exploiting/profiting off the natives
Treaty of tordesillas
concept that the Spaniards were overly power-hungry and cruel to the natives, stealing their resources/labor and spreading disease (smallpox)
often used by Protestants or other European countries to demonize Spain’s achievements/culture and reduce Spain’s power in the New World
The black legend
(1550-51) first European debate regarding the role and treatment of New World natives in the Spanish colonies; caused by the institution of the New Laws (1542) inspired by Bartolome de Las Casas
Bartolome de Las Casas argued that natives are morally equal; Juan Sepulveda argued that natives benefited from subjugation (get food+shelter)
- Spanish view mostly consistent w/ Sepulveda
outcome: neither side won, little changed regarding Indian rights/treatment; opened up future debates regarding morality of colonization
Valladolid debate
(1565) first European settlement in North America, built by Spaniards on an ancient native village
effect: made way for more European colonies to be established and for natives’ land to be taken away
St.Augustine
(also called “runners of the woods”) independent French fur-trappers who made trading posts in North America and lived among their Indian trading partners, sometimes intermarrying
effect: established contact w/ natives to trade, but harmed their traditions + health with the fur trade
Coureurs de bois
sextant- measures the angle b/w two objects
Caravel- small portuguese ships that can sale more closely into the wind; allowed exploration of Africa’s west coast, leading to the Atlantic Slave Trade
astrolabe- used to determine latitude using stars, allowed accuracy of plotted routes
all made maritime explorations possible, leading to the “discovery” and exploitation of the New World and its resources
sextant, caravel and astrolabe
a chain of missions in SW US and California founded by Franciscan monks that forced Indian conversion to Catholicism + coerced labor on fields
harmed traditional native culture/religion, increased death due to disease
Spanish mission system
revolt of several Pueblo Indian tribes (8000+ natives) led by Popè/Po’pay against the Spanish in Santa Fe, New Mexico; successful until 1692
caused by excessive forced labor through the encomienda system and aggressive conversion to Christianity
- Juan de Oñate claimed New Mexico for Spain 1598; forced Catholicism on Pueblos via destruction of native customs
outcome: Spanish regained control in 1692 and ruled less harshly to achieve greater stability in the lands they controlled
significance: one of the first and most successful resistance movements in American history
pueblo revolt (1680)
- eastern canada (ontario and quebec)
- known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, animal totems, and beadwork
algonquin
- ontario and upstate new york
- known for their belief in spirits and their longhouses
Iroquois
west oregon and washington
- known for being good traders (used waterways to contact other tribes)
Chinook
- new mexico
- known for being farmers/herdsmen, having a clan system descending matrilinearly, and following the Kachin religion
Pueblo
a person of mixed Native American and african ancestry
Zambo
a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry
Mestizo
a runaway slave of African ancestry who formed settlements w/ other maroons
Maroon
