perfect week1 Flashcards
Rick is using regression analysis with hours worked and revenue to estimate supplies expense. What type of analytic is this?
Options:
A. Prescriptive
B. Descriptive
C. Predictive
D. Diagnostic
【C】
Rick 使用工作時數和收入的回歸分析來估計耗材費用。這是什麼類型的分析?
A. Prescriptive Analytic (規定性分析)
規定性分析是指根據先進的分析方法和工具,建議或推薦應採取的行動,以達到所需的目標。
B. Descriptive Analytic (描述性分析)
描述性分析是指分析過去的數據,以描述發生了什麼。
例子:
銷售報告中,描述性分析可以展示不同產品在不同時間段的銷售額,以了解過去的銷售趨勢。
C. Predictive Analytic (預測性分析)
預測性分析是指使用歷史數據來預測未來的結果或趨勢。
D. Diagnostic Analytic (診斷性分析)
診斷性分析是指分析數據以解釋為什麼某些事情發生。
例子:
生產管理中,診斷性分析可以用來找出產品質量問題的根本原因,例如識別生產過程中哪個環節出了問題。
The sample size of a test of controls varies inversely with:
1.expected population deviation rate
2.tolerable rate.
- 成正比
- 成反比
答案選2
Which of the following is not an audit procedure for litigation, claims, and assessments?
A. Obtain from management a description and evaluation of existing litigation, claims, and assessments.
B. Inquire and discuss with management the controls for identifying, evaluating, and accounting for litigation, claims, and assessments.
C. Obtain assurance from management that all unasserted claims probable of assertion and requiring disclosure have been disclosed.
D. Confirm directly with the client’s lawyer that all claims are recorded in the financial statements.
正确答案:D. 直接与客户的律师确认所有索赔都记录在财务报表中
审计员不直接与客户的律师确认所有索赔都已记录在财务报表中。这项责任由管理层承担。法律函件用于从外部获得管理层所提供信息的佐证。
C.从管理部门获得保证,所有可能提出并需要披露的未提出的索赔都已披露:这是一项标准审计程序。
最終責任在於管理層而非律師。審計師不能僅僅依賴律師的回覆,還需要從管理層獲得確認,以確保所有必要的披露都已包括在內。
At the peak of a business cycle, which of the following conditions is most true?
A.The overall price level is likely to be falling.
B.Capacity constraints and labor shortages are likely to put upward pressure on the overall price level.
C.There is likely to be an excess supply of labor and business inventories are likely to be high.
D.Output (GDP) tends to be below the potential level of output.
【B】
經濟環境的階段可以簡單地描述如下:
- 繁榮期:經濟好轉,生產增加,就業率高,物價上漲。
- 衰退期:經濟放緩,生產減少,就業率下降,物價下降或增速放緩。
- 蕭條期:嚴重衰退,失業率高,生產急劇下降,物價可能急速上漲。
- 復甦期:經濟開始復蘇,生產增加,就業率回升,物價穩定或通脹放緩。
PCAOB has established risk assessment standards for issuer audits. Which of the following is not a financial statement assertion as recognized by PCAOB standards?
A.Cutoff. B.Disclosure. C.Occurrence. D.Presentation.
选择 “A “是正确的。截止不是 PCAOB 准则认可的财务报表断言。
PCAOB 准则包括 “存在或发生”、”完整性”、”估值或分配”、”权利和义务 “以及 “列报和披露 “等断言。 Existence or Occurrence, Completeness, Valuation or Allocation, Rights and Obligations, and Presentation and Disclosure
存在或发生 “和 “完整性 “断言将涵盖截止测试。
Which issue is most likely a significant internal control deficiency to be communicated to management and governance?
A. Management plans to reduce ownership equity.
B. Evidence of lack of objectivity in accounting decisions.
C. Recurring operating losses indicating going concern problems.
D. Failure to renegotiate unfavorable long-term purchase commitments.
Explanation:
Correct Answer: B
如果在會計決策中缺乏客觀性,這表明公司可能存在管理層凌駕於控制之上的問題,或者內部控制系統中的不公正性或不一致性。這可能導致財務報告不可靠、數據失真等情況,對財務報表使用者造成誤導。因此,這種情況下,通常會認為是重大的內部控制缺陷,需要向管理層和治理層進行溝通。
A: 管理層計劃減少所有者權益可能涉及向股東派發股息、回購股份等行為,這通常是公司資本結構調整的部分,而不是內部控制缺陷
C: 經常性的經營虧損表明公司可能面臨持續經營能力的問題。
D: 未能重新談判不利的長期購買承諾屬於管理層的經營決策問題,這與如何管理供應鏈、合同條款和市場風險有關。
The primary evidence regarding year-end cash balances in the financial statements is documented in the:
A.Standard bank confirmations.
B.Bank reconciliations.
C.Bank deposit lead schedule.
D.Interbank transfer schedule.
【B】
尽管选择A(标准银行确认)提供了独立的银行余额信息,但选择B(银行对账单)才是包含了所有必要调整的文件,能够提供更全面和准确的年终现金余额的证据。这就是为什么选择B是正确的答案。
An auditor tests credit approval in sales transactions. This primarily supports which financial statement assertion(s)?
Options:
A. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - No
B. Rights and Obligations - Yes, Allocation and Valuation - No
C. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - Yes
D. Rights and Obligations - Yes, Allocation and Valuation - Yes
C. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - Yes
Explanation:
By ensuring credit approval before shipping goods, the auditor tests the assertion that accounts receivable are collectible (allocation and valuation). This does not support rights and obligations.
When is a control deficiency considered a material weakness?
Options:
A. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - More than inconsequential
B. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - Material
C. Likelihood - Probable, Magnitude - Material
D. Likelihood - Probable, Magnitude - More than inconsequential
Correct Answer:
B. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - Material
Explanation:
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, where there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected/corrected.
舉例:
假設有一家公司,該公司沒有一個有效的內部控制系統來審查和核對所有大額交易。這意味著如果某個員工故意或無意地記錄了一筆虛假的大額交易,這筆錯報可能不會被及時發現和糾正。
具體情況:
可能性 - 合理(Reasonable):
這意味著錯報有合理的可能性會發生。即使錯報不是肯定會發生,但由於缺乏有效的控制措施,錯報發生的風險是存在的。例如,由於缺乏對大額交易的審查,發生錯報的可能性是合理的。
規模 - 重大(Material):
這意味著如果錯報發生,其影響會是重大的,可能會影響財務報表的使用者做出錯誤的決策。例如,如果虛假的大額交易沒有被發現,它可能會嚴重影響公司的財務狀況,導致財務報表不準確。
Question:
An accountant compiling a financial projection most likely informs the client that:
A. The engagement does not evaluate the support for the assumptions.
B. The projection omits hypothetical assumptions and presents the most likely financial position.
C. The projection cannot be included with audited financial statements.
D. The accountant’s responsibility to update the projection is limited to one year.
Correct Answer:
A. The engagement does not evaluate the support for the assumptions.
Explanation:
A 是正确的,因为汇编业务不包括对假设的评估。
B 不正确,因为预测包括假设。
C 不正确,因为只要包含汇编报告,预测就可以与已审计财务报表一起包含。
D 不正确,因为更新预测是管理层的责任,而不是会计师的责任。
Question:
The auditor provides an opinion on:
A. The entity’s financial statements and internal control effectiveness.
B. The audit committee’s oversight.
C. The audit committee’s effectiveness.
D. The board’s oversight.
【A】
Explanation:
A is correct because the auditor provides an opinion on the financial statements and internal control effectiveness.
B is incorrect because the auditor is not required to provide an opinion on the audit committee’s oversight.
C is incorrect because the auditor does not provide an opinion on the audit committee’s effectiveness, though they report to the board if oversight is ineffective.
D is incorrect because the auditor does not provide an opinion on the board’s oversight.
Question:
For agreed-upon procedures engagements, quality control policies should ensure:
A. The report’s use is unrestricted.
B. The firm is responsible for the sufficiency of procedures.
C. The practitioner is independent from the client and other parties.
D. The practitioner sets the criteria for findings.
解释:
A 不正确,因为报告的使用可能会也可能不会受到限制。
B 不正确,因为聘用方对程序的充分性负责。
C 正确,因为独立于客户和其他特定方是必要条件。
D 不正确,因为结论的标准由执业者和参与方共同确定。
What is the most efficient way for an auditor to obtain information about the trust department’s internal controls to determine if a reduction in the assessed level of control risk is appropriate?
