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Fixed Wing > Performance and Limitations > Flashcards

Performance and Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Empty weight

A

Airframe; engines; all permanently installed equipment; unusable fuel; (oil depending)

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2
Q

What is Gross weight

A

Max weight allowed of airplane and contents

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3
Q

What is Useful load

A

Pilot; copilot; passengers, baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil

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4
Q

What is Arm

A

Horizontal distance in inches from reference datum line to CG of item

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5
Q

What is Moment

A

Product of weight of item multiplied by arm

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6
Q

What is CG

A

Point about which aircraft is balanced

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7
Q

What is Datum

A

Imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken

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8
Q

Moment Equation

A

Moment = Weight x Arm

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9
Q

What performance characteristics are affected if an aircraft is overloaded

A

i. Higher takeoff speed
ii. Longer takeoff run
iii. Reduced rate and angle of climb
iv. Lower maximum altitude
v. Shorter range
vi. Reduced cruising speed
vii. Reduced maneuverability
viii. Higher stalling speed
ix. Higher landing speed
x. Longer landing roll
xi. Excessive weight on the nosewheel

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10
Q

Forward CG effects have on flight characteristics

A

i. Higher stall speed
ii. Slower cruise speed
iii. More stable
iv. Greater back elevator pressure required

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11
Q

Rearward CG effects have on flight characteristics

A

i. Lower stall speed
ii. Higher cruise speed
iii. Less stable

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12
Q

Standard weight assumed for
fuel
oil
water

A

i. Gasoline = 6 lbs
ii. Oil 7.5 lbs
iii. Water 8.35 lbs

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13
Q

4 dynamic forces

A

lift
weight
thrust
drag

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14
Q

opposing force equal in

A

steady-state, straight and level, unaccelerated flight

true for flying level, climbing, descending

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15
Q

what is an airfoil

A

helps provide lift

ie: wings, horizontal tail surfaces, vertical tail surfaces, propellers

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16
Q

define Angle of incidence

A

Angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the airplane and chord of wing; fixed and cannot be changed

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17
Q

define relative wind

A

Direction of airflow with respect to wing; moves opposite to wing

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18
Q

define Angle of attack

A

Angle between wing chord line and relative wind; can be changed

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19
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

High velocity creates low pressure; low velocity creates hight pressure

high pressure seeks low pressure causing lift

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20
Q

What effects lift and weight

A

wing area; shape of the airfoil; angle of attack; air density

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21
Q

what is torque effect

A

Newton’s third law; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; internal engine parts and propeller revolve and equal force is trying to rotate the airplane in opposite direction; greatest at low airspeeds with high power settings and high AOA

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22
Q

What effect does torque reaction have ground and flight

A

Ground – left side being forced down; causing left turn; acts on vertical axis
Flight – causes left roll; acts on longitudinal axis

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23
Q

4 factors that contribute to torque effect

A

Torque Reaction
Gyroscopic precession
Corkscrewing / spiraling slipstream
P-Factor

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24
Q

what is torque reaction

A

reaction of engine and propeller; left bank/roll
1. Newton’s third law
2. Engine parts and prop revolve one direction aircraft wants to go other way

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25
Q

What is gyroscopic precession

A

force exerted 90 degrees later

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26
Q

what is corkscrewing effect / spiraling slipstream

A

corkscrewing slipstream; high prop speeds and low forward speed slipstream strikes the vertical tail pushing tail to right yawing plane to left

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27
Q

what is p-factor

A

aka asymmetrical loading
high AOA. Downward blade takes bigger bite then upward blade causing a left yaw

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28
Q

define centrifugal force

A

Equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction, acts equal and opposite to horizontal component of lift

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29
Q

what is load factor

A

i. Ratio of total load supported by airplane’s wing to actual weight of the airplane and its contents
ii. Important: possible overload
iii. Increased stalling speed

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30
Q

what situations may load factor be max or exceeded

A

i. Level turns; turbulence; speed

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31
Q

different operational categories

A

normal
utility

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32
Q

increase load factor on stalling speed

A

stalling speed increases

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33
Q

define maneuvering speed

A

Max speed at which the limit load can be imposed without causing structural damage; spped in smooth air that you can move a single flight control one time without risk of damage to the airplane

34
Q

maneuvering speed if increase or decrease in weight

A

i. Increases if weight increases and decreases if weight decreases

35
Q

s. Loss-of-control-inflight

A

i. Deviation of aircraft from intended flight path
1. Maneuvering most common
2. Uncoordinated flight
3. Equipment malfunctions
4. Pilot complacency
5. Distraction
6. Turbulence
7. Poor risk management

36
Q

what causes airplane to stall

A

excessive angle of attack

37
Q

what causes a spin

A

exceeding critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient rudder or aileron

38
Q

Spins most likely occur during…

A

i. Engine failure on takeoff during climb out
ii. Crossed control turn from base to final
iii. Engine failure on approach to landing
iv. Go around with full nose up trim
v. Go around with improper flap retraction

39
Q

Recover from a Spin

A

PARE
Power to idle
Ailerons neutral
Rudder full opposite direction
Elevator briskly move forward

