Performance management and control Flashcards
System Process
Input (data) - processing - output (information)
Management information system - MIS
Any system which provides information for decision making
Executive information system - EIS
Information on strategic decisions at board level
Expert systems
Support with tax and legal requirements etc
Decision supports systems - DSS
What if analysis at management level
Enterprise resource planning systems - ERPS
Used to manage internal and external resources (financial material and human) integrates multiple business functions into one system
Transaction processing systems
Day to day transactions
Customer relationship management - CRM
Used to manage customer data for existing and potential future customer
Privacy and security of information systems
Two types of control
General controls - access to building, segregation of duties
Application controls - automatic checks for completeness and validity, authorisation checks
Big data
Processing of data on a large scale to be utilised by an organisation.
Three V’s of big data
Volume - large pools of information heavily driven by social media
Velocity - Real time processing on data to information
Variety - data from different systems for example text, email ,video and audio, and social media
Information controls
Input control = passwords and formatting checks
Processing controls = audit trail of users and updates
Output controls = distribution to authorised personnel and password protection
Profitability equations ROCE Gross profit margin Net profit margin Asset turnover
Return on capital employed (ROCE) = (profit before interest and tax / total assets less current liabilities) x 100
Gross profit margin = (Gross profit / revenue) x 100
Net profit margin = (profit before interest and tax / revenue) x 100
Asset turnover = revenue / total asset less current liabilities
Profitability meanings ROCE Gross profit margin Net profit margin Asset turnover
ROCE measures return made based on the amount of available capital an indication of the organisations efficiency. To improve efficiency needs to increase.
Gross profit margin measures the ability to sell products above the cost. To improve prices increase or production costs decrease.
Net profit margin ability to make overall profit on goods, low profit margin can be overlooked if high volume of sales. To improve either price increase or total cost fall.
Asset turnover measures how well assets are being used to generate sales.
Liquidity equations Current ratio Quick ratio (acid test) Inventory turnover Inventory days Receivable collection period Payables payment period
Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities
Quick ratio = (current assets - inventories) / current liabilities
Inventory turnover = cost of sales / inventories
Inventory days = (inventory / cost of sales) x 365
Receivable collection period = (trade receivables / credit turnover) x 365
Payables payment period = (trade payables / credit purchases or cost of sales) x 365
Liquidity meanings Current ratio Quick ratio (acid test) Inventory turnover Inventory days Receivable collection period Payables payment period
CR - working capital to meet short term debts
QR - meeting short term debts when inventory can be hard to turn into cash
IT and ID - how long you are holding items in inventory
RCP - how long debtors take to pay
PPP - how long you take to pay creditors
financial risk equations and meaning
Debt to equity
Gearing
Interest cover
Gearing refers to a businesses dependency on loans compared to shares and reserves known as financial risk
Debt to equity = long term debt / equity
Gearing = long term debt/( equity + long term debt)
Interest cover = profits before income and tax divided by interest payable
Interest cover is the number of times your company can pay its interest charges out of its profits
Balance score card four perspectives
Financial - shareholder value (profit margins, earnings per share)
Customer - value to customers (delivery time, complaints)
Internal business processors - what do we need to excel at internally (quality control rate, turnaround time)
Innovation learning - future value (new products, % of revenue of new products in the last 2 years)
Building block model - performance measures
Dimensions - aspects of business to focus on (profit, quality, innovation)
Standards - characteristics the system should have (achievability, ownership of the target)
Rewards - benefits of adopting it (motivation, clarity and controlability)
Transfer pricing overview
Price one function of the business charges another. Internal functions (HR/IT) will be charged cost. A profit or investment centre you will need to agree a transfer price
Transfer pricing cost methods Standard cost Full cost Marginal cost Dual pricing Two-part tariff Opportunity cost approach
Market price - charge same as you would charge to customer (possibly minus a small amount for savings from being internal)
Problems - no external market, opportunity cost?
Cost based approach - either standard, actual, full, marginal costs or dual pricing
Standard cost - better than actual as it keeps the departments focusing on reducing costs, buying department will know the price from the standard.
Full cost - include fixed costs, may be more expensive than external market
Marginal cost - buying division would always make optimum decision for group, selling would not earn any contribution towards fixed costs.
Dual pricing - two prices internally, the seller gets credit with market price and the buyer only pays the variable cost. Requires admin to true up figures at head office.
Two-part tariff - charge variable cost but also periodically charge a fixed fee to recover some fixed costs
Opportunity cost approach - what is the minimum the seller will accept, maximum the buyer will pay and let the two negotiate.
Return on investment (ROI)
(Profit before interest and tax/investment or total assets less current liabilities) x100
Compare % to set targets
Residual income (RI)
Net profit of a division after deducting a charge for interest on investment.
RI = Divisional profit before interest and tax - (investment x cost of capital)
If positive then it will be profit making
RI vs ROI
ROI is generally preferred because:
% answer easy to understand
RI requires an estimate of cost of capital