A. Rely on a SOC 1® Type 2 report from the trust department’s auditor.
B. Perform tests of controls on a sample of the client’s transactions with the trust department.
C. Ask the trust department’s management to complete a questionnaire about internal controls and provide flowcharts.
D. Rely on a SOC 1® Type 1 report from the trust department’s auditor.
A 是正确的,因为 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告为信托部门内部控制的设计、实施和运行效果提供了保证,因此是最有效的方法。
B 不正确,因为与 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告相比,它的效率较低。
C 不正确,因为信託部門管理層提供的信息缺乏獨立性,不能充分證明內部控制的設計和運行效果是否有效。它的效率也低于 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告。
D 不正确,因为 SOC 1® 类型 1 报告不能保证控制的运行有效性,因此不能用于降低控制风险评估。
When engaged to audit a nonissuer’s internal control, an auditor should:
B. Keep informed of events subsequent to the date of the report that might have affected the accountant’s opinion.
D. Obtain management’s written assessment regarding whether the company has maintained effective internal control.
【D】
選項B:保持對報告日期後可能影響會計師意見的事件的了解
責任範圍:選項B提到會計師需要對報告日期之後的事件保持關注,但實際上,會計師在內部控制審計中並沒有責任評估隨後事件的影響。
內部控制報告:內部控制報告通常明確指出,將內部控制評估投射到未來期間是不適當的,因為未來的事件和狀況可能會影響控制的有效性。
錯誤:因此,選項B是錯誤的,因為它不符合會計師在內部控制審計中的職責和範圍。
選項D:獲取管理層對公司是否維持了有效內部控制的書面評估
審計程序:選項D強調會計師應該獲取管理層對內部控制有效性的書面評估。這是審計內部控制的一個關鍵步驟。
證據要求:管理層的書面評估為會計師提供了評估內部控制有效性的基礎,並有助於會計師形成意見。
正確:選項D是正確的,因為它符合審計內部控制的標準做法。
When a user auditor uses a SOC 1® Type 2 report to reduce control risk, which of the following is NOT required?
A. The service auditor is competent and independent.
B. The tests of controls are relevant to the user entity’s financial statements.
C. Relevant complementary controls have been evaluated.
D. Reperformance of the tests of controls by the user auditor.
Explanation:
A is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure the service auditor is competent and independent.
B is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure the tests of controls are relevant to the financial statements.
C is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure that relevant complementary controls have been evaluated.
D is correct because the user auditor can rely on the SOC 1® Type 2 report without reperformance of the tests.
Which of the following activities is an accountant not responsible for in review engagements performed in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services?
A.Remaining independent.
B.Performing basic analytical procedures.
C.Providing a form of limited assurance.
D.Developing an understanding of internal control.
[D]
accountant determined that modification of the compilation report is not adequate to communicate the misstatements.
Under these circumstances, the accountant should:
1.withdraw
2.disclaim
[1]
compilation provide no opinion
Each page of a nonissuer’s financial statements reviewed by an accountant should include the following reference:
A. Reviewed, No Material Modifications Required.
B. See Accompanying Accountant’s Footnotes.
C. See Independent Accountant’s Review Report.
D. Reviewed, No Accountant’s Assurance Expressed.
[C]
An auditor generally tests the segregation of duties related to inventory by:
A.Test counts and cutoff procedures.
B.Personal inquiry and observation.
C. Analytical procedures and invoice recomputation.
D. Document inspection and reconciliation.
【B】
測試內部控制:職責分離(Segregation of duties)是一種內部控制措施,用於確保不同的人員負責不同的業務流程,以防止欺詐或錯誤。這類控制通常不會留下書面記錄。
直接觀察和詢問:審計師通過詢問相關人員和直接觀察業務流程來測試這些控制。例如,審計師可以觀察倉庫管理人員和會計人員是否是不同的人,從而確認職責分離的實施情況。
Which of the following procedures would provide the most reliable audit evidence?
A. Inspection of bank statements obtained directly from the client’s financial institution.
C. Inquiries of the client’s internal audit staff held in private.
[A]
A. 检查直接从客户金融机构获得的银行对账单。
C. 检查应付款凭单部门存档的预先编号的客户定购单。
What is the auditor’s primary purpose in performing a retrospective review of management’s significant accounting estimates reflected in the prior year financial statements of a nonissuer?
C.To indicate whether a significant deficiency existed
D.To indicate whether a bias by management existed
【D】?
回顧審查涉及檢查前一年的會計估計以及它們如何反映在財務報表中,這可能揭示管理層的估計是否適當。如果發現估計不合適,這可能表明管理層在進行這些估計時存在偏見。這對審計師來說非常重要,因為這種偏見可能會影響財務報表的公允性和準確性。
Which of the following steps should be performed first in applying analytical procedures?
A. Determine whether the difference between the expectation and the recorded amount is reasonable.
B. Investigate and evaluate significant differences from the expectation.
C. Develop an expectation of a balance or ratio by using relationships that are expected to exist.
D. Compare the client’s recorded balance or ratio with the expectation.
【C】
在應用分析程序時,步驟的順序和過程如下:
發展預期(Develop an expectation):
將客戶記錄的餘額或比率與預期進行比較(Compare the client’s recorded balance or ratio with the expectation):
調查並評估顯著差異(Investigate and evaluate significant differences from the expectation):
確定預期與記錄數額之間的差異是否合理(Determine whether the difference between the expectation and the recorded amount is reasonable):
In assessing control risk, an auditor ordinarily selects from a variety of techniques, including:
A.Verification.
B.Confirmation.
C.Analytical procedures.
D.Reperformance.
Choice “D” is correct. Reperformance of a control by the auditor is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the operation of that control.
Choices “B”, “A”, and “C” are incorrect. Confirmation, verification, and analytical procedures are substantive procedures.
The standard that an auditor should be independent of mind and appearance in providing audits is included in the Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standard ethics principle of:
A. Objectivity. B. Integrity.
【A】
總結區分
客觀性 (Objectivity):專注於審計師在進行審計時的獨立性和公正性,避免任何可能影響判斷的利益衝突。
例如:審計師拒絕接受被審計公司的禮物,以保持外觀上的獨立性。
誠信 (Integrity):強調道德上的誠實和保持事實基礎的客觀態度,不受外部壓力或個人偏見影響。
例如:即使揭露錯誤或欺詐行為會對被審計公司造成負面影響,審計師也應如實報告他的發現。
When selecting a population of disclosures to review, the SEC will likely place the lowest priority on an issuer that has:
A. Recently reissued its financial statements.
B. Common stock that is considered small cap.
C. A relatively volatile stock price.
D. A large impact on the banking sector of the economy.
【B】
這道題目是關於美國證券交易委員會(SEC)在選擇要審查的披露文件時,會將哪些因素作為優先考量。題目要求選出 SEC 最不可能優先考慮的因素。以下是對各個選項的分析:
A. Recently reissued its financial statements.
- 分析:重新發布財務報表通常是個警告信號,可能表明之前的報表存在錯誤或其他問題。這會引起 SEC 的注意,因為這樣的公司可能存在潛在風險,需要進一步審查。
B. Common stock that is considered small cap.
- 分析:小市值股票(Small Cap)指的是市值較小的公司。這些公司通常風險較低,因為它們的影響力相對較小。與大市值公司相比,SEC 可能會對這些公司給予較低的審查優先級。這是因為小市值股票的影響範圍和潛在風險相對較小。
C. A relatively volatile stock price.
- 分析:股價波動性大的公司通常被認為風險較高。SEC 更有可能選擇這些公司進行審查,因為股價的劇烈波動可能暗示著潛在的內部問題或市場操縱等風險。
D. A large impact on the banking sector of the economy.
- 分析:對銀行業等重要經濟部門有重大影響的公司,通常會引起 SEC 的關注。這些公司的問題可能會對整個經濟產生連鎖反應,因此 SEC 會優先審查這些公司,以確保它們的披露信息是準確和完整的
正確答案:B
Question: Hart, CPA, is reviewing Kell Co.’s Year 2 financial statements and previously issued a qualified opinion for Year 1 due to a scope limitation. A separate paragraph should indicate the:
A.Restriction on report distribution.
B.Reasons for the prior qualified opinion.
C.Reason for changing from an audit to a review.
D.Consistency of accounting principles between Year 1 and Year 2.
【B】
Explanation:
Choice “B” is correct: The separate paragraph should outline the substantive reasons for the prior year’s qualified opinion due to the scope limitation in the audit report.
Choice “A” is incorrect: A review report is not generally restricted in its use.
Choice “C” is incorrect: Explaining the change from an audit to a review is not required.
Choice “D” is incorrect: Consistency of accounting principles is only mentioned if there is a lack of consistency.
Question: An accountant compiled the financial statements of a nonissuer and has an ownership interest in the entity. Which statement is correct?
A.Include “I am not independent with respect to the entity” in the report.
B.Refuse the compilation engagement.
C.No report needed for a nonissuer compilation.
D.Include “I am an owner of the entity” in the report.
【A】
Explanation:
Choice “A” is correct: An ownership interest makes the accountant not independent, and this should be disclosed in the compilation report.
Choice “B” is incorrect: The accountant can still perform the engagement but must disclose the lack of independence.
Choice “C” is incorrect: A report must be issued for a nonissuer compilation.
Choice “D” is incorrect: Stating ownership in the report is not the appropriate language; the lack of independence should be disclosed.
What should a nonissuer auditor do when reporting on required supplementary information with the financial statements?
A. Include a separate section for the supplementary information.
B. Make no reference to the supplementary information.
C. Mention the supplementary information in the opinion paragraph.
D. Use an emphasis-of-matter paragraph for the supplementary information.
Choice “A” is correct. The report should have a separate section titled “Required Supplementary Information.”
Choice “B” is incorrect. The report must reference the supplementary information in a separate section.
Choice “C” is incorrect. The opinion paragraph should not include this reference; it belongs in a separate section.
