Pericardium/ surfaces/ blood supply

Question 1

what is the pericardium

Answer 1

a fibroserous sac, containing the heart and roots of the great vessels

Question 2

what is the lubricated pericardial cavity

Answer 2

prevents friction as the heart beats

Question 3

what is the fibrous component of the pericardium

Answer 3

attaches the heart to the diaphragm and mediastinum, thereby limiting movement of the heart and great vessels during contraction

Question 4

where does the heart lie

Answer 4

behind the sternum and the 3rd to 7th costal cartilages, in the middle mediastinum

Question 5

what is the anterior border of the pericardium

Answer 5

lungs and pleura, except behind the lower left portion of the sternum at the cardiac notch

Question 6

what is the posterior border of the pericardium

Answer 6

lies on the bronchi, oesophagus, descending aorta and part of the mediastinal surface of the lungs

Question 7

what is the lateral border of the pericardium

Answer 7

he mediastinal surfaces of the lungs, with the phrenic nerves and accompanying pericardiophrenic vessels descending on either side

Question 8

what is the right border of the heart

Answer 8

It extends from the right third costal cartilage down to the right sixth cartilage

Question 9

where is the apex of the heart

Answer 9

directed downward, forward and to the left,
is overlapped by the left lung and pleura
It is said to lie behind the fifth left intercostal space,
7-9cm from the mid-sternal line, or medial to the midclavicular line

Question 10

what is Cardiomegaly

Answer 10

abnormal enlargement of the heart.

Question 11

what are the layers of the pericardium

Answer 11

fibrous peridcardium
parietal layer of pericardium
pericardinal cavity
visceral epicardium (heart wall)
myocardium (heart wall)
endocardium (heart wall)
heart chamber

Question 12

describe the outer sac of the pericardium

Answer 12

fibrous pericardium made of irregular connective tissue with abundant collagen

Question 13

what is parietal layer of pericardium innervated by

Answer 13

phrenic nerve

Question 14

what is the fibrous perdicardium innervated by

Answer 14

phrenic nerve

Question 15

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 15

compression of heart as a result of fluid within pericardial sac

Question 16

what is in the sternocostal surface (anterior) of the heart

Answer 16

lower part is right ventricle
upper part is atria
atrioventricular groove - where ventricles connect with atria

Question 17

what is in the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of heart

Answer 17

lies on the central tendon of the diaphragm

The ventricles form it, ⅓ by the right and ⅔ by the left ventricle, separated by the posterior interventricular artery

The part of the right atrium, which receives the inferior vena cava

Question 18

what is in the base (posterior) surface of the heart

Answer 18

The base is formed mainly by the left atrium, which receives the four pulmonary veins, with the right atrium encroaching to a small extent

the coronary sinus running in it

Question 19

what is the blood supply of the heart

Answer 19

two coronary arteries, right and left, and their branches.

Question 20

where do the coronary arteries begin

Answer 20

the left and right aortic sinuses, just above the aortic valve

Question 21

where does the right coronary artery run

Answer 21

run inferiorly in the atrioventricular groove
It passes posteriorly in this groove at the inferior border of the heart, to supply both atrium and ventricle

Question 22

what are the branches of the right coronary artery

Answer 22

Conus artery
Sinoatrial (SA) nodal artery
Right marginal artery
Atrioventricular (AV) nodal artery
Posterior descending artery (PDA)

Question 23

describe the conus artery

Answer 23

passes upwards and medially on the infundibulum, to supply the origin of the pulmonary trunk

Question 24

describe the SA nodal artery

Answer 24

runs posteriorly between the right auricle and aorta to form a vascular ring around the termination of the superior vena cava
supplies SA node

Question 25

describe the right marginal artery

Answer 25

passes down the right margin of the ventricle supplies right ventricle's anterior and lateral wall and apex

Question 26

describe the posterior intreventricular branch

Answer 26

pass down the interventricular groove towards the apex

Question 27

where does the left cornoary artery run

Answer 27

passes forward between the left auricle and infundibulum it divides into circumflex and anterior interventricular branches

Question 28

what are the branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 28

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery - diagonal branches Left Circumflex (LCX) Artery - obtuse marginal - posterior left ventricular - left marginal artery

Question 29

what veins drain the heart

Answer 29

the coronary sinus and its five main tributaries; great, middle and small cardiac veins, posterior vein of the left ventricle and the oblique vein of the left atrium the anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimae

Question 30

where does the cornoary sinus open

Answer 30

into the posterior wall of the right atrium, to the left of the inferior vena cava opening

Question 31

where doe sthe great cardiac vein open

Answer 31

enter the left end of the sinus

Question 32

where does the the great cardiac vein lie

Answer 32

the anterior interventricular groove

Question 33

where does the coronary sinus lie

Answer 33

in the atrioventricular groove

Question 34

where does the middle cardiac vein lie

Answer 34

the posterior interventricular groove

Question 35

where does the middle cardiac vein open

Answer 35

near the termination of the coronary sinus

Question 36

where does the small cardiax vein open

Answer 36

into the distal end of the coronary sinus

Question 37

where is the posterior vein of the left ventricle

Answer 37

joins the sinus to the left of the middle cardiac vein

Question 38

where does the oblique vein of the left atrium empty

Answer 38

empties into the left end of the sinus

Question 39

what are the anterior cardiac veins

Answer 39

a series which run across the surface of the right ventricle to open into the right atrium

Question 40

what are the venae cordis minimae

Answer 40

very small veins in the walls of all four chambers that open directly into these chambers

Question 41

describe the right margina vein

Answer 41

runs along the inferior cardiac margin to join the small cardiac vein

Question 42

describe the lymph supply of the heart

Answer 42

The lymphatics of the heart drain back along the coronary arteries, emerge from the pericardium with the aorta and pulmonary trunk to empty into the tracheobronchial and brachiocephalic lymph nodes

Question 43

describe the inner sac of the heart

Answer 43

The inner sac consists of serous pericardium, composed of a single layer of flattened mesothelium, resting on loose connective tissue This sac lines the fibrous pericardium

Question 44

what is the pericardium supplied by

Answer 44

the internal thoracic artery, its pericardiophrenic and musculophrenic branches, bronchial arteries and twigs from the thoracic aorta