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anaesthetics > Peri-Operative Pharmacology > Flashcards

Peri-Operative Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what are pharmacodynamics?

A

drug effects on the body systems

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2
Q

what are pharmacokinetics?

A

body’s handling of the drug

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3
Q

what are the 4 components of pharmacokinetics?

A
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
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4
Q

what cardiovascular drugs are omited prior to surgery?

A
  • loop diuretics
  • potassium sparing diuretics
  • ACEi
  • angiotensin iI inhibitors
  • renin inhibitors
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5
Q

when are DOACs stopped before surgery?

A

48 hours before

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6
Q

when is warfarin stopped before surgery?

A

5 days before

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7
Q

when is aspirin stopped before surgery?

A

continue except for in neurosurgery and orthopaedic surgery

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8
Q

when is clopidogrel stopped before surgery?

A

7 days before

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9
Q

when are antipsychotics stopped before surgery?

A

12 hours before

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10
Q

when are bisphosphonates stopped before surgery?

A

omit on day of surgery

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11
Q

what 2 groups of antacids aer commonly prescribed?

A
  • PPI (omeprazole)
  • H2-receptor antagonist (ranitidine)
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12
Q

what different benzodiazepines can be used?

A
  • midazolam
  • temazepam
  • lorazepam and diazepam
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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

A
  1. bind to GABA receptors in the CNS
  2. increase the receptor affinity for GABA
  3. ion movement across cell membrane is increased
  4. hyperpolarises the cells membrane
  5. reduces firing of neurons
  6. CNS is depressed –> patient drowsy, disinhibited, amnesia
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14
Q

name some IV anaesthetic induction agents

A
  • propofol
  • ketamine
  • thiopentone
  • etomidate
  • midazolam
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15
Q

when are volatile anaesthetic agents used?

A
  • maintenance anaesthetic
  • difficult IV access
  • children
  • obstetric
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16
Q

why are neuromuscular blocking agents given in anaesthesia?

A
  • given to relax or paralyse muscles
  • facilitate intubation
  • improve surgical condition (e.g relax abdominal wall)
17
Q

what are the 2 catagories of neuromuscular blocking agents?

A
  • non-depolarising
  • depolarising
18
Q

name non-opioid analgesics

A
  • paracetamol
  • NSAIDs
  • ketamine
  • clonidine
19
Q

name strong opiods

A
  • morphine
  • diamorphine
  • fentanyl
  • alfentanil
  • remifentanil
  • methadone
20
Q

name weak opioids

A
  • codeine
  • tramadol
21
Q

name some NSAIDs

A
  • ibuprofen
  • ketoralac
  • diclofenac
22
Q

what is the mechanism of action of local anaesthetic?

A

reversible blockade of sodium channels, inibiting transmission of action potential in nerve cells

23
Q

what does adrenaline do that prolongs local anaesthetic duration of action?

A

adrenaline is added to lidocaine to cause vasoconstriction

24
Q

what is a peripheral nerve block?

A

bolus injection of infusion via catheter of local anaesthetic to target specific nerves

25
Q

what is neuraxial anaesthesia?

A

spinal or epidural

26
Q

what is an elastomeric ball?

A
  • used with peripheral nerve blocks
  • infue local anaesthetic via a catheter that is placed beside the nerves to be targeted
27
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic ondansetron?

A

5HT3 receptor antagonist

28
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic dexamethasone?

A

steroid receptor agonist

29
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic cyclizine?

A

H1-receptor antagonist

30
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic hycosine?

A

anti-cholinergic

31
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic metoclopramide?

A

dopamine 2-receptor antagonist

32
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic domperidone?

A

dopamine 2-receptor antagonist

33
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic prochloperazine?

A

dopamine 2-receptor antagonist

34
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the anti-emetic droperidol?

A

dopamine 2-receptor antagonist

35
Q

what are the common side effects of opioids?

A
  • nausea
  • itch
  • constipation
  • euphoria
  • respiratory depression

anaesthetics (7 decks)

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