Perfectionism 1 Flashcards
why is perfectionist needed in sport
often needed for victory
tangible for elite athletes
define perfectionism
high standards of performance which are accompanied by tendencies for overly critical evaluations of ones own behaviour (Frost et al 1990)
early research suggestions about perfectionism
its unidimensional (i.ê total perfectionism score)
what does more recent research suggest
perfectionism is multidimensional
multiple contributing factors
advantage of conceptualising perfectionism as multidimensional
allows for fuller account of various manifestations, consequences, and allows us to intervene more effectively
two distinct dimensions
Perfectionistic strivings
perfectionistic concerns
who came up w two dimensions
Gotwals et al 2012
define PS
aspects of perfectionism associated with self oriented striving for perfection and the setting of very high personal standards
define PC
aspects of perfectionism associated with concern over making mistakes, fear of negative social evaluation, feelings of discrepancy between ones expectations and performance, and negative reactions to imperfection
Define trait
McAdams and Pals 2006
broad dimensions of individual differences between people, accounting for inter individual consistency and continuity in behaviours, thoughts, and feelings across situations and over time
define disposition
an adaptation to ones character that is bound or contextualised in time, place, and or social role
two perfectionism arguments
Perfectionism is best considered trait like (Hill2016)
perfectionism is best considered a disposition and domain specific (Stoeber 2018)
Hill 2016 3 points
research examining domain specific perfectionism has found a tendency to exhibit perfectionism in other domains
Most people who report being perfectionistic identify multiple domains in which they are, rather than only one
Twin studies show variability in perfectionism can be attributed to common genetic factors up to 42%
Stoeber 2018 3 points
Theoretical models of perfectionism suggest it is more likely learned in early experiences, particularly in respond to parental behaviours
People who report they are perfectionistic in all domains are rare, usually very limited
Longitudinal studies show changes in perfectionism over relatively short periods which is unlikely if perfectionism is a trait
who moved the debate on perfectionism forwards
Franche and Gaudreau (2016)
Franche and Gaudreau 2016
argue perfectionism is best studies as a multi level characteristic that varies between and within people
argue consistent inconsistency can denote personality the same way as consistency
perfectionism in some domain but absence in others signals that it is unlikely a bound disposition
3 cases against healthy perfectionism
Hill et al 2019: suggests there is little empirical basis for existence of healthy perfectionists
3 issues:
Do types of perfectionists exist
Is it advisable to label a trait in a way that presumes it’s effects
Whether dimensions of perfectionism are being confused with types of perfectionism
arguments for do types of perfectionist exist
evidence on this is questionable (Hill and Magidan 2017)
evidence supports that perfectionism is continuum based (Bromen-Fulks, Hill and Green 2008)
If there are no perfectionists, there can’t be any healthy or unhealthy ones
Arguments about should a trait be labelled and it’s effects presumed
Evidence against the use of term healthy for perfectionism (Gaudreau 2013)
Is perfectionism healthy for everyone under all circumstances all of the time?
Black and white approach takes attention away from situational and personal factors
arguments about are dimensions being confused with types
Usually, only PS are examined when advocating notion of healthy perfectionists
PS is only one part of the two factor model
PC cannot be ignored when the intention is to understand perfectionism consequences
most common approach to studying perfectionism
independent effects approach
partialling
two forms of independent effects approach
unpartialled manner: correlation between dimensions not considered
partialled manner: relationship between dimensions is controlled in analyses
arguments for when partialling could be useful
Allows determination for whether effect is unique to PS or PC or whether it’s common to both
arguments for when partialling may not be useful
PS and PC are often related and therefore there unique effects may be difficult to interpret
