Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fixed Wing > Performance and Limitations > Flashcards

Performance and Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Empty weight

A

Airframe; engines; all permanently installed equipment; unusable fuel; (oil depending)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Gross weight

A

Max weight allowed of airplane and contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Useful load

A

Pilot; copilot; passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Arm

A

Horizontal distance in inches from reference datum line to CG of item

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Moment

A

Product of weight of item multiplied by arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is CG

A

Point about which aircraft is balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Datum

A

Imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Moment Equation

A

Moment = Weight x Arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What performance characteristics are affected if an aircraft is overloaded

A

i. Higher takeoff speed
ii. Longer takeoff run
iii. Reduced rate and angle of climb
iv. Lower maximum altitude
v. Shorter range
vi. Reduced cruising speed
vii. Reduced maneuverability
viii. Higher stalling speed
ix. Higher landing speed
x. Longer landing roll
xi. Excessive weight on the nosewheel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Forward CG effects have on flight characteristics

A

i. Higher stall speed
ii. Slower cruise speed
iii. More stable
iv. Greater back elevator pressure required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rearward CG effects have on flight characteristics

A

i. Lower stall speed
ii. Higher cruise speed
iii. Less stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Standard weight assumed for
fuel
oil
water

A

i. Gasoline = 6 lbs
ii. Oil 7.5 lbs
iii. Water 8.35 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 dynamic forces

A

lift
weight
thrust
drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

opposing force equal in

A

steady-state, straight and level, unaccelerated flight

true for flying level, climbing, descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an airfoil

A

helps provide lift

ie: wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, propellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define Angle of incidence

A

Angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and chord of wing; fixed and cannot be changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define relative wind

A

Direction of airflow with respect to wing; moves opposite to wing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define Angle of attack

A

Angle between wing chord line and relative wind; can be changed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

High velocity creates low pressure; low velocity creates hight pressure

high pressure seeks low pressure causing lift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What effects lift and weight

A

wing area; shape of the airfoil; angle of attack; air density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is torque effect

A

Newton’s third law; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; internal engine parts and propeller revolve and equal force is trying to rotate the airplane in opposite direction; greatest at low airspeeds with high power settings and high AOA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What effect does torque reaction have ground and flight

A

Ground – left side being forced down; causing left turn; acts on vertical axis
Flight – causes left roll; acts on longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 factors that contribute to torque effect

A

Torque Reaction
Gyroscopic precession
Corkscrewing / spiraling slipstream
P-Factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is torque reaction