Choice “D” is incorrect. The reference should be in a separate section, not an emphasis-of-matter paragraph.
Which of the following decisions would a CPA likely make during the planning stage of the audit?
I.Whether to perform tests at an interim date or wait until the start of the audit.
II.Whether to rely on the work of internal auditors.
A. Both I and II.
B. II only.
C. I only.
D. Neither I nor II.
A
-
审计策略和效率:
- 决定依靠内部审计师会影响外部审计程序的范围和性质。如果使用内部审计师的工作,注册会计师就有可能减少实质性测试的程度,或在某些控制方面依赖他们的工作,从而提高审计效率。
-
了解实体及其环境:
- 在审计初期,注册会计师需要了解实体及其内部控制环境。这种了解包括评估内部审计师的能力和客观性。计划依靠他们的工作与这一初步评估相一致,并有助于形成审计方法。
-
风险评估:
- ## 依赖内部审计师会影响风险评估过程。如果内部审计师被认为是可靠的,那么他们的工作有助于审计师了解重大错报的风险,无论是在财务报表层面还是断言层面。
The COSO Cube is used to illustrate the relationship between:
A. Risk management strategies, internal control components, and the elements of the Audit Framework.
B. The five components of internal control, the three categories of objectives, and the 17 principles.
C. Internal controls, enterprise risk management, and Sarbanes-Oxley requirements.
D. Categories of objectives, internal control components, and entity organizational levels.
【D】
【目標類別(Objectives)】:
運營目標(Operations Objectives)
報告目標(Reporting Objectives)
合規目標(Compliance Objectives)
【內部控制組件(Components of Internal Control)】:
控制環境(Control Environment)
風險評估(Risk Assessment)
控制活動(Control Activities)
信息與溝通(Information and Communication)
監控活動(Monitoring Activities)
【組織層次(Organizational Levels)】:
整體層次(Entity Level)
部門層次(Division Level)
業務層次(Operating Unit Level)
子公司層次(Function Level)
Under which of the following circumstances should an auditor consider confirming the terms of a large complex sale?
A. When the assessed level of detection risk over the sale is high.
D. When the combined assessed level of inherent and control risk over the sale is high.
Explanation
Choice “D” is correct. ss likely to confirm the terms of a large complex sale.
當檢查風險高時,這通常是因為固有風險和控制風險低,因此,審計程序能夠承受更高的檢查風險而不會對審計的有效性產生重大影響。
固有風險(Inherent Risk):交易或賬戶本身固有的錯誤可能性。
控制風險(Control Risk):內部控制未能防止或檢測錯誤的可能性。
檢查風險(Detection Risk):審計程序未能檢測錯誤的可能性。
這三種風險共同構成了重大錯報風險(Risk of Material Misstatement,RMM)。
【反向關係】
當固有風險和控制風險高時,重大錯報風險高,審計師需要降低檢查風險(即加強審計程序)。
當固有風險和控制風險低時,重大錯報風險低,檢查風險可以相對較高(即審計程序可以適度減少)。
Financial statement assertions include:
B. Understandability of presentation and classification; independence, integrity, and objectivity; and rights and obligations. C. Valuation, allocation, and accuracy; completeness; and understandability of presentation and classification.
【C】
Completeness
Existence (Occurrence)
Rights and Obligations
Valuation, allocation, and accuracy
Presentation and Classification
【估值】要【存在】【完整性】,
【溝通表達】【歸屬】是【權力和義務】
注意:occurrence發生不再其中
Confirmation is most likely to be a relevant form of evidence with regard to assertions about accounts receivable when the auditor has concerns about the receivables:
A. Existence.
B. Completeness.
C. Classification.
D. Valuation.
【A】
B–>完整性(Completeness):
審計程序:檢查期末銷售發票和運單,確保所有應收賬款都記錄在財務報表中。
Audit Procedure: Check year-end sales invoices and shipping documents to ensure all receivables are recorded in the financial statements.
C–>分類(Classification):
審計程序:檢查應收賬款明細,確認分類是否正確。
Audit Procedure: Review the details of accounts receivable to confirm correct classification.
估值(Valuation):
D–>審計程序:評估壞賬準備金,檢查客戶信用報告。
Audit Procedure: Assess the allowance for doubtful accounts and check customer credit reports.
以下哪项审计程序最有可能帮助审计员识别可能表明对企业持续经营能力存在重大疑虑的条件和事件?
B.Reading the minutes of meetings of the stockholders and the board of directors.
D.Inspecting title documents to verify whether any assets are pledged as collateral.
【B】
選項 B(閱讀股東和董事會會議紀錄)被認為是最有可能協助審計師辨識可能顯示企業持續經營能力存在重大疑慮的條件和事件的程序。這是因為會議紀錄通常包含有關企業財務狀況、未來計劃、重大決策、潛在問題及解決方案的討論,這些信息對於評估企業的持續經營能力非常重要。
選項 D(檢查所有權文件以驗證是否有資產作為抵押)雖然提供了有關資產抵押的信息,但這些信息主要涉及資產的展示和披露,並不能直接顯示企業是否存在持續經營問題。這些信息對評估資產的安全性和債務的擔保有用,但不一定直接反映企業的整體財務健康狀況和經營前景。
Which of the following items should not be included in the communication of the planned scope and timing of a financial statement audit for an issuer?
A. Potential use of internal audit staff.
B. Factors affecting materiality.
C. Probable high-risk audit procedures.
D. Planned approach toward internal control.
【C】
避免詳細溝通高風險審計程序的範例(選項 C):
範例:假設審計師認為公司某些海外分支機構的交易存在較高的舞弊風險。審計師計劃針對這些分支機構進行特別的實地審計和突擊檢查。
溝通內容:審計師可以告知治理層,他們會針對高風險領域加強審計程序,但不會具體說明將在哪些分支機構進行突擊檢查。
原因:如果審計師提前詳細說明了具體的高風險審計程序,例如將在哪些分支機構進行突擊檢查,那麼相關人員可能會提前準備或掩蓋潛在的問題,從而降低審計程序的有效性。
which is not require, as part of this auditor’s report under GAS:
A.Indications or instances of illegal acts that could result in criminal prosecution discovered during the audit.
B.A concurrent opinion on the financial statements taken as a whole.
C.The pertinent views of the entity’s responsible officials concerning the auditor’s findings.
D.A statement of the audit objectives and a description of the audit scope.
【B】
並行意見(concurrent opinion)指的是審計師同時對財務報表的整體以及特定審計報告(如績效審計報告)發表意見。在政府審計標準(Government Auditing Standards)下,這並不是必須的部分。
績效審計(Performance Audit)和財務審計(Financial Audit)有不同的目的。績效審計旨在評估政府實體的運營效率、效果和經濟性,而財務審計則是評估財務報表的準確性和完整性。這兩者的焦點不同,所需的程序和方法也不同。
A CPA must follow SSAE when engaged to:
A. Issue a comfort letter to a securities broker or dealer.
B. Compile financial statements based on a non-GAAP framework.
C. Assure investment performance statistics of an investment company.
D. Communicate with the audit committee about management’s consultation with another CPA.
【C】
A–SAS 規範了審計師在發行保函時的責任,這些保函通常提供給投資者,確認公司財務報表的某些陳述和數據。
B–SSARS 規範了 CPA 在編制財務報表時的要求,包括編制、審閱和應用財務報表框架的程序和指南。
D–SAS 和 PCAOB 規範了審計師在與審計委員會溝通時的責任,確保非上市公司和上市公司審計中的透明和適當的溝通。
express an opinion that FS do not present fairly
must1
must2
must 1: uncorrected misstatement
must 2: over materiality
the opion is adverse opinion
determine the materiality
entity’s FS of the period year
The risk that the internal control system will not detect a material misstatement of a financial statement assertion.
control risk
内部控制系统无法发现财务报表断言的重大错报的风险。
關鍵詞:control system+detect
——————————————————
The risk that material misstatements in the MD&A presentation will not be 【prevented】 in a timely manner.
未能及時預防)——描述的是控制系統未能生效的風險。
The risk that the audit procedures implemented will not detect a material misstatement of a financial statement assertion.
detection risk
实施的审计程序无法发现财务报表断言的重大错报的风险。
The susceptibility of a financial statement assertion to a material misstatement assuming there are no related controls.
inherent risk
假设没有相关控制措施,财务报表断言出现重大错报的可能性。
susceptibility 易感性
意思就是在沒有任何人為操控的情況下出現的–>固有風險
———————————————————
【同樣描述固有風險】
The risk that an assertion within the MD&A 【will lead to】 a material misstatement.
——描述的是內部控制之外的固有可能性。自然而然的語感
Relationship between control risk and detection risk
反向关系:控制风险和检测风险之间存在反向关系。如果控制风险很高(即内部控制薄弱),检测风险需要降低(即审计师必须执行更严格和全面的审计程序)以将整体审计风险控制在可接受的水平。increase substantive test
相反,如果控制风险较低(即内部控制较强),审计师可以接受更高的检测风险(即可以减少审计程序的范围)。
⚠️內部控制風險是決定條件,可以理解成實驗本體,而檢測風險只是試劑
As the acceptable level of detection risk decreases
substantive test should increase
控制风险的高低是由企业的内部控制系统决定的,而不是由审计程序直接影响的。
所以不存在因為檢測風險降低,內部控制就增加的現象
which of the following would be classified as an error?
A.
Misappropriation of assets for the benefit of management.
B.
Misinterpretation by management of facts that existed when the financial statements were prepared
誤謬に分類されるものを選ぶ問題。
誤謬(error)とは、財務諸表における意図的でない(unintentional)誤りのことである。
従って、正解はb。
defalcation
着服行為、資産の横領(misappropriation of assets)と同じ意味であり、典型的な不正(fraud)の一つである。
An auditor discovers that an audit client does not promptly reconcile its assets on hand to its records. What type of fraud risk factor is indicated by this problem?
B. Employees have the opportunity to misappropriate assets.
C. Employees have the pressure for fraudulent financial reporting.
b
除非及时、迅速地将资产持有情况与会计记录进行核对,否则就无法知道资产是否如其记录的那样存在。 这种情况可能会为挪用资产提供机会,因为员工可能会认为,如果他们挪用,就不会被发现。
Which would help to indicate substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern?
B.
Confirming with third parties the details of arrangements to maintain financial support.
C.
Reconciling the cash balance per books with the cutoff bank statement and the bank confirmation.
選項c虽然核对现金余额有助于确认记录的准确性,但它仅提供了一时点上的现金状况。持续经营能力需要评估企业的现金流量、负债情况、未来的财务需求等更广泛的因素。
评估持续经营能力通常需要更全面的信息,包括企业的融资安排、业务计划、未来的财务预期等。选项B涉及确认第三方的财务支持安排,这可以直接提供有关企业是否能获得必要的财务支持的信息,这对评估持续经营能力更为重要。
Which way could help to know substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern?
A.
Review compliance with the terms of debt agreements.
B.
Confirmation of accounts receivable from principal customers.
A. Review compliance with the terms of debt agreements:
直接评估:检查企业是否遵守债务协议的条款能够直接评估企业是否面临违约风险。如果企业违反了债务契约,可能会引发严重的财务问题,比如被要求立即偿还债务,这会直接影响企业的持续经营能力。
财务压力指标:债务违约通常是企业财务压力的直接表现,能够提供明确的迹象,显示企业是否可能面临持续经营问题。
B. Confirmation of accounts receivable from principal customers:
间接评估:确认应收账款主要用于验证资产的存在和可回收性。虽然主要客户支付能力不足可能会影响运营现金流,但这通常不如债务违约那样直接暴露企业的持续经营风险。
客户支付能力的影响:尽管客户支付能力不足会影响现金流,但审计程序需要明确地揭示持续经营疑虑。应收账款确认主要关注资产的真实性和客户的信用,而不是直接评估企业的财务困境。
which part of the report?
A.
The prior period financial statements were not audited but reviewed.
B.
There is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.
C.
Management’s estimates of the effects of future events are unreasonable.
D.
Certain transactions cannot be tested because of management’s records retention policy.
A–other matter paragraph
B– 1️⃣非上市公司的話可以發表在emphasis of matter paragraph,通常不會影響意見類型
2️⃣對於上市公司,需要包括一個單獨的部分,標題為 “Substantial Doubt About the Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern”
C–basic of opinion
D–scope limitation
alleviate
緩和,舒緩
Scenario: A CPA finds that unaudited financial statements are not in accordance with GAAP due to management’s failure to capitalize leases. The CPA suggests revisions, but management refuses.
C. Issue a qualified or adverse opinion based on the severity of the GAAP departure.
D. Describe the GAAP departure and its effects in the report, if possible.
選D
這道題目狡猾在於unaudited,所以不應該發表任何意見
在進行非公開公司(nonissuer)集團財務報表的審計時,如何確定組件(component)財務報表的重大性(materiality
提示:
從組件到集團還是從集團到組件?
哪個重大性應該更大?
步驟:
group material–〉component material–〉組件重大性應低於集團重大性
為了確保所有重要錯誤或不準確性都能被及時發現並修正,通常每個組件的重大性應低於整個集團財務報表的重大性。這樣可以確保即使是較小的錯誤,也能夠對集團財務報表進行有效的控制和修正。
當集團審計合夥人(group engagement partner)決定不提及另一位註冊會計師(CPA)對某個組件進行的審計時,應採取的適當措施。
C.
Obtain written permission from the other CPA to omit the reference in the group engagement partner’s report.
D.
Perform an additional audit procedures based upon the significance of the financial information of components.
「D]
額外審計程序:當集團審計合夥人決定不提及其他CPA的審計結果時,這可能意味著該組件對集團財務報表的重要性較高,因此集團審計合夥人需要進行額外的審計程序來確保組件財務報表的準確性和完整性。
An auditor’s report on financial statements prepared in conformity with the cash basis of accounting should include an emphasis-of-matter paragraph that
B: State if the statements are fairly presented under a different basis.
C: Refer to the note describing the basis of accounting.
【C】在审计员关于按照收付实现制编制的财务报表的报告中,在 “意见的依据 “之后增加了一 个信息类别(强调事项段),其中包括提及财务报表中关于会计准则的说明,如 “我们提请 注意财务报表中说明会计基础的说明 X”。 We draw attention to Note X of the financial statements, which describes the basis of accounting”。
因此,正确答案是 c。
b 不正确。 该声明不属于 “补充信息 “类别,而属于 “意见 “类别。
在什麼情況下,獨立審計師可以在財政年度結束後接受審計工作
Remedy(補救) of limitations resulting from accepting the engagement after the close of the end of the year, such as those relating to the existence of physical inventory.
假設一家公司的財政年度在12月31日結束,但審計師是在1月中旬才接受該公司的審計工作。這樣,審計師在財政年度結束後才開始進行審計,這可能會帶來一些挑戰,例如:
實物庫存的存在問題:審計師可能無法在財政年度結束時觀察實物庫存,因為庫存盤點通常是在年度結束後進行的。
為了克服這些挑戰,審計師可以採取一些補救措施,比如:
進行補充的審計程序:例如,審計師可以要求公司提供財政年度末的庫存記錄,並進行後續的實物庫存確認。
使用替代性程序:如果直接觀察實物庫存不可行,審計師可以依賴其他證據,如庫存的入庫和出庫記錄,或者對於庫存的盤點結果進行檢查。
與公司管理層進行溝通:審計師可以與公司的管理層合作,收集和分析其他證據來支持庫存數量的準確性。
internal control segregation responsibility
承認(authorization)、記録(recording)、保管(custody)
Control environment includes the following factor (s):
1Audit committee
2Ethical values
3Monitoring
1+2
3–监督则是内部控制的一个要素,与控制环境不同。
1Ethical values and integrity
2Board of directors or audit committee
3Organizational structure
4Authority and responsibility
5Human resource policies and practices
The system of internal control encompasses all the steps in the enterprise risk management process.
T or F?
錯,應該是相反
內部控制:包括控制環境、風險評估、控制活動、信息與溝通以及監控等組件(根據 COSO 的內部控制—整體框架)。它主要集中於業務運營的有效性和效率、財務報告的可靠性,以及遵守法律和法規。
ERM:涵蓋了內部控制所處理的風險之外的範圍,包括戰略風險、財務風險、運營風險和合規風險。它將風險管理整合到組織的戰略規劃和決策過程中。
Which of the following does not demonstrate an inappropriate segregation of duties?
A. The cashier performs the monthly bank reconciliation. B. An accounting clerk receives customer payments and records the resulting reduction in accounts receivable. C. The purchasing manager approves vendor invoices for payment. D. A billing clerk prepares invoices and records the resulting increase in accounts receivable.
【D】
A– cashier:收銀員處理現金和存款,屬於保管功能。
如果收銀員負責銀行對帳(紀錄),則他們掌握了現金的保管和記錄,這可能導致他們隱瞞或改變對帳結果,從而顯示了職責分離的不當。
B–會計 clerk 是紀錄功能,同時負責收款(保管功能)和記錄應收帳款的減少,他們可以挪用現金並記錄虛假的減少,這會顯示職責分離的不當。
C–採購經理是授權功能,授權功能(批准發票)不應與其他相關功能(如處理或記錄付款)由同一人員執行,這樣可以防止濫用權力和詐騙行為。
the relevance of controls for an audit of financial statements?
Controls over the reliability
The COSO framework for internal control includes the following component (s):
1Segregation of duties
2Monitoring
3Control Environment
2+3
內部控制要訣:兩手控制,監控/信息/風險
Control Environment - 控制環境
Risk Assessment - 風險評估
Control Activities - 控制活動
Information and Communication - 信息與溝通
Monitoring - 監控
COSO control activity的構成要素
職務の分離(segregation of duties)
認可と承認(authorization and approval)
検証(verification)
物理的統制(physical control)
マスターデータ統制(control over standing data)
照合(reconciliation)
監督による統制(supervisory control
A CPA is permitted to accept a separate engagement (not in conjunction with an audit of financial statements) to audit an entity’s
1. Schedule of
accounts receivable
2. Schedule of
royalties
1+2
專門審計報告:CPA 可以接受對特定報表(如應收帳款表或版稅表)的審計,這些報表是獨立於全面的財務報表審計的。這類審計通常會涉及到特定的報表或記錄,並且這些審計可以在不影響財務報表整體審計的情況下進行。
除題目之外還有:
固定资产明细表 (Fixed Assets Detail Schedule)
库存清单 (Inventory Listing)
应付账款明细表 (Accounts Payable Detail Schedule)
收入和支出明细 (Revenue and Expense Detail)
合同或协议 (Contracts or Agreements)
工资表和员工福利记录 (Payroll and Employee Benefits Records)
贷款和债务明细 (Loans and Debt Detail)
be confined to
僅限於
An auditor’s responsibilities for audited financial statements 【are confined to】the expression of the auditor’s opinion.
正確
An auditor should design the written audit program so that
A.
All material transactions will be selected for substantive testing.
C.
The audit procedures selected will achieve specific audit objectives.
D.
Each account balance will be tested under either tests of controls or tests of transactions.
审计方案详细说明了实现审计目标所需的审计程序。
因此,正确答案是 c。
a 不正确。 审计程序说明不仅仅是选择重要的交易;重点不在于选择交易本身。
d 不正确。 不重要的账目可以不核实。 此外,核实账户余额的手段有交易测试、余额测试和分析程序,而控制测试并不直接核实账户余额。 这个选项也不正确,因为在控制测试中不直接核实账户余额。
what should be included in the opinion session when expressing a qualified opinion due to a scope limitation?
A.
A quantification of the financial effects of a possible misstatement that relates to the modification of the audit opinion.
C.
A statement that the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.
【C】
A–範圍限制下需要給出準確數字是不現實的。
C–即使是範圍受到限制,與獲得充分證據並不矛盾
Among the components of internal control, control activities include
B.
Orderly controls over business processes.
C.
Assessing the design and operation of controls.
[B]
控制活动(控制活动)是确保管理层的指示得到执行并实现对业务流程的日常控制的政策和程序。
C
–monitoring
impede
阻礙
Physical proximity
實際距離
Tests of details are more focused on what risk?
detecting risks
对交易细节的测试更多的是检测风险,而不是控制风险。
Question: How often must an auditor test controls that haven’t changed since the last test, if the auditor plans to rely on them for the current year?
A. Every month
B. Each audit
C. Every second year
D. Every third year
【D】
如果审计师打算依靠内部控制,那么问题就会问必须多长时间测试一次内部控制。
即使某项控制措施没有变化,审计师也必须至少每三年测试一次内部控制措施。
Which of the following is least likely to provide evidence that controls are operating effectively?
A. Records documenting the use of computer programs
B. Canceled supporting documents
C. Confirmations of accounts receivable
D. Signatures on authorization forms
【C】
A 错误。计算机程序使用情况的记录为计算机化系统控制的有效性提供了线索。
B 错误。审查被撤销的文件证据可提供防止重复计费的控制措施的线索。
d 不正确。适当的签字表明对批准的控制是有效的。
【焦點:】
實質性測試:重點在於財務信息的準確性和完整性。
控制測試:重點在於評估內部控制的有效性。
【證據:】
實質性測試:提供直接的財務報表斷言的證據。
控制測試:提供關於控制是否按預期運作的證據。
Regardless of the assessed risk level of material misstatement, 【 test】 must be performed.
substantive tests
实质性测试至关重要:无论重大错报风险的评估水平如何,都必须执行实质性测试。这些测试对于验证财务信息的准确性和完整性是必要的。即使在风险评估较低的情况下,也需要这些测试来确保财务报表的可靠性。
These are not required【什麼控制 】 if the assessed risk of material misstatement is at its maximum level (100%).
Tests of controls
控制测试:当评估的重大错报风险达到最高水平(100%)时,不再需要进行控制测试。在这种情况下,对内部控制的依赖程度最低,审计工作重心转向实质性测试。
Sound internal control dictates that defective merchandise returned by customers should be presented initially to the
A.
Sales clerk.
B.
Purchasing clerk.
C.
Receiving clerk.
D.
Inventory control clerk.
【C】
初步步骤:接收员(检查和记录退回的商品)。
下一步:库存控制员(更新库存记录并管理商品)。
Question: After receiving customers’ checks and preparing a remittance listing, where should a copy of the listing be sent?
A. To the internal auditor to investigate for unusual transactions.
B. To the treasurer to compare with the monthly bank statement.
C. To the accounts receivable bookkeeper to update subsidiary accounts.
D. To the bank to compare with the cashier’s deposit slip.
【C】
职责分配:财务主管(Treasurer)通常负责监督现金和银行账户的管理,而不是直接处理具体的客户付款记录。因此,将客户汇款列表发送给财务主管来比较银行对账单是不合适的,因为这是与账户记录和日常运营相关的任务,而不是银行对账任务。
Which of the following controls most likely would reduce the risk of diversion of customer receipts by an entity’s employees?
A.
A bank lockbox system.
B.
Prenumbered remittance advices.
C.
Monthly bank reconciliations.
D.
Daily deposit of cash receipts.
A. 銀行郵箱系統。
銀行郵箱系統旨在將支付款項直接送到銀行的郵箱,由銀行工作人員處理,而不是由公司的員工處理。這樣可以減少員工挪用資金的機會,因為他們不直接處理現金或支票。
What is a key benefit of using a bank lockbox system in reducing fraud risk?
使用银行保险箱系统降低欺诈风险的一个主要好处是,银行负责实际接收和处理客户付款。这种职责分离限制了对支付信息的访问,减少了员工实施欺诈的机会。通过银行集中处理并确保安全,公司可最大限度地降低内部欺诈风险,确保更准确、更安全地处理资金。
为什么雇主会为处理现金收款的员工购买忠诚保单(fidelity bonds)
B.
Deter dishonesty by making employees aware that insurance companies may investigate and prosecute dishonest acts.
C.
Facilitate an independent monitoring of the receiving and depositing of cash receipts.
【B】
选项B:通过使员工意识到保险公司可能会调查和起诉不诚实行为来威慑不诚实行为。这是忠诚保单的一个关键好处,因为它通过增加员工的风险感知来预防欺诈行为。
选项C:促进对现金收款接收和存款的独立监控。虽然良好的内部控制系统中可能包括独立监控,但这不是忠诚保单的直接功能。
保单购买:
公司与保险公司签订合同:公司购买忠诚保单,以保护自己免受员工的不诚实行为带来的财务损失。
保单涵盖范围:保单通常涵盖由于员工的盗窃、欺诈或其他不诚实行为造成的损失。
For effective internal control, the accounts payable department generally should
Establish the agreement of the 【vendor’s invoice】 with the 【receiving report】 and 【purchase order】.
确定供应商发票与收货报告和采购订单是否一致。
To check if checks are issued for unauthorized expenses, an auditor should most likely test from the population of:
A. Purchase orders.
B. Canceled checks.
C. Receiving reports.
D. Approved vouchers.
【B】
选项B(已取消支票):已取消的支票记录实际的支票支付情况,可以用来跟踪哪些支票已经被支付,并帮助审计师确认是否有未经授权的支出。
选项D(批准的凭证):批准的凭证显示支出是否经过授权,但审计师需要从实际的支付记录(如已取消支票)中确认这些支出是否真正被执行。
Simplified Question:
Which situation is most likely to lead to an embezzlement scheme?
Options:
A. The accounts receivable clerk records payments and updates the subsidiary ledger.
B. The accounts payable clerk matches vendor invoices with purchase orders and receiving reports and approves vouchers for payment.
C. The cash disbursements clerk has access to blank checks and signature plates and reconciles the monthly bank statement.
D. The treasurer examines and cancels vouchers and then mails the checks to vendors.
【C】
选项C 更容易导致挪用资金的风险,因为它将太多关键职能——如处理空白支票、签名板以及调节银行对账单——集中在一个角色(现金支出簿记员)身上。这种控制的集中增加了欺诈活动的风险,因为同一个人可能会管理和操控现金支出,而缺乏足够的监督。
which department should be responsible for
Distribution of paychecks?
treasurer
payroll
treasurer
为了保护资产,支付工资支票和管理没有收款人的工资支票的工作应由财务主任(司 库)而不是工资干事负责。由于工资干事负责保存记录,因此兼任资产保管人(保管)不是适当的内部控制。
Previously communicated material weaknesses that have not been corrected
應該怎麼處理
过去已报告但尚未纠正的重大缺陷必须再次以书面形式向管理层和负责治理的人员(负责治理的人员)报告。
a requirement for audit evidence
appropriate
In order to form an opinion, the auditor should take into account whether sufficient appropriate evidence was obtained as required by 什麼準則?
In order to form an opinion, the auditor should consider whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework 什麼準則?
1.generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS).
2.(i.e., GAAP.)
an illegal act that has a material effect and has not been properly accounted for or disclosed.
what opinion?
__ or __
qualified opinion or an adverse opinion
Which of the following presumptions is correct about the reliability of evidential matter?
C.
Reliability of evidential matter refers to the amount of corroborative evidence obtained.
D.
Effective internal control provides more assurance about the reliability of evidential matter.
