perfect week1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rick is using regression analysis with hours worked and revenue to estimate supplies expense. What type of analytic is this?

Options:

A. Prescriptive

B. Descriptive

C. Predictive

D. Diagnostic

A

【C】
Rick 使用工作時數和收入的回歸分析來估計耗材費用。這是什麼類型的分析?

A. Prescriptive Analytic (規定性分析)

規定性分析是指根據先進的分析方法和工具,建議或推薦應採取的行動,以達到所需的目標。

B. Descriptive Analytic (描述性分析)
描述性分析是指分析過去的數據,以描述發生了什麼。
例子:
銷售報告中,描述性分析可以展示不同產品在不同時間段的銷售額,以了解過去的銷售趨勢。

C. Predictive Analytic (預測性分析)
預測性分析是指使用歷史數據來預測未來的結果或趨勢。

D. Diagnostic Analytic (診斷性分析)
診斷性分析是指分析數據以解釋為什麼某些事情發生。
例子:
生產管理中,診斷性分析可以用來找出產品質量問題的根本原因,例如識別生產過程中哪個環節出了問題。

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2
Q

The sample size of a test of controls varies inversely with:
1.expected population deviation rate
2.tolerable rate.

A
  1. 成正比
  2. 成反比

答案選2

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3
Q

Which of the following is not an audit procedure for litigation, claims, and assessments?
A. Obtain from management a description and evaluation of existing litigation, claims, and assessments.

B. Inquire and discuss with management the controls for identifying, evaluating, and accounting for litigation, claims, and assessments.

C. Obtain assurance from management that all unasserted claims probable of assertion and requiring disclosure have been disclosed.

D. Confirm directly with the client’s lawyer that all claims are recorded in the financial statements.

A

正确答案:D. 直接与客户的律师确认所有索赔都记录在财务报表中

审计员不直接与客户的律师确认所有索赔都已记录在财务报表中。这项责任由管理层承担。法律函件用于从外部获得管理层所提供信息的佐证。

C.从管理部门获得保证,所有可能提出并需要披露的未提出的索赔都已披露:这是一项标准审计程序。
最終責任在於管理層而非律師。審計師不能僅僅依賴律師的回覆,還需要從管理層獲得確認,以確保所有必要的披露都已包括在內。

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4
Q

At the peak of a business cycle, which of the following conditions is most true?

A.The overall price level is likely to be falling.

B.Capacity constraints and labor shortages are likely to put upward pressure on the overall price level.

C.There is likely to be an excess supply of labor and business inventories are likely to be high.

D.Output (GDP) tends to be below the potential level of output.

A

【B】
經濟環境的階段可以簡單地描述如下:

  1. 繁榮期:經濟好轉,生產增加,就業率高,物價上漲。
  2. 衰退期:經濟放緩,生產減少,就業率下降,物價下降或增速放緩。
  3. 蕭條期:嚴重衰退,失業率高,生產急劇下降,物價可能急速上漲。
  4. 復甦期:經濟開始復蘇,生產增加,就業率回升,物價穩定或通脹放緩。
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5
Q

PCAOB has established risk assessment standards for issuer audits. Which of the following is not a financial statement assertion as recognized by PCAOB standards?

A.Cutoff.
B.Disclosure.
C.Occurrence.
D.Presentation.
A

选择 “A “是正确的。截止不是 PCAOB 准则认可的财务报表断言。
PCAOB 准则包括 “存在或发生”、”完整性”、”估值或分配”、”权利和义务 “以及 “列报和披露 “等断言。 Existence or Occurrence, Completeness, Valuation or Allocation, Rights and Obligations, and Presentation and Disclosure

存在或发生 “和 “完整性 “断言将涵盖截止测试。

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6
Q

Which issue is most likely a significant internal control deficiency to be communicated to management and governance?

