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Pathophysiology Test 3 > Perfusion III > Flashcards

Perfusion III Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A
  1. Result of inflammation (Myocardial Infarction MI)

2. Can also happen after surgery

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1
Q

1 Cause of Right Sided Heart Failure?

A
  1. The number one cause of Right sided heart failure is Left sided heart failure
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2
Q

Pulsus Electrical Activity PEA

A
  1. Mechanical (Muscle) doesn’t work
  2. Electrical system works

Treat PEA with Epinephrine & Atropine

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3
Q

Diseases of the Veins

-Varicose Veins

A
  1. A vein in which blood has pooled
  2. Distended, tortuous, and palpable veins
  3. Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention
  4. Can cause poor venous return
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4
Q

Diseases of the Veins

-Chronic Venous Insufficiency

A
  1. Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence
  2. Venous stasis ulcers
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5
Q

Diseases of the Veins

-Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT’s)

A
  1. Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
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6
Q

Diseases of the Veins

-DVT – Virchow Triad

A
  1. Venous stasis
  2. Venous Endothelial Damage
  3. Hyper-coagulable states
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7
Q

D-Dimer Test

A
  1. Elevated when a patient has DVT’s

- dimers increase with inflammation

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8
Q

Worst Complication of DVT

A
  1. Pulmonary Emboli

- Life Threatening

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9
Q

Primary Hypertension

A
  1. Essential or idiopathic hypertension
  2. Genetic & environmental factors
  3. Affects 92-95% of individuals w/ hypertension
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10
Q

Complicated Hypertension

A
  1. Chronic hypertensive damage to the walls of systemic blood vessels
  2. Smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia w/ fibrosis of the tunica intima & media
  3. HTN causes mechanical damage
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11
Q

Malignant HTN

A
  1. Rapidly progressive hypertension

2. Diastolic pressure is often >140 mm Hg

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12
Q

Diseases of the Arteries & Veins

-Aneurysm

A
  1. Local dilation or out pouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber
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13
Q

Diseases of the Arteries & Veins

-True Aneurysm

A
  1. Fusiform Aneurysm

2. Circumferential aneurysm

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14
Q

Diseases of the Arteries & Veins

-False Aneurysm

A
  1. Saccular aneurysm
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15
Q

Diseases of the Arteries & Veins

-Classic s/s of dissecting aneurysm

A
  1. Sudden back pain and restless in bed
  2. Feeling of impending doom
  3. Discoloration of skin and mottling of skin under aneurysm
16
Q

1st Step of Endothelial cell Injury

A
  1. Mechanical Injury - HTN

2. Chemical Injury - Smoking/Alcohol

17
Q

Atherosclerosis

-Progression

A
  1. Inflammation of Endothelium
  2. Cellular proliferation
  3. Macrophage migration
  4. LDL oxidation (foam cell formation)
  5. Fatty Streak
  6. Fibrous Plaque
  7. Complicated plaque
18
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A
  1. Any vascular disorder than narrows or occludes the coronary arteries
  2. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CAD
19
Q

Most Common Cause of CAD?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
20
Q

Collateral Circulation

A
  1. Response to CAD over time

2. New blood vessels created around the Coronary Arteries

21
Q

CAD

-Risk Factors

A
  1. Dyslipidemia
  2. HTN
  3. Smoking
  4. DM
  5. Obesity/Sedentary Lifestyle
22
Q

Unstable Angina

-Characteristics

A
  1. Angina that does not go away with rest or Nitroglycerin
23
Q

Prinzmetal Angina (Varient)

A
  1. Angina due to spasm of the coronary arteries rather than from exertion or other increased demands on the heart
  2. Pain typically occurs at rest.
24
Q

Myocardial Infarction

-What happens?

A
  1. Cellular injury
  2. Cellular Death
  3. Structural & functional changes
  4. Repair
25
Q

Myocardial Infarction

-Structural & Functional Changes

A
  1. Myocardial Stunning
  2. Hibernating myocardium
  3. Myocardial remodeling
26
Q

Myocardial Infarction

-What happens during Repair?

A
  1. Inflammation usually takes place during the repair stage

2. Can predispose to cardiac tamponade

27
Q

MI Manifestations

A
  1. Pain
  2. Stimulation of SNS
  3. Elevated Temperature
28
Q

MI: Manifestations

-Pain

A
  1. Lasts more than 15-20 minutes

2. Unrelieved by rest or NTG

29
Q

MI: Manifestations

-Stimulation of SNS

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Vasoconstriction
30
Q

MI: Manifestations

-Elevated Temp

A
  1. Inflammatory reaction
31
Q

MI Complications

A
  1. Dysrhythmias
  2. Pump-failure
  3. Infarct Extension
  4. Structural Deficits
  5. Pericarditis
32
Q

MI: Complications

-Dysrhythmias

A
  1. PVC’s
  2. Heart Block
  3. VT/VF
33
Q

MI: Complications

-Pump Failure (Cardiogenic Shock)

A
  1. 20-30% exhibit Lt heart failure

2. >40% Cardiogenic shock

34
Q

MI: Complications

-Infarct Extension

A
  1. 10% extend in the following 2 week period
35
Q

MI: Complications

-Structural Deficits

A
  1. Ventricular aneurysm

2. Papillary muscle or septal rupture

36
Q

MI: Complications

-Pericarditis

A
  1. Dressler’s syndrome (can cause cardiac tamponade)

- caused by inflammatory byproducts

37
Q

MI: Lab & Diagnostics

A
  1. CKMB
  2. Troponin I
  3. EKG
38
Q

Dressler Syndrome

A
  1. Post myocardial infarction syndrome, characterized by pleuritic chest pain, pericarditis, fever, and leukocytosis

Pathophysiology Test 3 (8 decks)

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