PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCE Flashcards
Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients:
a vitamin,
a mineral,
an herb or other botanical,
an amino acid,
a dietary substance for use by humans to supplementthe diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or
a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient identified above.
The product must also be intended for ingestion & cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.
what is stacking regimen
typically used by athletes.
they administer several different drugs simultaneously
what is rational for stacking
The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.
what is rational for stacking
The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.
what are the different type of cyclic pattern of anabolic steroid use
pyramid (step-up) pattern
step-down
what is pyramid pattern
Dosages are steadily increased over several weeks.
what is step down
To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.
Discontinue drug use or initiate another cycle of different drugs that may increase endogenous testosterone production.
average number of agent, cycle of duration, dose admnistered in anabolic steroid regiment
Average # of agents
3.1.
Typical Cycle Duration
5 to 10 weeks.
Dose Administered
5 to 29 times greater than physiological replacement doses.
average number of agent, cycle of duration, dose admnistered in anabolic steroid regiment
Average # of agents
3.1.
Typical Cycle Duration
5 to 10 weeks.
Dose Administered
5 to 29 times greater than physiological replacement doses.
What is the administration route for injectable steroids?
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Which route of anabolic steroid administration is more potent?
Injection > Oral.
Do the injectable anabolic steroids have different half-lives?
Testosterone propionate
Remains in circulation for ~ 1.5 days.
Testosterone buciclate
Remains in circulation for ~ 3 months.
Do the injectable anabolic steroids have different half-lives?
Testosterone propionate
Remains in circulation for ~ 1.5 days.
Testosterone buciclate
Remains in circulation for ~ 3 months.
Who Uses Anabolic Steroids?
Olympic athletes
Professional athletes
Collegiate athletes
High school athletes
Strength athletes
Bodybuilders
Individuals outside organized sport
use steroids to enhance appearance.
Who Uses Anabolic Steroids?
Olympic athletes
Professional athletes
Collegiate athletes
High school athletes
Strength athletes
Bodybuilders
Individuals outside organized sport
use steroids to enhance appearance.
what is also called reverse anorexia nervosa
muscle dysmorphia
muscle dysmorphia refer to
a subset of bodybuilders with an altered self-image
Ergogenic Benefits of Anabolic Steroids
Increased muscle mass
Increased muscle strength
Increased athletic performance
The strength gains in strength-trained athletes using anabolic steroids may be _ than those typically observed in similarly trained athletes who are not using anabolic steroids.
2-3 fold higher
Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Increases in aggression.
Hostility
Depression.
Elevations in arousal & self-esteem.
Mania.
Associated with mood swings & psychotic episodes.
Psychosis
may occur in some susceptible individuals.
Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids -> cardiovascular
Elevated cholesterol & triglycerides
Increased LDL cholesterol
Decreased HDL cholesterol
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased myocardial function
Increased risk of heart attack
Increased risk of stroke
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> endocrine
Gynecomastia in males only
Decreased sperm count
Testicular atrophy
Impotence & transient infertilit
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> genitourinary
Males
Depressed spermatogenesis
Testicular atrophy
Females
Menstrual cycle irregularities
Clitoromegaly
Deepening of voice
Masculinization
Males & Females
Increase in libido
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> musculoskeletal
Premature epiphyseal plate closure
Increased risk of tendon tears
Intramuscular abscess
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological
Dermatological
Acne
Alopecia (Male pattern baldness)
Hepatic
Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological
Dermatological
Acne
Alopecia (Male pattern baldness)
Hepatic
Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage
Supplement Manufacturer’s Marketing Claims for Prohormones
Improve blood testosterone concentrations.
Increase muscular strength.
Increase muscle mass or size.
Help reduce body fatness.
Improve sexual performance.
The majority of studies indicate that
acute or chronic oral androstenedione supplementation at single doses of at least 100 mg leads to increased androstenedione concentrations in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, and older men.
The majority of studies indicate that
acute or chronic oral androstenedione supplementation at single doses of at least 100 mg leads to increased androstenedione concentrations in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, and older men.