[D]
corroborative evidence 確實的證據
选项C:证据的可靠性与获得的证据的数量(即证明力)有关,但并不仅限于此。可靠性还涉及证据的来源、质量和相关性。
选项D:有效的内部控制提供了更多关于证据可靠性的保证。良好的内部控制有助于确保所收集的证据是准确和可靠的,因为它降低了错误和舞弊的风险。
which can perform prior to the balance sheet date?
B.
Perform search for unrecorded liabilities.
C.
Send inquiry letter to client’s legal counsel.
D.
Review detail and test significant travel and entertainment expenses.
【D】
对高额差旅费和招待费(重大差旅费和招待费)的核查可以在发生时进行,而不必等到 资产负债表日期。尽管选项D确实可能遗漏在年末发生的差旅费用,但它仍然是审计师在报表日期之前执行的必要程序。审计师在财务报表日期之前的主要目的是确认已发生的费用是否正确记录,而对于年末之后的费用,审计师会在后续的审计程序中加以关注。
因此,正确答案是 D。
b 不正确。对未记录负债的调查只能在财务年度结束后进行,因为它涉及资产负债表中记录的余额。
c 不正确。向客户的律师发出询证函通常应在财务年度结束后发出,以便一次性获得截至财务年度结束的答复,因为在财务年度内发出询证函需要就从该时间到财务年度结束这段时间发出相同的询证函。
以下的財務報表適合使用什麼分析手法?
balance sheet–
income statement–
balance sheet– ratio analysis
income statement–trend analysis
Question: What do analytical procedures in the overall review stage of an audit typically include?
Options:
A. Checking account balances that haven’t changed from the previous year.
B. Retesting ineffective control procedures from the risk assessment.
C. Looking into unusual or unexpected account balances not identified before.
D. Testing transactions to support management’s financial statement claims.
C. 考虑之前未识别的不寻常或意外的账户余额。
题目逻辑解释:
整体复核阶段的目标:审计的整体复核阶段旨在对财务报表的总体情况进行最终的检查,以确保所有的账户余额和财务信息是合理和一致的。
分析程序的作用:在这个阶段,审计师会使用分析程序来识别任何不寻常或意外的账户余额或财务信息,这些信息可能指示出潜在的误差或问题。
选项解释:
A(获取关于没有变化的账户余额的证据):这不符合整体复核阶段的分析程序,因为这个阶段关注的是整体的异常和意外情况,而不是账户余额的变化情况。
B(重新测试在控制风险评估中显得无效的控制程序):这属于控制测试的程序,而不是整体复核阶段的分析程序。
D(执行交易测试以证实管理层的财务报表主张):这属于具体的审计测试程序,通常在整体复核阶段之前进行。
kiting 的發現方法
當有disbursement和receipt date,以及per book 和per bank 的時候,
1. 對比disbur的book 和bank日期,如果book早過bank 就有問題
2. 對比receipt的book 和bank日期,如果book早過bank就有問題
A cash shortage may be concealed by transporting funds from one location to another or by converting negotiable assets to cash. Because of this, which of the following is vital?
Simultaneous verification.
注意不是confirmation
以下情況應該採取什麼手法?
1. substantial number in dispute, many customers with small accounts
2. small number in dispute, many customers with small accounts
- dispute 不一致
因為不一致的多,所以應該用積極手法確認 - 可以用消極確認法
Negative confirmation requests are effective when detection risk is low.
T or F?
檢測風險: 檢測風險是指審計師未能檢測到重大錯報的風險。如果檢測風險較低,則意味著審計程序有望有效地識別任何錯報。
positive confirmation – detection risk is low的時候適用
An auditor finds that the original insurance policy for plant equipment is missing. What is this most likely to indicate?
A. Insurance premium not recorded.
B. Problem with the coinsurance provision.
C. Lien on the plant equipment.
D. Understated insurance expense.
【C】
遗失证书的最可能原因是在设备上设立了担保权益,担保持有人已将保险单存入银行。
which is wrong?
C.
Previously communicated material weaknesses that have not been corrected need not be recommunicated.
D.
A communication indicating that no significant deficiencies were identified should not be issued.
【C】
过去已报告但尚未纠正的重大缺陷必须再次以【书面形式】向管理层和负责治理的人员(负责治理的人员)报告。
因此,正确答案是 c。
PCAOB多久會對擁有100家企業客戶以上的會計師事務所進行檢查?
100家以下客戶公司的檢查頻率是?
PCAOB 每年对拥有 100 家以上客户公司的会计师事务所进行一次检查,每三年对拥有 100 家以下客户公司的会计师事务所进行一次检查;PCAOB 进行的检查可替代传统的同行评审。
According to PCAOB standards, if an auditor finds a material weakness in internal control that cannot be rectified before the audit ends, what should the auditor do?
A. Resign from the engagement.
B. Issue a disclaimer.
C. Issue a modified opinion.
D. Issue an adverse opinion.
【D】
C–不夠準確
负面意见(Adverse Opinion)是对发现的重大缺陷无法纠正的最适当回应,因为它准确地反映了内部控制系统的有效性存在严重问题,而修改意见通常用于较不严重的控制问题或范围限制情境
scope limitation
1.internal control
2.financial statement
- Disclaimer of opinion or withdraw from the engagement
- Disclaimer of opinion or a qualified opinion
A written representation should be signed by?
CEO+CFO
To which of the following matters would materiality limits not apply in obtaining written management representations?
A.
The availability of minutes of stockholders’ and directors’ meetings.
B.
Losses from purchase commitments at prices in excess of market value.
C.
The disclosure of compensating balance arrangements involving related parties.
D.
Reductions of obsolete inventory to net realizable value.
【A】
选项 A(股东和董事会会议记录的可用性):
这涉及到公司治理的基本文件,对于审计师了解公司治理和决策过程至关重要。尽管这些记录的可用性可能对审计有影响,但它们通常不受重大性限制的影响,因为它们是审计程序的基本部分。
In obtaining written representations from management, materiality limits ordinarily would apply to representations related to
A.
Amounts concerning related party transactions.
B.
Irregularities involving members of management.
C.
The availability of financial records.
D.
The completeness of minutes of directors’ meetings.
【A】
在获取管理层书面确认时,以下事项不会受到重大性限制:
1.管理层对GAAP合规的财务报表责任:管理层必须承认其对财务报表符合GAAP的责任。
2.财务记录和相关数据的可用性:管理层需确保所有财务记录和相关数据都可用。
3.会议记录的完整性和可用性:管理层需确保所有会议记录完整且可用。
4.设计和实施防止及发现舞弊的程序和控制:管理层需负责设计和实施防止及发现舞弊的程序和内部控制。
Disagreements with management about the application of accounting principles are required to be communicated in writing to those charged with governance of an entity.
T or F?
F
“Documented in writing when necessary”(在必要时以书面形式记录):虽然书面记录是常见的做法,但并非所有情况下都强制要求书面形式,特别是对于不那么重要的分歧。
An auditor’s working papers serve mainly to
A.
Provide the principal support for the auditor’s report.
B.
Satisfy the auditor’s responsibilities concerning the Code of Professional Conduct.
C.
Monitor the effectiveness of the CPA firm’s quality control procedures.
D.
Document the level of independence maintained by the auditor.
审计报表(工作底稿)为审计报告提供主要支持,并有助于开展和监督审计工作。
因此,正确答案是 A。
b、c 和 d 不正确。这些都是次要目标。
Which of the following is required documentation to perform an audit?
A. Flowchart or description of the accounting system: Details how transactions are recorded and classified for financial reporting.
B. Audit program: Lists the detailed procedures needed to meet the audit’s objectives.
C. Planning memorandum: Sets the timing for audit procedures and coordinates with entity personnel.
D. Internal control questionnaire: Identifies controls to ensure specific objectives are met.
【B】
A. 描述会计系统的流程图或叙述:描述财务报告中交易记录和分类的会计系统的流程图或叙述。这是了解和评估会计系统的有用文档,但不是执行审计的强制要求。
B. 审计程序:设定详细的审计程序,以实现审计目标。这是执行审计所必需的,因为它指导了审计师的工作步骤和方法。
C. 计划备忘录:设定审计程序的时间安排,并协调实体人员的协助。这对审计计划和组织很重要,但不是执行审计的核心文档。
D. 内部控制问卷:识别控制措施以确保实现特定目标。这对内部控制的评估有帮助,但不是审计执行的核心要求。
When an auditor of a nonissuer expresses an adverse opinion, the Opinion section should include:
B.
The principal effects of the departure from generally accepted accounting principles.
C.
A direct reference to a separate section disclosing the basis for the opinion.
【C】
选择 “C “是正确的。否定意见中的意见段应说明,审计员认为,由于否定意见的依据部分讨论的事项的重要性,所附合并财务报表没有公允地反映……
选择 “B “不正确。意见部分不包括偏离公认会计原则的主要影响。偏离《公认会计原则》的主要影响是在 “否定意见的依据 “部 分
Because of the significance of the matters described in the Basis for 【 ? opinion 】section of our report, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion on these financial statements.”