A

reaction of engine and propeller; left bank/roll
1. Newton’s third law
2. Engine parts and prop revolve one direction aircraft wants to go other way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is gyroscopic precession
force exerted 90 degrees later
26
what is corkscrewing effect / spiraling slipstream
corkscrewing slipstream; high prop speeds and low forward speed slipstream strikes the vertical tail pushing tail to right yawing plane to left
27
what is p-factor
aka asymmetrical loading high AOA. Downward blade takes bigger bite then upward blade causing a left yaw
28
define centrifugal force
Equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction, acts equal and opposite to horizontal component of lift
29
what is load factor
i. Ratio of total load supported by airplane’s wing to actual weight of the airplane and its contents ii. Important: possible overload iii. Increased stalling speed
30
what situations may load factor be max or exceeded
i. Level turns; turbulence; speed
31
different operational categories
normal utility
32
increase load factor on stalling speed
stalling speed increases
33
define maneuvering speed
Max speed at which the limit load can be imposed without causing structural damage; spped in smooth air that you can move a single flight control one time without risk of damage to the airplane
34
maneuvering speed if increase or decrease in weight
i. Increases if weight increases and decreases if weight decreases
35
s. Loss-of-control-inflight
i. Deviation of aircraft from intended flight path 1. Maneuvering most common 2. Uncoordinated flight 3. Equipment malfunctions 4. Pilot complacency 5. Distraction 6. Turbulence 7. Poor risk management
36
what causes airplane to stall
excessive angle of attack
37
what causes a spin
exceeding critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient rudder or aileron
38
Spins most likely occur during...
i. Engine failure on takeoff during climb out ii. Crossed control turn from base to final iii. Engine failure on approach to landing iv. Go around with full nose up trim v. Go around with improper flap retraction
39
Recover from a Spin
PARE Power to idle Ailerons neutral Rudder full opposite direction Elevator briskly move forward
40
What causes adverse yaw
Downward deflected aileron produces more lift on wing also producing more drag. Drag attempts to pull nose of aircraft
41
Ground Effect
Improved performance by airplane operating near ground air trapped between wing and landing surface creating air cushion
42
Major problems by ground effect
During landing – excess speed during landing may result in significant float distance During takeoff – aircraft might try to lift off before safe airspeed; marginal climb performance
43
Types of drag
Induced Drag Parasite Drag
44
Types of Parasite Drag
non-lifting parts Skin Friction Drag Form Drag Interference Drag
45
What is Form Drag
aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it
46
What is Interference Drag
intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow ie wing to fuselage
47
what is Skin Friction Drag
surface of aircraft
48
what is induced drag
byproduct of lift
49
what are vortices
Whirpool effect caused by air going around aircraft
50
how to avoid wake turbulence
i. Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path ii. Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another aircraft iii. Avoid following another aircraft on a similar flight path at an altitude within 1,000 ft iv. Approach runway above a preceding aircraft’s path when landing behind another aircraft and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway v. If unsure avoid area by 3 minutes
51
how to avoid wake turbulence
i. Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path ii. Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another aircraft iii. Avoid following another aircraft on a similar flight path at an altitude within 1,000 ft iv. Approach runway above a preceding aircraft’s path when landing behind another aircraft and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway v. If unsure avoid area by 3 minutes
52
define static stability
aircraft’s initial response when disturbed
53
define dynamic stability
Aircraft response over time when disturbed
54
define positive, neutral, negative stability
positive aircraft returns to original position negative aircraft moves away from original state neutral aircraft remains in new condition
55
Stability along the 3 axis
Longitudinal stability – Pitch Lateral stability – rolling Directional stability - yaw
56
Main elements of aircraft performance
a. Takeoff and landing distance b. Rate of climb c. Ceiling d. Payload e. Range f. Speed g. Fuel economy h. Maneuverability i. Stability
57
factors affecting performance of an aircraft
a. Air density (DA) b. Surface wind c. Runway surface d. Upslope or downslope of runway e. Weight
58
weight affects take off and landing performance
a. Higher liftoff speed b. Greater mass to accelerate c. Increased retarding force d. Longer takeoff distance
59
define maneuverability and controllability
Maneuverability – quality of an aircraft that permits it to be maneuvered easily and to withstand stress of imposed maneuvers Controllability – capability of an aircraft to respond to the pilot’s control
60
Effect of Increase in DA on T/O and LDGs
a. Increased T/O distance b. Reduced rate of climb c. Increased true airspeed on approach and landing d. Increased landing roll distance
61
What is DA
Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temp DA = PA + 120 * (OAT-ISA) PA = (29.92-altimeter) * 1000 + airport elevation
62
How does Air density affect aircraft performance
a. Lift produced by the wings b. Power output of the engine c. Propeller efficiency d. Drag forces
63
Factors that affect air density
a. Altitude b. Temperature c. Humidity
64
how do Temp, alt, and humidity affect DA
DA increases when high air temp, high altitude, high humidity if they are low it decreases
65
What is Vso
Stall Speed Landing DA 40: 49 Kts
66
What is Vs1
Stall Speed Clean DA 40 - 52 Kts
67
Vy
Best rate of Climb DA-40: 66 Kts
68
Vx
Best angle of Climb DA 40: 64 Kts
69
Vfe
Maximum flap extension speed T/O 108 kts LDG 91 Kts
70
Va
Maneuvering speed 108 Kts
71
Vno
Normal operating speed 129 kts
72
Vne
Never exceed speed 178 Kts
73
Approach to land speed
65 Kts
74
best glide
73 Kts
75
Explain the difference between Best glide speed and minimum sink rate
Best glide – greatest forward distance for a given loss of altitude - 73 Minimum sink speed – maximize time airplane remains in flight
76
Glide in aircraft per 1,000 ft
1.45 prop windmilling 1.7 no prop windmilling
77
define PA
True altitude corrected for no standard pressure used to calculate DA, true airspeed, true altitude, other performance data
78
where are the Fuel vents
under wings
79
weight of oil used
20W50 currently 100 W
80
max oil pressure and temperature
98 psi 245 degrees
81
maximum allowable weight in baggage compartment
100 lbs total
82
low fuel warning appears?
3 gallons or less

Fixed Wing (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions