Perfusion Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular Week 2 Flashcards
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. The normal cardiac output is 4 to 8 L/min in a healthy normal adult at rest.
Preload
Amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole before next contraction. Often referred to as “ end diastolic volume”.
Afterload
THE resistance to the ejection of the blood from the left ventricle. The heart works harder to overcome the resistance so that blood can be ejected from the left ventricle.
Hypertension
An elevated blood pressure. Hypertension is often asymptomatic. The most common alteration in BP IS Hypertension. Pressure in your arteries is higher than it should be. Changes in arterial walls cause increased peripheral vascular resistance. Left untreated causes: Decreased Blood flow.
Normal Systolic= less than 120 and Diastolic less than 80
Elevated Systolic=120-129 and Diastolic less than 80
High Blood Pressure (HTN) Stage 1 Systolic 130-139 or Diastolic 80-89
High Blood pressure (HTN) Stage 2 Systolic 140 or Higher or Diastolic 90 or Higher
Hypertensive crisis (consult MD immediately) Systolic Higher than 180 and/or Higher than 120
Hypertension is a SILENT KILLER. Often asymptomatic.
Ejection Fraction
The % of blood pumped out of the Left ventricle with each contraction
Expressed as a percentage
Normal = >50%
Less than 40% = heart failure 💔
Pulses Alternans
Regularly rhythm but strength of pulses varies with each beat
Ex: If taking a patients radial pulse, the amplitude (strength of the pulse) ebbs & flows
Possible etiology & significance Ex: Heart failure
Pulse pressure
Difference between SBP & DBP
To determine pulse pressure. Subtract SBP from DBP
Ex: 120-80= 40.
Normal pulse pressure is 1/3 of SBP.
Pulse pressure is high when patients have atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) or Older adults which is definitely correlated with atherosclerosis.
Someone who exercises may have high pulse pressure.
Low pulse pressure related to severe heart failure or Hypovolemia (dried up, fluid volume deficit, someone with low blood volume).
Hypotension
Low blood pressure.
SBP falls below 90 mm/Hg
Patient is symptomatic
Organs are not getting perfused causing permanent damage and decreased perfusion to the periphery
Orthostatic Hypotension
When blood pressure drops when changing positioning from lying to standing.
Diagnosis: SBP-decreases of 20mm/Hg or more
DBP decreases of 10mm/Hg or more
How to check:
Measure BP & HR supine, sitting and standing.
Measure BP within 3 minutes of position changes
Monitor BP, pulse & symptoms (Know hospital policy)
Symptoms=Same as hypotension.
Venous thrombo-embolism
Obstruction of blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation.
Most commonly starts in legs and moves to lungs 🫁 = Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Myocardial Contractility
How hard the heart contracts regardless of the stretch factor.
Perfusion
Passage of fluid and oxygen through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue.
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) same as PAD Peripheral Artery Disease
Amount of effort that the heart has to overcome in order to get the blood out of the heart into the periphery.
Ex: If I have increased PVR overtime a long period of time it will wear the heart out and drive blood pressure up. It can cause heart failure.
Symptoms of Hypotension
Skin-Pallor, clumsiness, skin mottling
Decreased perfusion to brain 🧠-Lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, confu
Blurred vision
Chest pain-(angina) decreased perfusion to the heart muscle. Chest pain is a precursor to a heart attack (when muscle dies)
Increased HR RAPID & WEAK-
Decreased urine output (UOP)Low B/P means inadequate perfusion to kidneys therefore UOP does not occur as it should (should put out 30ml urine/hour).
N/V