40
Q

What causes adverse yaw

A

Downward deflected aileron produces more lift on wing also producing more drag. Drag attempts to pull nose of aircraft

41
Q

Ground Effect

A

Improved performance by airplane operating near ground

air trapped between wing and landing surface creating air cushion

42
Q

Major problems by ground effect

A

During landing – excess speed during landing may result in significant float distance
During takeoff – aircraft might try to lift off before safe airspeed; marginal climb performance

43
Q

Types of drag

A

Induced Drag
Parasite Drag

44
Q

Types of Parasite Drag

A

non-lifting parts

Skin Friction Drag
Form Drag
Interference Drag

45
Q

What is Form Drag

A

aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it

46
Q

What is Interference Drag

A

intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow ie wing to fuselage

47
Q

what is Skin Friction Drag

A

surface of aircraft

48
Q

what is induced drag

A

byproduct of lift

49
Q

what are vortices

A

Whirpool effect caused by air going around aircraft

50
Q

how to avoid wake turbulence

A

i. Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path
ii. Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another aircraft
iii. Avoid following another aircraft on a similar flight path at an altitude within 1,000 ft
iv. Approach runway above a preceding aircraft’s path when landing behind another aircraft and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway
v. If unsure avoid area by 3 minutes

51
Q

how to avoid wake turbulence

A

i. Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path
ii. Rotate prior to the point at which the preceding aircraft rotated when taking off behind another aircraft
iii. Avoid following another aircraft on a similar flight path at an altitude within 1,000 ft
iv. Approach runway above a preceding aircraft’s path when landing behind another aircraft and touch down after the point at which the other aircraft wheels contacted the runway
v. If unsure avoid area by 3 minutes

52
Q

define static stability

A

aircraft’s initial response when disturbed

53
Q

define dynamic stability

A

Aircraft response over time when disturbed

54
Q

define positive, neutral, negative stability

A

positive aircraft returns to original position
negative aircraft moves away from original state
neutral aircraft remains in new condition

55
Q

Stability along the 3 axis

A

Longitudinal stability – Pitch
Lateral stability – rolling
Directional stability - yaw

56
Q

Main elements of aircraft performance

A

a. Takeoff and landing distance
b. Rate of climb
c. Ceiling
d. Payload
e. Range
f. Speed
g. Fuel economy
h. Maneuverability
i. Stability

57
Q

factors affecting performance of an aircraft

A

a. Air density (DA)
b. Surface wind
c. Runway surface
d. Upslope or downslope of runway
e. Weight

58
Q

weight affects take off and landing performance

A

a. Higher liftoff speed
b. Greater mass to accelerate
c. Increased retarding force
d. Longer takeoff distance

59
Q

define maneuverability and controllability

A

Maneuverability – quality of an aircraft that permits it to be maneuvered easily and to withstand stress of imposed maneuvers

Controllability – capability of an aircraft to respond to the pilot’s control

60
Q

Effect of Increase in DA on T/O and LDGs

A

a. Increased T/O distance
b. Reduced rate of climb
c. Increased true airspeed on approach and landing
d. Increased landing roll distance

61
Q

What is DA

A

Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temp

DA = PA + 120 * (OAT-ISA)

PA = (29.92-altimeter) * 1000 + airport elevation

62
Q

How does Air density affect aircraft performance

A

a. Lift produced by the wings
b. Power output of the engine
c. Propeller efficiency
d. Drag forces

63
Q

Factors that affect air density

A

a. Altitude
b. Temperature
c. Humidity

64
Q

how do Temp, alt, and humidity affect DA

A

DA increases when high air temp, high altitude, high humidity if they are low it decreases

65
Q

What is Vso

A

Stall Speed Landing
DA 40: 49 Kts

66
Q

What is Vs1

A

Stall Speed Clean
DA 40 - 52 Kts

67
Q

Vy

A

Best rate of Climb

DA-40: 66 Kts

68
Q

Vx

A

Best angle of Climb

DA 40: 64 Kts

69
Q

Vfe

A

Maximum flap extension speed

T/O 108 kts
LDG 91 Kts

70
Q

Va

A

Maneuvering speed

108 Kts

71
Q

Vno

A

Normal operating speed

129 kts

72
Q

Vne

A

Never exceed speed

178 Kts

73
Q

Approach to land speed

A

65 Kts

74
Q

best glide

A

73 Kts

75
Q

Explain the difference between Best glide speed and minimum sink rate

A

Best glide – greatest forward distance for a given loss of altitude - 73

Minimum sink speed – maximize time airplane remains in flight

76
Q

Glide in aircraft per 1,000 ft

A

1.45 prop windmilling
1.7 no prop windmilling

77
Q

define PA

A

True altitude corrected for no standard pressure

used to calculate DA, true airspeed, true altitude, other performance data

78
Q

where are the Fuel vents

A

under wings

79
Q

weight of oil used

A

20W50

currently 100 W

80
Q

max oil pressure and temperature

A

98 psi

245 degrees

81
Q

maximum allowable weight in baggage compartment

A

100 lbs total

82
Q

low fuel warning appears?

A

3 gallons or less

Fixed Wing (11 decks)

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