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easyJet LPC/OPC subjects > Performance Based Navigation (PBN), (ppt Jan '18) > Flashcards

Performance Based Navigation (PBN), (ppt Jan '18) Flashcards

Preparing PBN for daily operation or sim detail

1
Q

Which, as EZY pilots, PBN procedures are we allowed to perform?

A
  • RNAV-5
  • RNAV-1
  • RNAV (GNSS) approaches
  • NPA Overlay approaches
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2
Q

What is RNP?

What is RNAV?

What does it mean?

A
  • Required Navigation Performance
  • Area Navigation
  • Specification regarding the above means that one has to fly to the lateral navigation accuracy required. RNP-X, where X nm has to have an accuracy >95% of the time
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3
Q

How is obstacle clearance guaranteed with regards to RNP?

A

e.g. If flying RNAV-5:

The containment area is 2 x 5 Nm = 10 Nm deviation from either side of the RNAV track

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4
Q

Why is it a problem for an RNAV approach to loose GPS or DME/DME updating?

A

“GPS PRIMARY or DME/DME updating available” means that the estimated position error (EPE) will be < 0.3Nm.

If you loose them you can’t guarantee the required accuracy

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5
Q

What does GNSS stand for?

What does it do?

A

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

It is a Global Position System which is compatible with the onboard GPS systems

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6
Q

What does GPS PRIMARY indicate?

A

That there is sufficient GPS/GNSS coverage/validity for the 2 onboard GPS receivers.

It is the primairy means of position determination.

(Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring: RAIM)

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7
Q
  1. What does RNAV-5 mean?
  2. What is a different indication for RNAV-5?
  3. To which part of a flight does it apply?
A
  • Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 5.0 Nm required
  • B-RNAV (Basic RNAV)
  • It’s the EN-ROUTE, above MFA, and some arrivals and departures
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8
Q
  1. What does RNAV-1 mean?
  2. What is a different indication for RNAV-1?
  3. To which part of a flight does it apply?
A
  1. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1.0 Nm required
  2. P-RNAV (Precision RNAV)
  3. Can be used for all flight phases EXCEPT final approach

(ALL EZY A/C’s are RNAV-1 COMPLIANT!)

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9
Q
  1. What does RNP-1 mean?
  2. How does it differ from RNAV-1/P-RNAV?
  3. To which part of a flight does it apply?
A
  1. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) 1.0 Nm required
  2. GNSS and on-board alerting are required (GPS PRIMARY LOST/NAV ACCUR DOWNGRAD) and it may also make use of Radius to Fix (RF) legs
  3. Can be used for all flight phases EXCEPT final approach

(ALL EZY A/C’s are RNP-1 COMPLIANT!)

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10
Q

What is the main advantage of being able to fly RNAV approaches?

A

Greater flexibility to operate to destinations where ground-based NPA aids would preclude a landing

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11
Q

What is standard RNAV-5 airspace?

A

ECAC (European Civil Aviation Converence) airspace > FL95

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12
Q

What are the only items that you may revise in the NAV database with regards to RNAV?

A

Speed and Altitude constraints

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13
Q

What is the maximum acceptable variation for normal navigation?

A
  • Up to 3 degrees is acceptable
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14
Q

If GNSS is required, what should you check is available?

A
  • GPS PRIMARY available and associated RAIM coverage
  • Determine and check/set RNP and confirm NAV ACCUR HIGH
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15
Q

What are the different RNP default values for which location/flight phase?

A

En-route / Outside Terminal or Appr Area / 2.0 Nm Terminal Area / < 15.000’ / 1.0 Nm Approach / < 5 Nm to the first waypoint of the Final Appr / 0.3 Nm (GPS) or 0.5 Nm (others)

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16
Q

Is use of the Flight Director mandatory when flying a RNAV or RNP SID/STAR/Transition?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Is use of the AP mandatory when flying a RNAV or RNP SID’s/STAR/Transition?

A

No

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18
Q

When are you allowed to accept direct routings during SID’s/STAR/Transition?

A

Only if you are above the MFA for that specific flight phase

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19
Q

If the SID chart states GNSS or DME/DME required and you loose GPS, can you continue?

