Performance Flashcards
Rep Ranges and Purpose
Power: 1-5
Strength: 2-8
Hypertrophy: 8-15
Endurance: 15-20
Types of Periodization
Linear/Classic
Non-linear/undulating
Block
Linear Periodization
Planning based on time phrases: macro cycle (12 month), mesocycle (3-4 months), micro cycle (1-4 weeks). Work on skills in stepwise fashion. Each phase usually only works on one training parameter.
Non-linear Periodization
Volume and load are altered more frequently (daily, weekly, biweekly) to allow the neuromuscular system longer periods of recovery as lighter loads are performed more often. Several training parameters can be addressed at the same time.
Block Periodization
Highly concentrated, specialized workloads. Each step has a large volume focused on specific training abilities to maximize adaptation. If something like endurance isn’t need for the sport then it isn’t done. the blocks are usually 2-4 weeks (usually longer for linear/non-linear).
Phases:
1. Accumulation: Builds work capacity
2. Transmutation: Specific exercises with greater loads, 75-90% 1 RM
3. Realization: Even more specific movements than transmutation with loads 90% of 1RM or greater
What factors are correlated with increases in force production.
The mechanism proposed for this increase in force as a result of strength work has been attributed to increased muscle cross-sectional area and changes in neural drive (neural recruitment and firing rates)
Phases of plyometrics
Eccentric Pre-Stretch: stretches the muscle spindle of the muscle-tendon unit and non-contractile tissue within the muscle (parallel and serial elastic components)
Amortization: From eccentric pre-stretch to concentric portion. Time delay between overcoming negative work to generating force production and elastic recoil. The short the phase the more effective and powerful the movement. Longer phase = wasted energy and stretch reflex not activated.
Concentric: Facilitation of the power.
The Elftman proposal
Simply states the force production of muscle is eccentric creates the most force, then isometric, then concentric. Concentric muscle contractions are the weakest of the 3 modes. Eccentric generates 10-40 percent more force than concentric contractions.
What phase of plyometrics generates the most force?
Concentric. Because of the pre-stretch and short amortization phase. Usually concentric is weakness.
Why does eccentric muscle action generate more force?
- Cross bridges are broken down more slowly and thy is allows for a greater number of cross-bridges to be formed
- Passive tension: while being lengthened it puts a stretch on the muscle fibers and elastic components and this passive tension can contribute to force production
- They’ve been shown to recruit more fast-twitch fibers and more motor units
How long does DOMS last/resolve
Within 7-10 days
Order of muscle fiber recruitment
1.Slow twitch recruited at submaximal intensities.
2. Fast twitch IIa fibers rectuired from 30-80 intensity
3. Fast twitch IIa and IIb fibers both recruited around 70-80%
How can you recruit fast twitch fibers? Why is it important?
- Maximum intensity effort
- E-Stim
- Fast movements
RTC biopsies showed these muscles are 55-60 percent FT fibers and have shown that patients with RTC injuries are most effected in FT fibers.
Muscle spindle role
Primary role is to detect changes in muscle length and rate of change. When it is stretched there is increase in afferent nerve firing. The strength of the signal is dependent on rate of stretch (faster=stronger). The stronger the signal, the greater the efferent muscle contraction.
Role of the GTO
Located in the tendon near the attached to muscle fibers. It detects tension/force to provide information about the strength of a muscle contraction. It can regulate muscle tension and provide a “reverse stretch reflex” where the muscle is relaxed to prevent over contraction. Plyometric training tries to desensitize this.
Most important considerations for plyometrics
- Needs to be done at 80-100% MVC
- Rate of stretch more important than length of stretch
- If quality deteriorates, fatigue is being experienced and need to stop set
- More rest time
Recommended contacts for beginner, intermediate, and advanced with low-intensity, moderate, and high intensity plyometrics?
Beginner: Low 80-100, moderate 60, high 40
Intermediate: Low 100-150, moderate 80-100, high 60-80
Advanced: Low 140-200, moderate 100-120, high 80-100
For moderate you want to do warm up of 40-100 warm up low intensity jumps
For high intensity you want to do warm up of 60-120 low intensity jumps
Sprint speed and plyometrics
Plyometrics increases sprint speed but when you combine it with weight training there doesn’t seem to be added benefit for the weight training. Is beneficial for the first 10-40 meters (no research showing beyond 40 m)
Requirements for LE plyometrics
- No pain, swelling, ROM loss
- Single leg balance (eyes open/closed 30 seconds)
- No pain with single leg half squat
- Squat 1.5-2.5 body weight
- Squat 60% body weight 5 times within 5 seconds
UE Plyometric Recommendations
- 5-10 reps/set
- 1-3 sets per exercise
- 2x/week
- 60 sec rest
- Minimum 6 different exercises
Plyometrics: General Contraindications
- Cartilage/ligament injuries
- Arthritis
- Bone bruises/tendon injuries not fully healed
Phases of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
- Alarm/Reaction Phase: athlete experiences stiffness, soreness, or a small drop in performance from fatigue immediately after training session
- Resistance phase: body responds to the stress by adapting to the new stress with less soreness, stiffness, and tolerance to activity, and improved performance
- Exhaustion: occurs if the stressor goes on longer than the organism can adapt and athlete may experience staleness in training or deal with symptoms of overtraining
Are Olympic lifts safe for youth athletes?
These are safe as long they have the coordination and skill to perform properly
Are plyometrics safe for youth?
The contention that plyometric training is unsafe or that you need a predetermined amount of strength is not supported by research. They have been found to improve performance and decrease sport-related injuries.