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OS 206 1ST EXAM > Perineum and External Genitalia > Flashcards

Perineum and External Genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the perineum

A

External genitalia
Perineum
Pelvic diaphragm

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2
Q

Anatomical position of the perineum

A

the narrow region between the proximal part of the thighs, does not include inner aspect of thigh

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3
Q

Lithotomy postion of the perineum

A

diamond shaped area extending from the pubic symphysis to the coccyx

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4
Q

Overlies the inferior pelvic aperture

A

perineum

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5
Q

An imaginary transverse lkine jining the internal aspects of the ischial tuberosities produces?

A

two triangles: urogenital and anal triangle

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6
Q

Closed by a sheet of tough fascia called the perineal membrane

A

Urogenital Triangle

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7
Q

Fxn of the urogenital triangle

A

provides a foundation for the erectile bodies of the external genitalia

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8
Q

Contains the external urogenital structures

A

Urogenital Triangle

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9
Q

Contains the anal canal and anus surrounded by ischioanal fat

A

Anal Triangle

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10
Q

Potential space between the membranous layer of the subcutaneous tissue (perineal fascia) and the perineal membrane

A

Superficial Perineal Space (SPS)

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11
Q

bounded laterally by the ischiopubic rami, space

A

SPS

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12
Q

Contents of the superficial perineal space

A

Root (bulb and crura of penis, crura of clitoris)
Muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosum, superficial transverse perineal muscles
3 superficial arteries and veins

Male: bulb of spongy urethra, bulbocavernosus galnds, intrenal pudendal and pudendal (perineal nerve) branches

Female: Bartholin’s gland, vestibular glands , related vessels and verves (internal and perineal nerve) Crura, vaginal orifice

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13
Q

Forces blood from cavernous spaces in crura into distal parts of corpora cavernosa increasing turgidity of penis during erections

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

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14
Q

Muscle made up of longitudinal fibers

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

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15
Q

compresses teh bulb of penis and corpus spongiosum

A

Bulbospongiosus or bulbocavernosus

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16
Q

aids in emptying spongy urethra of residual urine or semen

A

Bulbospongiosus or bulbocavernosus

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17
Q

anterior fibers assist in erection by increasing pressure on erectile tissue in the root of the penis

A

Bulbospongiosus or bulbocavernosus

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18
Q

Muscle made up of transverse fibers

A

Bulbospongiosus or bulbocavernosus

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19
Q

supports perineal body to aid pelvic diaphragm in supporting pelvic viscera

A

superficial transverse perineal muscles

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20
Q

area between STP and ischiocavernosus

A

perineal membrane

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21
Q

Secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal canal? also called what?

A

Bartholin’s gland/ Great vestibular Glands

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22
Q

T/F structures of Males in the SPS is bigger than if females

A

True (penis>clitoris)

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23
Q

provides further support for urogenital structures, especially for females after childbirth

A

DPS or Deep Perineal Space

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24
Q

Boundaries of DPS

A

Inferior: Perineal membrane
superior: Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm
Lateral: inferior portion of the obturator fascia

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25
Q

Contents of DPS

A

Urogenital Diaphragm: Spincter urethrae, deep transverse perinea/urogenital sphincter
Nerves: dorsal nerve to the penis or clitoris
Arteries and Veins: Deep dorsal vein of the penis/clitories, internal pudendal artery and its branches
Males only: Cowper’s gland/bulbourethral gland/great vestibular gland

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26
Q

Most prominent vein in the DPS

A

deep dorsal vein of the penis/clitoris

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27
Q

Terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery

A

dorsal vein of the penis/clitoris

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28
Q

lubricate and cleanse the urethra during ejaculation

A

Cowper’s gland/bulbourethral/great vestibular gland

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29
Q

homologous to bartholin’s gland

A

Cowper’s gland/bulbourethral/great vestibular gland

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30
Q

Posterior Triangle of the perineum

A

Ischiorectal fossa

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31
Q

Boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa

A

Anterior: base of UG diaphragm and fascia
Posterior: gluteus maximus, sacrotuberous ligament
lateral: ischium, obturator iternus and fascia
medial: anal canal and rectum
supermedial: levator ani

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32
Q

Contents of ischiorectal fossa

A

FAT
inferior rectal vessels and nerve
perforating cutaneous branches of S2, S3
perineal brach of S4

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33
Q

Parts of the external anal sphincter

A

deep: circular; overlaps internal sphincter
subcutaneous: circular
superficial: elliptical (central tendon to tip of coccyx)

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34
Q

surrounds lowest part of anal canal

A

External Anal Sphincter

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35
Q

The perineal body is especially impt for which sex?

A

Female - parturition/childbirth

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36
Q

Stretching or tearing the attachments of the perineal body may cause

A

prolapse of the bladder/uterus

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37
Q

midpoint of the line joining the ischial tuberosities

A

central point of the perineum

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38
Q

What is the central point of the perineum made up of

A

fascia

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39
Q

What muscles converge on the central point of the perineum?

A

bulbocavernosi
superficial tranverse perinea
external anal sphincter
levator ani

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40
Q

Determines whether or not to undergo episiotomy

A

Central pt of perineum

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41
Q

Surgical insicsion of the perineum and interposterior vaginal wall

A

episiotomy

42
Q

No muscles are transversed, only the tendinous parts are cut thru the central pt

A

midline episiotomy

43
Q

midline episiotomy is performed only when the length of the perineal body is

A

3cm

44
Q

Fast healing;minimal bleeding episiotomy

A

midline

45
Q

muscles are severed so it’s more painful and takes longer to heal

A

mediolateral episiotomy

46
Q

mediolateral episiotomy transects

A

skin, vaginal mucosa, bulbocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal, possibly levator ani

47
Q

T/F: mediolateral episiotomy is done with anesthesia?