A

Yes, but it is sensible to inform ATC and consider GPS necessity for the continuation of the flight

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20
Q

If a SID chart states that it required RF, RNP 1.0 and GNSS, can we fly the departure?

A

Yes, EZY A/C’s comply with all three elements needed.

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21
Q

What does RF stand for?

A

Radius Fix (all EZY A/C’s are RF compliant)

It are turns based on radial distances from a beacon or fix

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22
Q

In which cases do you need to advise ATC:

“Unable RNAV due equipment, request re-clearance”

and get a new lateral and vertical clearance?

A
  1. NAV ACCUR DOWNGRAD (on MCDU and ND) on both sides
  2. FMS1/FMS2 POS DIFF (on MCDU and ND)
  3. NAV FM/GPS POS DISAGREE (on ECAM)
  4. Map shift
  5. Loss of NAV mode (also causing loss of CLB/DES mode)
  6. Loss of specified navigation source for particular procedure
  7. During RNP-1: XTK on ND >0.5 Nm in RF legs

NOTE: if GPS PRIMARY LOST in case GNSS is NOT required you may continue if NAV ACCURACY is HIGH!!! (due to DME/DME operable for example)

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23
Q

If your destination, only has an RNAV approach available, what must be your consideration with regards to the destination alternate?

A

The destination alternate must at least have an approach based on conventional nav aids and the weather 1 hour prior and after ETA must be at or above the associated minima.

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24
Q

What is the latest point for intercepting the final approach for an RNAV approach procedure?

A

The approach trajectory MUST be laterally and vertically intercepted BEFORE the FAF

25
Q

What is the maximum vertical deviation on an RNAV (GNSS) approach with FINAL APP (VNAV/LNAV)?

A

3/4 index up or down (75ft)

(One dot is 100 ft)

26
Q

How do you fly an RNAV approach if temperature prohibits the managed/managed mode FINAL APP?

A
  • Engage NAV and use FPA for final descent
  • Monitor descent profile (alt/dis) and adjust accordingly (0.1 degree is 100’/Nm)
27
Q

When do you need to discontinue the approach on an RNAV (GNSS) approach?

A

If visual references CANNOT be obtained:

  • GPS PRIMARY LOST on both ND’s (CLIC, CLIC, CLIC)
  • XTK >0.3 Nm
  • NAV FM/GPS POS DISAGREE (on ECAM)
  • NAV ACCUR DOWNGRAD (on BOTH FMGS!!!!!!)

or If flying in FINAL APP:

  • V/DEV > 3/4 DOT (75’)
28
Q

What is an NPA Overlay Approach?

A

A conventional NPA approach (e.g. VOR/DME, NDB/DME) which are flown using RNAV AP/FD modes.

29
Q

What must be available according to NPA SOP’s to fly an NPA Overlay?

A
  • GPS MUST be available
30
Q
  • What are the 2 techniques to fly an NPA Overlay?
A
  • FINAL APP (decelerated approach is standard technique)
  • NAV/FPA (stabilized approach is recommended technique) (check OMB)
31
Q

What must be displayed and checked during a NPA Overlay?

A
  • Raw data (within 5° track deviation)
  • Altitude v.s. distance
32
Q

On a NPA Overlay approach you loose GPS PRIMARY after commencement of the approach.

How do you continue?

A

NAV and FINAL APP can be used to continue the approach (based on database/DME/DME/tuned aids) provided RAW DATA indicates correct navigation

33
Q

On a NPA Overlay approach you get an ECAM: FM/GPS POS DISAGREE?

How do you proceed?

A

Use selected/selected (TRK/FPA or TRK/V/S) to continue the approach

34
Q

During a NPA Overlay you loose raw data and/or you are out of the 5 degrees left/right inbound course. What do you do?

A

Discontinue the approach unless visual references are obtained

35
Q

Down to which MDH/DH is FINAL APP with GPS PRIMARY demonstrated?

A

250 ft barometric

36
Q

What is needed to operate in NAV in the terminal area?

A
  • GPS PRIMARY or
  • HIGH ACCUR is displayed

and appropriate RNP is displayed or enterend on MCDU

  • NAVAID raw data is monitored
37
Q

How are you allowed to fly a single engine, NPA on an A319?