Increases in blood testosterone levels have been observed at a
multiple 100-mg dose (Brown et al., 2000a).
single 300-mg dose (Leder et al., 2000).
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation:
resulted in
a significant, yet abnormal, increase in the measured concentration of the estrogens, estrone & estradiol, in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men.
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation:
has been shown to
decrease the concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men, which effectively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease.
has no effect on body composition, muscle size, & muscle strength in healthy men of various ages.
Chronic use of androstenedione may increase the risk of developing the following conditions
Cardiovascular disease,
Impaired liver function,
Gynecomastia (breast growth) in men,
Breast cancer in women,
Pancreatic cancer in men,
Prostate cancer in men.
Chronic use of androstenedione may increase the risk of developing the following conditions
Cardiovascular disease,
Impaired liver function,
Gynecomastia (breast growth) in men,
Breast cancer in women,
Pancreatic cancer in men,
Prostate cancer in men.
what is human chorionic gonadotropin
is a hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women.
is very closely related in structure & function to luteinizing hormone.
insulin is what
is a potent, anabolic, peptide hormone.
facilitates the uptake of glucose & amino acids into the cell.
increases protein synthesis.
cannot be detected in the urine.
rumored to potentiate the effects of GH & IGFs
insulin Possible Outcome in Previously Healthy Athletes
immediate death, coma, or development of insulin-dependent diabetes.
Functions of HGH
Stimulates bone growth.
Stimulates skeletal muscle growth.
Maintains blood glucose concentration.
Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells.
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.
Functions of HGH
Stimulates bone growth.
Stimulates skeletal muscle growth.
Maintains blood glucose concentration.
Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells.
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.
HGH Replacement Therapy
GH-deficient adults or children.
Increases in lean body tissue.
Decreases in body fat.
Test to Detect HGH Abuse
was 1st introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.
is a blood test.
involves the use of immunoassays (antibodies) that preferentially recognize pituitary HGH (pHGH) & recombinant HGH (rHGH).
allows the quantification of the 22 kDa isoform that is derived from rHGH.
allows the quantification of the other isoforms derived from naturally occurring HGH, pHGH.
when rHGH is administered, the secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland is inhibited:
as a consequence, the ratio of 22 kDa to total GH increases.
this occurs because of an increase in the concentration of the 22 kDa isoform & a reduction in the concentrations of the non-22-kDa isoforms.
Route of HGH Administration
Oral
- does not result in any benefit.
- completely metabolized.
Injection
- is absolutely necessary
Mediator of HGH Actions
IGF-I.
Produced & secreted from the liver in response to GH stimulation.
Potential Health Risks of HGH
Gigantism
Excessive secretion of GH during childhood.
Acromegaly
Excessive secretion of GH, after puberty, once linear growth has ceased.
Widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, & metabolic abnormalities.
Methods Used to Elevate the O2-Carrying Capacity of the Blood
Altitude Training
Blood Doping
Homologous :Transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.
Autologous :Transfusion of one’s own blood.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
what is erythropoietin
is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of new RBCs.
can be produced by recombinant DNA technology.
erythropoietin level increase in response to and its uses to treat what
level increases in response to aerobic endurance training.
is used to treat certain types of anemia.
effect of Injections of EPO for 6 wks in normal men:
Elevated hematocrit,
Elevated of hemoglobin concentration,
Increased aerobic capacity,
Improved time to exhaustion,
Enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity.
Primary Risk of EPO
Its lack of predictability
health risk of EPO
Increased blood viscosity.
Increased risk of blood clotting.
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
Elevated systolic blood pressure.
health risk of EPO
Increased blood viscosity.
Increased risk of blood clotting.
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
Elevated systolic blood pressure.
what are used by athletes as an ergogenic aid to increase lean muscle tissue & reduce subcutaneous fat.