A

False. It is done simultaneously with uterine contractions

48
Q

When is mediolateral episiotomy done?

A

When perineal body is less than 3cm

49
Q

Degrees of laceration

A

1st to 4th

1st: perineal skin and vaginal mucosa. no muscles
2nd: bulbocavernosus and STP
3rd: external anal spincter
4th: anterior rectal canal

50
Q

May result in retrovaginal fistula

A

4th degree perineal laceration

51
Q

Primary fxn of external genitalia

A

copulation and parturition

52
Q

Genital swellings of the male move in what direction fromt eh inguinal region to form the what?

A

caudally, scrotal swellings

53
Q

At what point can the sex of the baby be determined?

A

18weeks

54
Q

Genital tubercle of the male baby becomes?

A

phallus

55
Q

Urethral folds pulled forward by phallus (male) becomes

A

lateral walls of urethral groove

56
Q

In females, the genital tubercle becomes

A

clitories

57
Q

urethral folds in females do not fuse because

A

they become the labia minora

58
Q

genital swellings in females enlarge to become

A

labi majora

59
Q

In females, what can be seen to determine that it is indeed female in the ultrasound

A

3 light lines that corresponds to labia majora, labi minora and vestibular slit

60
Q

The male copulatory organ

A

penis

61
Q

the common outlet for urine and semen

A

penis

62
Q

T/F the clitoris has both the corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum

A

False. clitoris only has corpora cavernosa.Penis has both

63
Q

Most sensitive part of the penis due to attachment to underlying erectile tissue

A

skin

64
Q

dorsal part removed during circumcision

A

prepuce

65
Q

fold on ventral surface from urethral meatus to corona, not removed during circumcision

A

frenulum

66
Q

In the cavernous bodies, which is paired, which is not?

A

cavernosa - paired

spongiosum - unpaird, ventral, contains spongy urethral meatus

67
Q

Penis has 2 parts: enumerate

A

root (attached part): crura, bulb of the penis, ischio ang bulbo muscles

mobile part: body, glans, corona, external urethral meatus

68
Q

swollen front end of corpus spongiosum

A

glans

69
Q

for maintainance of erection and initiation of ejaculation

A

abundant cutaneous nerves in the glans

70
Q

Most sensitive portion of the penis

A

glans

71
Q

Fascia of the penis

A

Tunica albuginea
Buck’s fascia (deep fascia)
Suspensory ligament of the penis

72
Q

Fascia enclosing each corpus/cavernous body

A

tunica albuginea

73
Q

Encloses all three tissues (corpus bodies)

A

Buck’s fascia

74
Q

Where are the internal pudendal vessels located?

A

Between buck’s fascia and tunica albuginea

75
Q

fibromuscular sac for the testis and associated structures

A

Scrotum

76
Q

What enables the scrotum to reduce heat loss?

A

Tunica Dartos/Dartos muscle

77
Q

CT continuous with subcutaneous tissue and Colle’s fascia

A

Tunica Dartos

78
Q

Midline of the scrotum

A

scrotal raphe

79
Q

Fxns of the testes

A

contracts towards body when cold, relaxes away when warm

produce sperm in seminiferous tubules

80
Q

sperm viability is maintained at what temp

A

34C

81
Q

testes are suspended in the scrotum by

A

spermatic cords

82
Q

Which testes is suspended more inferiorly?

A

Left testes

83
Q

Testosterone producing cells

A

leydig cells

84
Q

remains of the peritoneum that covers the testis

A

tunica vaginalis

85
Q

tough fibrous outer surface that thicken into the ridge as the mediastinum of the testis

A

tunica albuginea

86
Q

Cause of congenital or indirect hernia

A

if the processus vaginalis remians patent

87
Q

presence of excess fluid in a persistent processus vaginalis

A

hydrocoele

88
Q

vine-like pampiniform plexus of veins may become varicose (dilated) and tortuous

A

varicocoele

89
Q

Varicocoeles of which side is more common?

A

Left side

90
Q

Promote sperm maturation by secretion of protein

A

Epididymis

91
Q

T/F Sperm maturatin occurs in the testes

A

False. Sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis

92
Q

Parts of the epididymis and their fxns:

A

head: sperm motility
body: fertilizing ability
tail: storage

93
Q

Female external genitalia also called

A

pudenda/ vulva

94
Q

Functions of external female genitalia

A

a sensory and erectile tissue for sexual arousal and intercourse
directs the flow of urine
prevents entry of foreign material into the urogenital tract
for parturition

95
Q

Mon pubis fat amount

A

fat amt increases at puberty, decreases after menopause

96
Q

Contents of the labia majora

A

termination of the round ligament
ilioinguinal nerve
anterior labial vessels

97
Q

labia minora is situation within the

A

pudendal cleft

98
Q

structures that open into the vestibule

A

urethra
vagina
bartholin’s gland
bulbs of the vestibule

99
Q

T/F: During a vulvectomy, all parts of the pudenda are removed

A

True

100
Q

External female genital subcutaneous tissue

A

Camper’s and Colle’s/Scarpa’s

OS 206 1ST EXAM (6 decks)

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