Disclaimer of Opinion
关键词: “unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence” + “basis for disclaimer”
“In our opinion, because of the significance of the matter . . . the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not present fairly the financial position . . . .” This is considered a(n):
adverse opinion
关键词: “significance of the matter” + “do not present fairly”
“In our opinion, except for the omission of information described in the Basis for 【? Opinion】 section of our report…”
A qualified opinion
关键词: “except for” + “omission of information”
Which of the following is true regarding the audit report for an issuer?
A. The report should include references to PCAOB standards and generally accepted accounting principles. B. Reference should be made to both PCAOB standards and generally accepted auditing standards.
【A】
选择 A: 正确
你需要用学校规定的评分标准(PCAOB 标准)来评估学生的成绩,并在成绩单上说明学校的表现(GAAP)。这样,成绩单(审计报告)就会准确反映学生的表现(学校的财务状况),符合学校的要求。
选择 B: 不正确
这就像说,你用学校的评分标准(PCAOB 标准)来评估学生的成绩,但是你还提到其他的评分系统(GAAS),这是不必要的,因为学校规定的评分系统已经足够了。
Inadequate disclosure of material information.
what opinion?
Inadequate disclosure of material information is a departure from GAAP and may result in either a 【qualified】 or 【adverse opinion】, depending on materiality.
披露不充分并不构成范围限制(scope limitation),而是偏离公认会计原则(departure from GAAP)。
In which sections of the auditor’s report should refer to U.S. GAAP?
B.
Opinion and Management’s Responsibility
C. Opinion and Basis for Opinion
Opinion and Management’s Responsibility
根据美国审计准则,审计员在 “意见 “部分和 “管理责任 “部分对财务报表是否符合公认会计 准则发表意见,即管理层负责按照公认会计准则编制和公允列报财务报表。
specialist的例子
* Actuaries
* Appraiser
* Engineers
* Environmental consultants
* Geologists
- 精算师
- 评估师
- 工程师
- 环境顾问
- 地质学家
内部監査人(internal auditor)は、職業基準に定められるところの専門家(specialist)には該当しない。
an auditor may refer to and identify the specialist in the auditor’s report if the
- 專家的工作對審計報告中的意見至關重要:如果專家的工作對審計師發表的意見有重大影響,例如,專家的報告揭示了對企業【持續經營能力的重大疑慮】,審計師可能需要在報告中提及專家。
- 專家提供的證據【影響了審計意見】:當專家的發現對審計師的報告內容或審計意見有直接影響時,審計師應在報告中提及專家,以明確說明專家工作的影響。
- 涉及關鍵專業判斷:如果專家提供了涉及關鍵專業判斷的信息,這些判斷對財務報表的重大錯報風險有顯著影響,審計師通常會在報告中識別專家。
———————————————————
⚠️auditor應該在報告中說明:
the reference to the auditor’s external specialist does not reduce the auditor’s responsibility for that opinion.
The primary reason an auditor requests letters of inquiry be sent to a client’s attorneys is to provide the auditor with
B.
Corroboration of the information furnished by management about litigation, claims, and assessments.
D.
A description and evaluation of litigation, claims, and assessments that existed at the balance sheet date.
向客户的法律顾问发送调查问卷的主要目的是证实管理层提供的有关诉讼、索赔和罚款的信息。
因此,正确答案为 B。
d 不正确。客户提供对诉讼、索赔或征收的描述和评估。因為有舞弊的風險,所以審計師會要求客戶致信法律顧問以徵求第三方意見
Observing the safeguards over access to and use of assets and records.
屬於什麼行為?
internal control,不用在review中進行。
If an accountant cannot obtain enough appropriate evidence during a review of a nonissuer’s financial statements, what should they do?
B. Issue a review report with a disclaimer of conclusion.
D. Withdraw from the review engagement.
scope limitation
audit– disclaimer opinion
review– withdraw
在审计中,如果无法获得足够的证据,通常会发布免责声明意见。然而,在审查服务中,免责声明意见通常是不适用的。审查报告中的免责声明通常用于表明无法得出结论,但在审查中,若存在无法获得足够证据的情况,应选择撤回审查业务或其他适当措施,而不是简单地发布免责声明结论。
审查报告的性质: 审查的目的是提供有限的保证,不是提供绝对的保证。审查报告的结论是“没有发现需要修改的地方”,而不是“我们不表示意见”。如果无法获得足够恰当的审查证据,正确的处理方式是发布免责声明,而不是在报告中简单地加上免责声明结论。
多選:
哪種情況需要修改review report?
1.inability to assess the risk of material misstatement due to fraud
2. Discovery of significant deficiencies in the design of entity’s internal control
none
1–review不攪渾水,欺詐風險與我無關
2–review不干涉內政。audit才要審計
审计:审计师需要评估欺诈风险,发现重大内部控制缺陷会导致报告的修改。
审查:审查过程中不会进行欺诈风险评估,发现重大内部控制缺陷不会导致审查报告的修改。审查报告主要在存在偏离公认会计原则(GAAP)的情况下进行修改。
If an audit is requested to be changed to a review due to a scope limitation, and the CPA believes the change is reasonable, what should the CPA do?
- Refer to the scope limitation that caused the change.
- Describe the auditing procedures that have already been applied.
none
在这种情况下,审计师必须考虑变更工作的合理性,尤其是涉及范围限制时。
如果审计师认为变更不合理,则不会进行变更。
如果审计师认为合理,则会出具正常的审查报告,报告中不会描述审计范围限制或所执行的审计程序。
Risk factors relating to misstatements arising from illegal acts.
audit/review/compilation哪項需要?
audit
审计:需要考虑与非法行为相关的错报风险因素。
审查:虽然审查过程中会计师需要了解企业的运营特征和会计原则,但不需要像审计那样深入评估与非法行为相关的错报风险因素。
编制财务报表:不需要考虑这些风险因素。
A compilation includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant management estimates, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
T or F?
F
解释:这是审计audit和审查review中需要考虑的内容,但编制财务报表(compile)工作不包括对会计原则或重大管理估计的评估。编制工作主要是将客户提供的信息整理成财务报表,而不是评估其准确性或完整性。
在complicated report裡面以下哪個部分需要手寫簽名?
1. Printed on the accountant’s letterhead
2. Manually signed by the accountant
兩樣都不需要
审计报告和审查报告需要手写签名。汇编报告SSARS不强制要求手写签名
根據上述題目分別列舉出audit,review,compiling,agree-upon procedure是根據什麼準則進行
Here’s the updated summary with the additional information:
-
Audit(审计):
-
适用准则:
- 对于非公开公司,按照SAS(Statements on Auditing Standards)进行。
- 对于上市公司,需要遵循PCAOB(Public Company Accounting Oversight Board)标准。
-
适用准则:
-
Review(审查):
-
适用准则:
- 对于非公开公司,按照SSARS(Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services)进行。
- 对于上市公司,审查季度财务报表的工作则需要遵循PCAOB标准。
-
适用准则:
-
Compiling(编制):
- 适用准则:按照SSARS(Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services)进行。编制服务涉及将财务信息汇编成报告,但不包括审计或审查。
-
Agreed-Upon Procedures(商定程序):
- 适用准则:按照SSAE(Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements)进行。商定程序是指在客户和会计师之间事先商定的程序,以处理特定的业务或事务。
Attestation Engagement =
Attestation Engagement = Audit + Review + Agreed-Upon Procedures
发布有关主体事项或主体事项的声明的审查、审计或约定程序报告(Issue an examination, a review, or an agreed-upon procedures report on subject matter, or an assertion about the subject matter, that is the responsibility of another party):
解释:这描述了鉴证业务的核心内容。鉴证业务是审计师接受委托,发布关于主体事项(如财务报表、控制系统等)或对主体事项的声明的报告。这些报告可能包括审计、审查或约定程序报告,目的是对另一个主体的责任事项进行评估和报告。
Attestation Engagement is required to
1.
2.
3.
1.Written representation
2.Practitioner’s report on the engagement
3. Independence
Which of the following procedures is an auditor least likely to perform if material disclosures required by GAAP are omitted?
A. Disclose the omitted information in the basis-for-modification paragraph. B. Disclose the omitted information in the notes to the financial statements. C. Discuss the omission of such information with management. D. Discuss the omission of such information with those charged with governance.
【B】
Notes to the financial statements typically include:
Accounting Policies会计政策
Supplementary Information补充信息
Explanatory Information解释性信息
Contingencies and Commitments或有事项和承诺
Subsequent Events后续事件
Legal and Regulatory Matters法律与监管事项
A CPA’s report on audited financial statements referred to the CPA’s assessment of sampling risk factors.
T or F
审计师的报告不涉及审计师对抽样风险因素的评估。这种评估属于审计工作的一部分,但不应在审计报告中提及。
Which of the following is a prospective financial statement for general use upon which an accountant may appropriately report?
A.
Financial projection.
B.
Partial presentation.
C.
Pro forma financial statement.
D.
Financial forecast.
【D】
A– F/P財務計畫,記住:表裏不一,闈內人睇。銀行貸款
D–F/F財務預測,記住:表裏如一,光明正大。基于历史数据的现实估计
If an accountant examines a financial forecast and finds that several significant assumptions are not disclosed, what should the accountant issue?