A

Only FD use is permitted It is not permitted to use the AP to perform NPA’s in: FINAL APP, NAV V/S, NAV/FPA

38
Q

What does it mean when you fly something “managed”?

What does it mean when you fly something “selected”?

A
  • Managed means: via the FMGC database (NAV/X or FINAL/APP)
  • Selected means: via pilot input (TRK/HDG, FPA V/S)
39
Q

How are you allowed to fly a single engine, NPA on an A320?

A

In the same ways you fly a normal, 2 engines NPA, AP on

40
Q

What are the 3 components of Performance Based Navigation (PBN)?

A
  1. Navigation Specification
  2. Navigation Infrastructure
  3. Navigation Application
41
Q

What is meant with Navigation Specification?

A

Aircraft and Pilot requirements needed within a defined airspace

42
Q

What is meant with Navigation Application?

A

Application of the Nav Specification and Infrastructure to routes, procedures and airspace

43
Q

What is meant with Navigation Infrastructure?

A

Ground and/or Space based navigation aids

44
Q
A
45
Q

What is the RNP value compared with to establish accuracy?

A
  • The Airbus computes an EPE (Estimated Position Error) which is compared to the RNP value
  • EPE ≤ RNP = Accuracy HIGH
  • EPE ≥ RNP = Accuracy LOW
46
Q

If GPS PRIMARY or DME/DME is available, which EPE value is normally achievable?

A

EPE < 0.3 Nm (accuracy HIGH)

47
Q

What are the most common Navigation Infrastructure components?

A
  • GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
  • IRU (Inertia Reference Unit)
  • DME/DME
48
Q

What elements improve the accuracy of GNSS?

A
  • Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS)

Accurately surveyed ground stations measure signal errors. These corrections are than transmitted to SBAS satellites which then transmit correting signal to the aircraft

  • EGNOS

European version of SBAS with LPV minima. Not currently authorized

  • Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)

Accurately surveyd ground stations measure signal and generate correcting sighnals which are transmitted to receivers in the local area over VHF

  • Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)

System that predicts the availability of RAIM and thus NAV availability

49
Q

If talking about PBN with regards to the enroute segment, what RNAV or RNP values are associated with this part of the flight?

A
  • RNAV 10 and RNP 4 are both utilised in oceanic and remote areas
  • RNAV 2 and RNP 2 can also be used for oceanic and remote areas enroute
  • RNAV 5 (also know as B-RNAV in EU) is the enroute standard
50
Q

What is the difference between RNAV and RNP?

A
  • RNP requires an on-board navigation perfromance monitoring and alerting system,
    e. g. GPS PRIMARY LOST or NAV ACCUR DOWNGRAD
  • RNAV does NOT require a monitoring and alerting function
51
Q

If talking about PBN with regards to the Departure and Arrival segment, what RNAV or RNP values are associated with this part of the flight?

A
  • All arrivals above MFA are RNAV 5, unless otherwise stipulated
  • RNAV 1 and RNP 1 can be used for departures and arrivals below MFA
  • Some Go Arounds require RNAV 1
52
Q

If talking about PBN with regards to the Approach segment, what RNAV or RNP values are associated with this part of the flight?

A
  • RNP APCH require at least navigation specification 0.3 Nm
  • RNAV Visual
53
Q
A
54
Q

What is a 3D approach?

A
  • A 3D approach is any approach flown fully managed (includes ILS)
55
Q

If only LNAV minima available, can you still fly fully managed?

A

Yes but to higher minima

56
Q

What indication on your PFD is caractaristic for a 3D approach?

A

A final approach data-block (brick) will be on display for all 3D approaches (except ILS)

57
Q

What is meant by a 2D approach?

When do we normally expect to fly this?

A
  • An approach flown with selected vertical guidance (including LOC approach).
  • It is generally used if temperature is below limit defined on the chart.
58
Q

When flying a 2D approach due to low temperatures what has to be done with the minima?

A

If the OAT is below limits a correction needs to be applied to:

  • The check altitudes
  • LNAV minima
59
Q
A

easyJet LPC/OPC subjects (5 decks)

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