Perfectionism 1

Question 1

why is perfectionist needed in sport

Answer 1

often needed for victory

tangible for elite athletes

Question 2

define perfectionism

Answer 2

high standards of performance which are accompanied by tendencies for overly critical evaluations of ones own behaviour (Frost et al 1990)

Question 3

early research suggestions about perfectionism

Answer 3

its unidimensional (i.ê total perfectionism score)

Question 4

what does more recent research suggest

Answer 4

perfectionism is multidimensional

multiple contributing factors

Question 5

advantage of conceptualising perfectionism as multidimensional

Answer 5

allows for fuller account of various manifestations, consequences, and allows us to intervene more effectively

Question 6

two distinct dimensions

Answer 6

Perfectionistic strivings

perfectionistic concerns

Question 7

who came up w two dimensions

Answer 7

Gotwals et al 2012

Question 8

define PS

Answer 8

aspects of perfectionism associated with self oriented striving for perfection and the setting of very high personal standards

Question 9

define PC

Answer 9

aspects of perfectionism associated with concern over making mistakes, fear of negative social evaluation, feelings of discrepancy between ones expectations and performance, and negative reactions to imperfection

Question 10

Define trait

Answer 10

McAdams and Pals 2006

broad dimensions of individual differences between people, accounting for inter individual consistency and continuity in behaviours, thoughts, and feelings across situations and over time

Question 11

define disposition

Answer 11

an adaptation to ones character that is bound or contextualised in time, place, and or social role

Question 12

two perfectionism arguments

Answer 12

Perfectionism is best considered trait like (Hill2016)

perfectionism is best considered a disposition and domain specific (Stoeber 2018)

Question 13

Hill 2016 3 points

Answer 13

research examining domain specific perfectionism has found a tendency to exhibit perfectionism in other domains

Most people who report being perfectionistic identify multiple domains in which they are, rather than only one

Twin studies show variability in perfectionism can be attributed to common genetic factors up to 42%

Question 14

Stoeber 2018 3 points

Answer 14

Theoretical models of perfectionism suggest it is more likely learned in early experiences, particularly in respond to parental behaviours

People who report they are perfectionistic in all domains are rare, usually very limited

Longitudinal studies show changes in perfectionism over relatively short periods which is unlikely if perfectionism is a trait

Question 15

who moved the debate on perfectionism forwards

Answer 15

Franche and Gaudreau (2016)

Question 16

Franche and Gaudreau 2016

Answer 16

argue perfectionism is best studies as a multi level characteristic that varies between and within people

argue consistent inconsistency can denote personality the same way as consistency

perfectionism in some domain but absence in others signals that it is unlikely a bound disposition

Question 17

3 cases against healthy perfectionism

Answer 17

Hill et al 2019: suggests there is little empirical basis for existence of healthy perfectionists

3 issues:
Do types of perfectionists exist
Is it advisable to label a trait in a way that presumes it’s effects
Whether dimensions of perfectionism are being confused with types of perfectionism

Question 18

arguments for do types of perfectionist exist

Answer 18

evidence on this is questionable (Hill and Magidan 2017)

evidence supports that perfectionism is continuum based (Bromen-Fulks, Hill and Green 2008)

If there are no perfectionists, there can’t be any healthy or unhealthy ones

Question 19

Arguments about should a trait be labelled and it’s effects presumed

Answer 19

Evidence against the use of term healthy for perfectionism (Gaudreau 2013)
Is perfectionism healthy for everyone under all circumstances all of the time?

Black and white approach takes attention away from situational and personal factors

Question 20

arguments about are dimensions being confused with types

Answer 20

Usually, only PS are examined when advocating notion of healthy perfectionists

PS is only one part of the two factor model

PC cannot be ignored when the intention is to understand perfectionism consequences

Question 21

most common approach to studying perfectionism

Answer 21

independent effects approach

partialling

Question 22

two forms of independent effects approach

Answer 22

unpartialled manner: correlation between dimensions not considered

partialled manner: relationship between dimensions is controlled in analyses

Question 23

arguments for when partialling could be useful

Answer 23

Allows determination for whether effect is unique to PS or PC or whether it’s common to both

Question 24

arguments for when partialling may not be useful

Answer 24

PS and PC are often related and therefore there unique effects may be difficult to interpret