Options:
A. “Except for” qualified opinion.
B. “Subject to” qualified opinion.
C. Unmodified opinion with a separate explanatory paragraph.
D. Adverse opinion.
【D】
对于预测财务报表的检查,如果报告中未披露重要假设,确实可能会导致否定意见(Adverse Opinion)。这是因为未披露的假设可能会导致财务预测严重失实,从而影响财务报表的整体可靠性。
根据你的解释,正确答案是 D,因为在这种情况下,注册会计师需要对预测财务报表的可靠性发表否定意见。
Which type of engagement is not allowed for reporting on management’s compliance assertion?
Options:
A. Agreed-upon procedures for compliance with specific legal requirements.
B. Agreed-upon procedures for evaluating internal controls related to compliance with a law.
C. Review on compliance with specific legal requirements.
D. Examination of compliance with specific legal requirements.
【C】
SSAE明确禁止对合规性进行审查,而是允许进行核查工作、商定程序等。这种规则在SSAE的相关标准中有详细说明。
SSAE 涵盖以下三类合规性认证任务
1.关于特定要求合规性或特定要求合规性声明的核查工作。
2.与特定要求合规性有关的共识程序。
3.与遵守特定要求的内部控制有关的共识程序工作。
專業標準一般不允許對合規性問題進行審閱(Review),因為審閱的程序和範圍較有限,無法提供充分的證據來支持一個明確的結論。因此,選項C 是正確答案,因為審閱合規性的業務是不允許的。
Which of the following computer-assisted auditing techniques allows fictitious and real transactions to be processed together without client operating personnel being aware of the testing process?
Integrated test facility.
与综合测试设施 (ITF) 方法有关的问题。
ITF 方法(综合测试设施)通过在实际运行的内置 ITF 应用系统中同时输入真实和虚拟交易,测试应用系统的逻辑和控制。
Which of the following methods of testing application controls utilizes a generalized audit software package prepared by the auditors?
A.
Parallel simulation.
B.
Integrated testing facility approach.
C.
Test data approach.
D.
Exception report tests.
与并行模拟方法(并行模拟)有关的问题。
并行模拟法(并行模拟)是一种使用客户实际历史数据的审计技术。
因此,正确答案是 A。
b 不正确;在综合测试设施方法(ITF)中,使用的是客户的方案。
c 不正确。在测试数据法(测试数据法)中,使用的是客户的方案。
d 不正确。在错误报告测试(异常报告测试)中,注册会计师可以采取各种措施,但没有特别理由使用通用审计软件包。
Which technique would an auditor use to capture data as transactions are processed and continuously test the computerized information system?
A. Test data approach
B. Embedded audit module
C. Integrated test facility
D. Parallel simulation
【B】
Test data approach(测试数据方法):该方法涉及将虚拟数据输入到系统中,以测试系统的处理能力和准确性,但它不会实时捕捉数据。
Embedded audit module(嵌入式审计模块):这是一种在系统中嵌入审计模块的技术,可以在系统运行时持续监控和捕捉数据。这种方法最适合于实时捕捉数据和持续测试信息系统。
Integrated test facility(集成测试设施):这种方法在系统中设置一个测试环境,以测试系统处理能力,但它不一定能实时捕捉数据。
Parallel simulation(并行模拟):该方法涉及同时运行两个系统(一个真实系统和一个模拟系统),以比较处理结果,但它也不用于实时数据捕捉。
A CPA finds that the unaudited financial statements do not follow GAAP because management did not capitalize leases. The CPA suggests changes, but management refuses. What should the CPA do?
C. Issue a qualified or adverse opinion based on how serious the GAAP issue is.
D. Describe the GAAP issue in the report and state its effects on the financial statements, if possible.
【D】
如果注册会计师参与了上市公司的财务报表,但没有对其进行审计,则会出具一份报告,说明它没有对其进行审计,也不发表任何意见。如果注册会计师意识到这些财务报表违反了《公认会计原则》,它会要求管理层予以纠正,但如果不被接受,它就会在报告中说明违反了《公认会计原则》。
因此,正确答案为 D。
c 不正确。只要没有进行审计,就不可能发表有限或不充分的意见。
Which of the following controls most likely addresses the completeness assertion for inventory?
A.
Work in process account is labor rates with subsidiary records.
C.
Receiving reports are prenumbered and periodically reconciled.
测试货物收据是否按顺序编号并定期核对,为确定货物收据是否可靠记录提供了线索。
因此,正确答案是 c。
a 不正确。检查账簿之间的差异不是检验完整性。
which of the following investments is an indirect financial interest?
A.
An investment held in a retirement plan.
B.
An investment held in a blind trust.
C.
An investment held through a diversified mutual fund.
D.
An investment held through participation in an investment club.
本问题中给出的所有替代投资形式原则上都属于直接利益的范畴,因为承保成员通常有权对投资做出决定并监督投资状况,尽管承保成员并不直接持有客户的利益。 但是,投资组合中不仅包括客户,还包括其他一些公司的共同基金(多元化共同基金)则构成间接经济利益。 这是因为在这种情况下,对客户的投资只是多元化投资的一部分,被认为影响相对较小。
因此,正确答案为 c。
选项 b(盲目信托)是指将所有资产管理委托给受托人,投资者不了解投资目标的一种投资形式。 尽管受保成员不能参与投资管理,但受保成员有权撤销投资,因此拥有直接利益。
Under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, which CPA must be independent in fact and appearance when performing their duties?
A. A CPA in public practice providing tax and management advisory services.
B. A CPA in public practice providing auditing and attestation services.
C. A CPA not in public practice.
D. All CPAs.
从事公共执业(公开执业)并提供验证服务的注册会计师必须在事实上和表面上(在事实上和表面上)独立于其客户。
因此,正确答案是 b。
a 不正确。 税务和咨询服务属于非验证服务,不要求独立性。
c 不正确。 不从事公共执业的注册会计师,例如受雇于一家公司并仅为该公司提供服务的注册会计师,不需要具有独立性。
注册会计师事务所的前合伙人事务所,现在接受发行人审计客户的财务报告监督职务,
1. 等待期是多少年?
2. 需要向誰公開關係
審計–》被審計
1. issuer auditor2年。
nonissuer auditor沒有明確規定
2. issuer audit client’s audit committee and the registered public accounting firm.审计客户的审计委员会和注册公共会计师事务所。
The former partner has no remaining capital balance in the registered public accounting firm. 前合伙人在注册会计师事务所中没有剩余资本余额。
subpoena
傳票。
an auditor or accountant is allowed to disclose client data to a state agency if there is a proper legal basis, such as a subpoena.
可以收取contention fee 的服務
通常是不允許的,但有例外。
税务规划服务tax planning services
⚠️tax return不可以收取有條件費用
According to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, it is unlawful for a registered public accounting firm to provide to an issuer, contemporaneously with the audit, the following non-audit services, except
A.
Bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client.
B.
Internal audit outsourcing services.
C.
Management functions or human resources.
D.
All tax services.
企业改革法》(第 201 条)规定,为上市公司进行审计的注册会计师事务所(注册会计师事务所)不得为该上市公司提供以下服务
簿记服务
评估服务
内部审计服务。
经有关公司审计委员会事先批准,允许提供某些税务服务。
因此,正确答案为 D。
被審計公司的CEO,CFO等管理人員受聘於會計事務所。會計事務所多久不能對該公司進行審計工作?
被審計–》審計
1年
注意流動的方向,從審計到被審計需要2年
Which of the following is not one of these types of impairments?
A.
Personal.
B.
Organizational.
C.
External.
D.
Unusual.
【D】
美国政府问责局(Government Accountability Office; GAO)根据《政府审计准则》为开展审计工作的审计师制定了独立性标准。
個人的要因による独立性の侵害(impairments of personal independence)
外部的要因による独立性の侵害(impairments of external independence)
組織上の独立性の侵害(impairments of organizational independence)
Which of the following selection techniques is least desirable for use of statistical sampling by an auditor?
A.
Systematic selection.
B.
Stratified selection.
C.
Block selection.
D.
Sequential selection.
选择不可取的统计抽样(统计抽样)方法的问题。
统计抽样(统计选择)的特点是随机选择样本。 整群抽样不是一种不可取的统计抽样方法,因为它不是随机抽样,而是依次从总体中抽取样本。
因此,正确答案是 c。
A 错误。 系统选择是统计抽样的一种。
b 不正确。 分层抽样有时与统计抽样结合使用,以提高抽样的准确性。
D 不正确。 顺序选择是统计抽样的一种。
The size of a sample designed for dual purpose testing should be
The larger of the samples that would otherwise have been designed for the two separate purposes.
对同一受试者同时进行对照试验和可证明性试验称为两用试验。 每项测试所需的样品数以较大者为准,即为两用测试的样品数。 例如,如果对照测试所需的样本数为 100 个,而可证明性测试所需的样本数为 200 个,则两用测试的样本数为 200 个。
例子:
记录金额:$10,000
审计金额:$8,000
sample interval:$5,000
发现的错报金额:$10,000 - $8,000 = $2,000
预测错报金额:$2,000
计算方法:
【计算 发现的错报金额:】
发现的错报金额=记录金额−审计金额
【预测错报金额:】
预测错报金额=发现的错报金额
由于样本金额大于抽样间隔,发现的错报金额可以直接用作预测错报金额。