β-Adrenergic Agonists
what was originally developped for the treatment of athsma
β-Adrenergic Agonists
effect of β-Adrenergic Agonists
have been shown to increase lean mass & decrease stored fat in several animal species & humans with heart failure or muscle-wasting conditions.
potential side effect of B-andrenergic agonist
Transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, & insomnia.
potential side effect of B-andrenergic agonist
Transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, & insomnia.
what is B-blocker
are a class of drugs that block β-adrenergic receptors.
prevent the attachment of catecholamines to these receptors.
what are generally prescribed to treat a wide variety of CVDs
B-blocker
Proposed Ergogenic Benefit
b-blocker
Reduce anxiety & tremors during performance.
e.g., marksmen, or archers.
what are some ergolytic effect
Impair CV response to exercise by reducing maximal heart rate, oxygen consumption, & 10 km race time performance.
risk of b-blocker
Bronchospasms
Heart failure
Prolonged hypoglycemia
Bradycardia
Heart block
Intermittent claudication
The consumption of EAA before & after resistance exercise augments
muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.
Timing of Protein Consumption
30 to 60 minutes before exercise, or
within the first 2 to 3 hours after exercise, or
both.
anabolic response of Consumption of 6 g EAA + 36 g sugar before or after resistance exercise.
The anabolic response was 158% greater when EAA + sugar was consumed 30 min before resistance exercise than when it was consumed after exercise.
exemple of Branched-Chain Amino Acids
are isoleucine, leucine, & valine
exemple of Branched-Chain Amino Acids
are isoleucine, leucine, & valine
Branched-Chain Amino Acids are responsible for
are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) & it appears that leucine is the key amino acid for stimulating MPS through increased activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle (see figure on next slide).
what is required for the synthesis of protein & creatine.
arginine
nitric oxide is essential for what
vasodilation
Claims Often Attributed to Arginine Supplementation
Ability to elevate nitric oxide levels
Increase in muscle blood flow
Improves exercise performance
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Ergogenic effects
in trained athletes are less conclusive due to the way the studies were designed.
many of the studies were less than 5 wks & they did not use periodized, high-intensity training programs.
In a recent study by Wilson et al (2014)
significant improvements in total strength & LBM were observed in
in highly resistance-trained males performing a periodized resistance training program & ingesting a HMB supplement compared to a placebo group using an identical training program
HMB is most effective when
adequate training stimulus is provided.
A high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program is likely needed for benefits to be realized with HMB supplementation in trained athletes, but not untrained individuals.
Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)
The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise
what is the rate-limiting substrate for carnosine synthesis in muscle cell
b-alanine
what is carnosine and where it is found
is a dipeptide composed of the non-EAA β-alanine & the EAA histidine.
is found primarily in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
carnosine is estimated to contributed to up to _ % of the skeletal MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise.
40
b- alanine increase the level of what in skeletal muscle
carnosine
who has a greater carnosine concentration btw sprinter and bodybuilder, marathoner and untrained individual, eldery people
Sprinters & bodybuilders > marathoners, untrained individuals, elderly people.
adverse effect of b-alanine
Amounts of β-Alanine ingestion range from 2.4 to 6.4 g/day, which are divided into 2-to-4 smaller doses.
Paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin) may occur if a high, acute dose is consumed
T/F sodium bicarbonate is an antacid
T
do sodium citrate is base
no
L-carnitite is responsible for
the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy.
effect of L-Carnitine
claims that it enhances exercise performance by increasing fat utilization & sparing muscle glycogen.
markets it as a fat burner or fat reducer.may enhance recovery from exercise.
purpose mechanic of l-carnitine
Enhanced vasodilation reduces the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoxia.
Upregulation of androgen receptors.
Increased IGF-I binding proteins.
source of creatine
Endogenous
is synthesized primarily by the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, & pancreas.
Exogenous
Dietary sources = meat & fish.
where does creatine is stored
heart, brain testes
Importance of Creatine for Exercise
is part of the immediate energy system.
is especially important during short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
is a substrate for the formation of ATP.
ability to rephosphorylate ADP depends on:
Creatine kinase, &
CP stored in muscle.
Primary mechanism leading to fatigue during high-intensity exercise:
depletion of muscle CP
Ergogenic Benefits of Creatine
Increases strength
in bench press, squat, & power clean performed by trained athletes.
May improve training in experienced strength athletes by
reducing fatigue.
enhancing postworkout recovery
effect of prolonged creatine
increases body weight:
appears to be primarily related to an increase in fat-free mass.
is believed to be partly related to an increase in total body water.
Creatine supplementation during training
is typically a 1- to 4.5 lb greater increase in BM or FFM over several weeks to several months.
Adverse Effects of Creatine
Increase in body mass
is an unwanted side effect for some athletes.
GI, CV, & muscular problems.
e.g., gas, mild diarrhea, & muscle cramps.
effect of stimulant
Reduced fatigue
Increased alertness
Increased confidence
Euphoria
exemple of stimulant
Caffeine
Ephedrine
Citrus Aurantium
Proposed Mechanism of caffein for Prolonged Aerobic Endurance Exercise
Increase in fat oxidation through the mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores.
Proposed Mechanism for Improved Anaerobic Performance
During short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
Enhanced power production:
Enhanced excitation-contraction coupling, which affects neuromuscular transmission & mobilization of intracellular calcium ions from the SR.
Efficacy of Caffeine in improving aerobic endurance
cafeine tablet > coffee
how many caffein can wre take before being at Greater risk for side effects
Caffeine intake > 9 mg/kg.
side effect of caffein
Anxiety
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Restlessness
Insomnia
Tremors
Heart arrhythmias
Diuretic
Increases the risk for heat illness
Physically addictive
Withdrawal symptoms
withdrawal symptom of caffein
Headache
Fatigue
Dysphoric mood
Difficulty concentrating
Flu-like somatic symptoms
caffein overdose
Lethal dose
Typically in excess of 5 g of caffeine
About 42 cups of coffee at 120 mg of caffeine per cup
More than twenty-five 200-mg tablets of caffeine
Preworkout Energy Drinks efficacy
Effective for increasing resistance training volume performance.
Not effective with other types of anaerobic exercise including Wingate tests & speed/agility performance.
Improves cardiorespiratory endurance exercise performance.
improve cycling & running performance in trained cyclists & recreationally active individuals who consumed energy drinks containing about 2 mg of caffeine/kg body mass within an hour before exercise,
what is ephedrine
is a β-agonist or sympathomimetic.
is thought to possess a strong thermogenic effect.
is used by athletes to reduce body fat.
is often used as a stacking agent with caffeine.
is believed to increase fat oxidation & spare muscle glycogen.
adverse effect of preworkout
Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for energy drinks.
Most energy drinks contain only moderate amounts of caffeine, typically less than 300 mg.
efficacy of ephedrine
is effective only when it is combined with caffeine:
improves aerobic endurance performance.
side effect of ephedrine
Side Effects
vomiting & nausea with 5 mg/kg caffeine + 1 mg/kg ephedrine, but not with 4 mg/kg caffeine + 0.8 mg/kg ephedrine
side effects for ephedra-containing dietary supplements or ephedrine + caffeine
Nausea
Vomiting
Psychiatric symptoms
Anxiety & mood change
Autonomic hyperactivity
Palpitations
Death.
side effects for ephedra-containing dietary supplements or ephedrine + caffeine
Nausea
Vomiting
Psychiatric symptoms
Anxiety & mood change
Autonomic hyperactivity
Palpitations
Death.
what is citrus aurantium
is from a fruit known as “bitter orange.”
is a mild stimulant.
is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems.
is thought to contribute to:
appetite suppression,
increased metabolic rate, &
lipolysis.
contains synephrine.
what is synephrine
is a sympathomimetic agent.
is thought to stimulate:
β-3 adrenergic receptors
increases lipolysis.
Peripheral -1 adrenergic receptors
results in vasoconstriction & elevations in blood pressure.