A. Management plans to reduce ownership equity.

B. Evidence of lack of objectivity in accounting decisions.

C. Recurring operating losses indicating going concern problems.

D. Failure to renegotiate unfavorable long-term purchase commitments.

A

Explanation:

Correct Answer: B

如果在會計決策中缺乏客觀性,這表明公司可能存在管理層凌駕於控制之上的問題,或者內部控制系統中的不公正性或不一致性。這可能導致財務報告不可靠、數據失真等情況,對財務報表使用者造成誤導。因此,這種情況下,通常會認為是重大的內部控制缺陷,需要向管理層和治理層進行溝通。

A: 管理層計劃減少所有者權益可能涉及向股東派發股息、回購股份等行為,這通常是公司資本結構調整的部分,而不是內部控制缺陷
C: 經常性的經營虧損表明公司可能面臨持續經營能力的問題。
D: 未能重新談判不利的長期購買承諾屬於管理層的經營決策問題,這與如何管理供應鏈、合同條款和市場風險有關。

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7
Q

The primary evidence regarding year-end cash balances in the financial statements is documented in the:

A.Standard bank confirmations.
B.Bank reconciliations.
C.Bank deposit lead schedule.
D.Interbank transfer schedule.

A

【B】
尽管选择A(标准银行确认)提供了独立的银行余额信息,但选择B(银行对账单)才是包含了所有必要调整的文件,能够提供更全面和准确的年终现金余额的证据。这就是为什么选择B是正确的答案。

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8
Q

An auditor tests credit approval in sales transactions. This primarily supports which financial statement assertion(s)?

Options:
A. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - No
B. Rights and Obligations - Yes, Allocation and Valuation - No
C. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - Yes
D. Rights and Obligations - Yes, Allocation and Valuation - Yes

A

C. Rights and Obligations - No, Allocation and Valuation - Yes

Explanation:
By ensuring credit approval before shipping goods, the auditor tests the assertion that accounts receivable are collectible (allocation and valuation). This does not support rights and obligations.

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9
Q

When is a control deficiency considered a material weakness?

Options:
A. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - More than inconsequential
B. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - Material
C. Likelihood - Probable, Magnitude - Material
D. Likelihood - Probable, Magnitude - More than inconsequential

A

Correct Answer:
B. Likelihood - Reasonable, Magnitude - Material

Explanation:
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, where there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected/corrected.
舉例:
假設有一家公司,該公司沒有一個有效的內部控制系統來審查和核對所有大額交易。這意味著如果某個員工故意或無意地記錄了一筆虛假的大額交易,這筆錯報可能不會被及時發現和糾正。

具體情況:
可能性 - 合理(Reasonable):

這意味著錯報有合理的可能性會發生。即使錯報不是肯定會發生,但由於缺乏有效的控制措施,錯報發生的風險是存在的。例如,由於缺乏對大額交易的審查,發生錯報的可能性是合理的。
規模 - 重大(Material):

這意味著如果錯報發生,其影響會是重大的,可能會影響財務報表的使用者做出錯誤的決策。例如,如果虛假的大額交易沒有被發現,它可能會嚴重影響公司的財務狀況,導致財務報表不準確。

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10
Q

Question:
An accountant compiling a financial projection most likely informs the client that:

A. The engagement does not evaluate the support for the assumptions.

B. The projection omits hypothetical assumptions and presents the most likely financial position.

C. The projection cannot be included with audited financial statements.

D. The accountant’s responsibility to update the projection is limited to one year.

A

Correct Answer:
A. The engagement does not evaluate the support for the assumptions.

Explanation:

A 是正确的,因为汇编业务不包括对假设的评估。
B 不正确,因为预测包括假设。
C 不正确,因为只要包含汇编报告,预测就可以与已审计财务报表一起包含。
D 不正确,因为更新预测是管理层的责任,而不是会计师的责任。

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11
Q

Question:
The auditor provides an opinion on:

A. The entity’s financial statements and internal control effectiveness.

B. The audit committee’s oversight.

C. The audit committee’s effectiveness.

D. The board’s oversight.

A

【A】
Explanation:

A is correct because the auditor provides an opinion on the financial statements and internal control effectiveness.
B is incorrect because the auditor is not required to provide an opinion on the audit committee’s oversight.
C is incorrect because the auditor does not provide an opinion on the audit committee’s effectiveness, though they report to the board if oversight is ineffective.
D is incorrect because the auditor does not provide an opinion on the board’s oversight.

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12
Q

Question:
For agreed-upon procedures engagements, quality control policies should ensure:

A. The report’s use is unrestricted.

B. The firm is responsible for the sufficiency of procedures.

C. The practitioner is independent from the client and other parties.

D. The practitioner sets the criteria for findings.

A

解释:

A 不正确,因为报告的使用可能会也可能不会受到限制。
B 不正确,因为聘用方对程序的充分性负责。
C 正确,因为独立于客户和其他特定方是必要条件。
D 不正确,因为结论的标准由执业者和参与方共同确定。

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13
Q

What is the most efficient way for an auditor to obtain information about the trust department’s internal controls to determine if a reduction in the assessed level of control risk is appropriate?

A. Rely on a SOC 1® Type 2 report from the trust department’s auditor.

B. Perform tests of controls on a sample of the client’s transactions with the trust department.

C. Ask the trust department’s management to complete a questionnaire about internal controls and provide flowcharts.

D. Rely on a SOC 1® Type 1 report from the trust department’s auditor.

A

A 是正确的,因为 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告为信托部门内部控制的设计、实施和运行效果提供了保证,因此是最有效的方法。
B 不正确,因为与 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告相比,它的效率较低。
C 不正确,因为信託部門管理層提供的信息缺乏獨立性,不能充分證明內部控制的設計和運行效果是否有效。它的效率也低于 SOC 1® 类型 2 报告。
D 不正确,因为 SOC 1® 类型 1 报告不能保证控制的运行有效性,因此不能用于降低控制风险评估。

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14
Q

When engaged to audit a nonissuer’s internal control, an auditor should:
B. Keep informed of events subsequent to the date of the report that might have affected the accountant’s opinion.
D. Obtain management’s written assessment regarding whether the company has maintained effective internal control.

A

【D】
選項B:保持對報告日期後可能影響會計師意見的事件的了解
責任範圍:選項B提到會計師需要對報告日期之後的事件保持關注,但實際上,會計師在內部控制審計中並沒有責任評估隨後事件的影響。
內部控制報告:內部控制報告通常明確指出,將內部控制評估投射到未來期間是不適當的,因為未來的事件和狀況可能會影響控制的有效性。
錯誤:因此,選項B是錯誤的,因為它不符合會計師在內部控制審計中的職責和範圍。

選項D:獲取管理層對公司是否維持了有效內部控制的書面評估
審計程序:選項D強調會計師應該獲取管理層對內部控制有效性的書面評估。這是審計內部控制的一個關鍵步驟。
證據要求:管理層的書面評估為會計師提供了評估內部控制有效性的基礎,並有助於會計師形成意見。
正確:選項D是正確的,因為它符合審計內部控制的標準做法。

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15
Q

When a user auditor uses a SOC 1® Type 2 report to reduce control risk, which of the following is NOT required?

A. The service auditor is competent and independent.

B. The tests of controls are relevant to the user entity’s financial statements.

C. Relevant complementary controls have been evaluated.

D. Reperformance of the tests of controls by the user auditor.

A

Explanation:

A is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure the service auditor is competent and independent.
B is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure the tests of controls are relevant to the financial statements.
C is incorrect because the user auditor must ensure that relevant complementary controls have been evaluated.
D is correct because the user auditor can rely on the SOC 1® Type 2 report without reperformance of the tests.

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16
Q

Which of the following activities is an accountant not responsible for in review engagements performed in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services?
A.Remaining independent.
B.Performing basic analytical procedures.
C.Providing a form of limited assurance.
D.Developing an understanding of internal control.

A

[D]

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17
Q

accountant determined that modification of the compilation report is not adequate to communicate the misstatements.
Under these circumstances, the accountant should:
1.withdraw
2.disclaim

A

[1]

compilation provide no opinion

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18
Q

Each page of a nonissuer’s financial statements reviewed by an accountant should include the following reference:
A. Reviewed, No Material Modifications Required.
B. See Accompanying Accountant’s Footnotes.
C. See Independent Accountant’s Review Report.
D. Reviewed, No Accountant’s Assurance Expressed.

A

[C]

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19
Q

An auditor generally tests the segregation of duties related to inventory by:

A.Test counts and cutoff procedures.
B.Personal inquiry and observation.
C. Analytical procedures and invoice recomputation.
D. Document inspection and reconciliation.

A

【B】
測試內部控制:職責分離(Segregation of duties)是一種內部控制措施,用於確保不同的人員負責不同的業務流程,以防止欺詐或錯誤。這類控制通常不會留下書面記錄。
直接觀察和詢問:審計師通過詢問相關人員和直接觀察業務流程來測試這些控制。例如,審計師可以觀察倉庫管理人員和會計人員是否是不同的人,從而確認職責分離的實施情況。

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20
Q

Which of the following procedures would provide the most reliable audit evidence?
A. Inspection of bank statements obtained directly from the client’s financial institution.
C. Inquiries of the client’s internal audit staff held in private.

A

[A]
A. 检查直接从客户金融机构获得的银行对账单。
C. 检查应付款凭单部门存档的预先编号的客户定购单。

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21
Q

What is the auditor’s primary purpose in performing a retrospective review of management’s significant accounting estimates reflected in the prior year financial statements of a nonissuer?

C.To indicate whether a significant deficiency existed
D.To indicate whether a bias by management existed

A

【D】?
回顧審查涉及檢查前一年的會計估計以及它們如何反映在財務報表中,這可能揭示管理層的估計是否適當。如果發現估計不合適,這可能表明管理層在進行這些估計時存在偏見。這對審計師來說非常重要,因為這種偏見可能會影響財務報表的公允性和準確性。

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22
Q

Which of the following steps should be performed first in applying analytical procedures?

A. Determine whether the difference between the expectation and the recorded amount is reasonable.
B. Investigate and evaluate significant differences from the expectation.
C. Develop an expectation of a balance or ratio by using relationships that are expected to exist.
D. Compare the client’s recorded balance or ratio with the expectation.

A

【C】
在應用分析程序時,步驟的順序和過程如下:

發展預期(Develop an expectation):
將客戶記錄的餘額或比率與預期進行比較(Compare the client’s recorded balance or ratio with the expectation):

調查並評估顯著差異(Investigate and evaluate significant differences from the expectation):

確定預期與記錄數額之間的差異是否合理(Determine whether the difference between the expectation and the recorded amount is reasonable):

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23
Q

In assessing control risk, an auditor ordinarily selects from a variety of techniques, including:

A.Verification.
B.Confirmation.
C.Analytical procedures.
D.Reperformance.

A

Choice “D” is correct. Reperformance of a control by the auditor is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the operation of that control.
Choices “B”, “A”, and “C” are incorrect. Confirmation, verification, and analytical procedures are substantive procedures.

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24
Q

The standard that an auditor should be independent of mind and appearance in providing audits is included in the Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standard ethics principle of:

A.	 Objectivity.

B.	 Integrity.
A

【A】
總結區分
客觀性 (Objectivity):專注於審計師在進行審計時的獨立性和公正性,避免任何可能影響判斷的利益衝突。
例如:審計師拒絕接受被審計公司的禮物,以保持外觀上的獨立性。
誠信 (Integrity):強調道德上的誠實和保持事實基礎的客觀態度,不受外部壓力或個人偏見影響。
例如:即使揭露錯誤或欺詐行為會對被審計公司造成負面影響,審計師也應如實報告他的發現。

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25
Q

When selecting a population of disclosures to review, the SEC will likely place the lowest priority on an issuer that has:
A. Recently reissued its financial statements.
B. Common stock that is considered small cap.
C. A relatively volatile stock price.
D. A large impact on the banking sector of the economy.

A

【B】
這道題目是關於美國證券交易委員會(SEC)在選擇要審查的披露文件時,會將哪些因素作為優先考量。題目要求選出 SEC 最不可能優先考慮的因素。以下是對各個選項的分析:

A. Recently reissued its financial statements.
- 分析:重新發布財務報表通常是個警告信號,可能表明之前的報表存在錯誤或其他問題。這會引起 SEC 的注意,因為這樣的公司可能存在潛在風險,需要進一步審查。

B. Common stock that is considered small cap.
- 分析:小市值股票(Small Cap)指的是市值較小的公司。這些公司通常風險較低,因為它們的影響力相對較小。與大市值公司相比,SEC 可能會對這些公司給予較低的審查優先級。這是因為小市值股票的影響範圍和潛在風險相對較小。

C. A relatively volatile stock price.
- 分析:股價波動性大的公司通常被認為風險較高。SEC 更有可能選擇這些公司進行審查,因為股價的劇烈波動可能暗示著潛在的內部問題或市場操縱等風險。

D. A large impact on the banking sector of the economy.
- 分析:對銀行業等重要經濟部門有重大影響的公司,通常會引起 SEC 的關注。這些公司的問題可能會對整個經濟產生連鎖反應,因此 SEC 會優先審查這些公司,以確保它們的披露信息是準確和完整的

正確答案:B

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26
Q

Question: Hart, CPA, is reviewing Kell Co.’s Year 2 financial statements and previously issued a qualified opinion for Year 1 due to a scope limitation. A separate paragraph should indicate the:

A.Restriction on report distribution.
B.Reasons for the prior qualified opinion.
C.Reason for changing from an audit to a review.
D.Consistency of accounting principles between Year 1 and Year 2.

A

【B】
Explanation:

Choice “B” is correct: The separate paragraph should outline the substantive reasons for the prior year’s qualified opinion due to the scope limitation in the audit report.
Choice “A” is incorrect: A review report is not generally restricted in its use.
Choice “C” is incorrect: Explaining the change from an audit to a review is not required.
Choice “D” is incorrect: Consistency of accounting principles is only mentioned if there is a lack of consistency.

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27
Q

Question: An accountant compiled the financial statements of a nonissuer and has an ownership interest in the entity. Which statement is correct?

A.Include “I am not independent with respect to the entity” in the report.
B.Refuse the compilation engagement.
C.No report needed for a nonissuer compilation.
D.Include “I am an owner of the entity” in the report.

A

【A】
Explanation:

Choice “A” is correct: An ownership interest makes the accountant not independent, and this should be disclosed in the compilation report.
Choice “B” is incorrect: The accountant can still perform the engagement but must disclose the lack of independence.
Choice “C” is incorrect: A report must be issued for a nonissuer compilation.
Choice “D” is incorrect: Stating ownership in the report is not the appropriate language; the lack of independence should be disclosed.

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28
Q

What should a nonissuer auditor do when reporting on required supplementary information with the financial statements?

A. Include a separate section for the supplementary information.

B. Make no reference to the supplementary information.

C. Mention the supplementary information in the opinion paragraph.

D. Use an emphasis-of-matter paragraph for the supplementary information.

A

Choice “A” is correct. The report should have a separate section titled “Required Supplementary Information.”

Choice “B” is incorrect. The report must reference the supplementary information in a separate section.

Choice “C” is incorrect. The opinion paragraph should not include this reference; it belongs in a separate section.

Choice “D” is incorrect. The reference should be in a separate section, not an emphasis-of-matter paragraph.

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29
Q

Which of the following decisions would a CPA likely make during the planning stage of the audit?
I.Whether to perform tests at an interim date or wait until the start of the audit.
II.Whether to rely on the work of internal auditors.
A. Both I and II.
B. II only.
C. I only.
D. Neither I nor II.

A

A

  1. 审计策略和效率
    • 决定依靠内部审计师会影响外部审计程序的范围和性质。如果使用内部审计师的工作,注册会计师就有可能减少实质性测试的程度,或在某些控制方面依赖他们的工作,从而提高审计效率。
  2. 了解实体及其环境
    • 在审计初期,注册会计师需要了解实体及其内部控制环境。这种了解包括评估内部审计师的能力和客观性。计划依靠他们的工作与这一初步评估相一致,并有助于形成审计方法。
  3. 风险评估
    • ## 依赖内部审计师会影响风险评估过程。如果内部审计师被认为是可靠的,那么他们的工作有助于审计师了解重大错报的风险,无论是在财务报表层面还是断言层面。
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30
Q

The COSO Cube is used to illustrate the relationship between:
A. Risk management strategies, internal control components, and the elements of the Audit Framework.
B. The five components of internal control, the three categories of objectives, and the 17 principles.
C. Internal controls, enterprise risk management, and Sarbanes-Oxley requirements.
D. Categories of objectives, internal control components, and entity organizational levels.

A

【D】
【目標類別(Objectives)】:
運營目標(Operations Objectives)
報告目標(Reporting Objectives)
合規目標(Compliance Objectives)

【內部控制組件(Components of Internal Control)】:
控制環境(Control Environment)
風險評估(Risk Assessment)
控制活動(Control Activities)
信息與溝通(Information and Communication)
監控活動(Monitoring Activities)

【組織層次(Organizational Levels)】:
整體層次(Entity Level)
部門層次(Division Level)
業務層次(Operating Unit Level)
子公司層次(Function Level)

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31
Q

Under which of the following circumstances should an auditor consider confirming the terms of a large complex sale?

A. When the assessed level of detection risk over the sale is high.
D. When the combined assessed level of inherent and control risk over the sale is high.

A

Explanation
Choice “D” is correct. ss likely to confirm the terms of a large complex sale.
當檢查風險高時,這通常是因為固有風險和控制風險低,因此,審計程序能夠承受更高的檢查風險而不會對審計的有效性產生重大影響。

固有風險(Inherent Risk):交易或賬戶本身固有的錯誤可能性。
控制風險(Control Risk):內部控制未能防止或檢測錯誤的可能性。
檢查風險(Detection Risk):審計程序未能檢測錯誤的可能性。
這三種風險共同構成了重大錯報風險(Risk of Material Misstatement,RMM)。

【反向關係】
當固有風險和控制風險高時,重大錯報風險高,審計師需要降低檢查風險(即加強審計程序)。
當固有風險和控制風險低時,重大錯報風險低,檢查風險可以相對較高(即審計程序可以適度減少)。

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32
Q

Financial statement assertions include:

B.	 Understandability of presentation and classification; independence, integrity, and objectivity; and rights and obligations.

C.	 Valuation, allocation, and accuracy; completeness; and understandability of presentation and classification.
A

【C】
Completeness
Existence (Occurrence)
Rights and Obligations
Valuation, allocation, and accuracy
Presentation and Classification

【估值】要【存在】【完整性】,
【溝通表達】【歸屬】是【權力和義務】

注意:occurrence發生不再其中

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33
Q

Confirmation is most likely to be a relevant form of evidence with regard to assertions about accounts receivable when the auditor has concerns about the receivables:
A. Existence.
B. Completeness.
C. Classification.
D. Valuation.

A

【A】
B–>完整性(Completeness):
審計程序:檢查期末銷售發票和運單,確保所有應收賬款都記錄在財務報表中。
Audit Procedure: Check year-end sales invoices and shipping documents to ensure all receivables are recorded in the financial statements.

C–>分類(Classification):
審計程序:檢查應收賬款明細,確認分類是否正確。
Audit Procedure: Review the details of accounts receivable to confirm correct classification.
估值(Valuation):

D–>審計程序:評估壞賬準備金,檢查客戶信用報告。
Audit Procedure: Assess the allowance for doubtful accounts and check customer credit reports.

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34
Q

以下哪项审计程序最有可能帮助审计员识别可能表明对企业持续经营能力存在重大疑虑的条件和事件?

B.Reading the minutes of meetings of the stockholders and the board of directors.
D.Inspecting title documents to verify whether any assets are pledged as collateral.

A

【B】
選項 B(閱讀股東和董事會會議紀錄)被認為是最有可能協助審計師辨識可能顯示企業持續經營能力存在重大疑慮的條件和事件的程序。這是因為會議紀錄通常包含有關企業財務狀況、未來計劃、重大決策、潛在問題及解決方案的討論,這些信息對於評估企業的持續經營能力非常重要。

選項 D(檢查所有權文件以驗證是否有資產作為抵押)雖然提供了有關資產抵押的信息,但這些信息主要涉及資產的展示和披露,並不能直接顯示企業是否存在持續經營問題。這些信息對評估資產的安全性和債務的擔保有用,但不一定直接反映企業的整體財務健康狀況和經營前景。

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35
Q
A
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36
Q

Which of the following items should not be included in the communication of the planned scope and timing of a financial statement audit for an issuer?
A. Potential use of internal audit staff.
B. Factors affecting materiality.
C. Probable high-risk audit procedures.
D. Planned approach toward internal control.

A

【C】
避免詳細溝通高風險審計程序的範例(選項 C):
範例:假設審計師認為公司某些海外分支機構的交易存在較高的舞弊風險。審計師計劃針對這些分支機構進行特別的實地審計和突擊檢查。
溝通內容:審計師可以告知治理層,他們會針對高風險領域加強審計程序,但不會具體說明將在哪些分支機構進行突擊檢查。
原因:如果審計師提前詳細說明了具體的高風險審計程序,例如將在哪些分支機構進行突擊檢查,那麼相關人員可能會提前準備或掩蓋潛在的問題,從而降低審計程序的有效性。

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37
Q

which is not require, as part of this auditor’s report under GAS:
A.Indications or instances of illegal acts that could result in criminal prosecution discovered during the audit.
B.A concurrent opinion on the financial statements taken as a whole.
C.The pertinent views of the entity’s responsible officials concerning the auditor’s findings.
D.A statement of the audit objectives and a description of the audit scope.

A

【B】
並行意見(concurrent opinion)指的是審計師同時對財務報表的整體以及特定審計報告(如績效審計報告)發表意見。在政府審計標準(Government Auditing Standards)下,這並不是必須的部分。

績效審計(Performance Audit)和財務審計(Financial Audit)有不同的目的。績效審計旨在評估政府實體的運營效率、效果和經濟性,而財務審計則是評估財務報表的準確性和完整性。這兩者的焦點不同,所需的程序和方法也不同。

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38
Q

A CPA must follow SSAE when engaged to:

A. Issue a comfort letter to a securities broker or dealer.

B. Compile financial statements based on a non-GAAP framework.

C. Assure investment performance statistics of an investment company.

D. Communicate with the audit committee about management’s consultation with another CPA.

A

【C】
A–SAS 規範了審計師在發行保函時的責任,這些保函通常提供給投資者,確認公司財務報表的某些陳述和數據。
B–SSARS 規範了 CPA 在編制財務報表時的要求,包括編制、審閱和應用財務報表框架的程序和指南。
D–SAS 和 PCAOB 規範了審計師在與審計委員會溝通時的責任,確保非上市公司和上市公司審計中的透明和適當的溝通。

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39
Q

express an opinion that FS do not present fairly
must1
must2

A

must 1: uncorrected misstatement
must 2: over materiality

the opion is adverse opinion

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40
Q

determine the materiality

A

entity’s FS of the period year

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41
Q

The risk that the internal control system will not detect a material misstatement of a financial statement assertion.

A

control risk

内部控制系统无法发现财务报表断言的重大错报的风险。
關鍵詞:control system+detect

——————————————————
The risk that material misstatements in the MD&A presentation will not be 【prevented】 in a timely manner.
未能及時預防)——描述的是控制系統未能生效的風險。

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42
Q

The risk that the audit procedures implemented will not detect a material misstatement of a financial statement assertion.

A

detection risk
实施的审计程序无法发现财务报表断言的重大错报的风险。

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43
Q

The susceptibility of a financial statement assertion to a material misstatement assuming there are no related controls.

A

inherent risk
假设没有相关控制措施,财务报表断言出现重大错报的可能性。
susceptibility 易感性

意思就是在沒有任何人為操控的情況下出現的–>固有風險

———————————————————
【同樣描述固有風險】
The risk that an assertion within the MD&A 【will lead to】 a material misstatement.
——描述的是內部控制之外的固有可能性。自然而然的語感

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44
Q

Relationship between control risk and detection risk

A

反向关系:控制风险和检测风险之间存在反向关系。如果控制风险很高(即内部控制薄弱),检测风险需要降低(即审计师必须执行更严格和全面的审计程序)以将整体审计风险控制在可接受的水平。increase substantive test
相反,如果控制风险较低(即内部控制较强),审计师可以接受更高的检测风险(即可以减少审计程序的范围)。

⚠️內部控制風險是決定條件,可以理解成實驗本體,而檢測風險只是試劑

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45
Q

As the acceptable level of detection risk decreases

A

substantive test should increase
控制风险的高低是由企业的内部控制系统决定的,而不是由审计程序直接影响的。
所以不存在因為檢測風險降低,內部控制就增加的現象

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46
Q

which of the following would be classified as an error?

A.
Misappropriation of assets for the benefit of management.
B.
Misinterpretation by management of facts that existed when the financial statements were prepared

A

誤謬に分類されるものを選ぶ問題。

誤謬(error)とは、財務諸表における意図的でない(unintentional)誤りのことである。
従って、正解はb。

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47
Q

defalcation

A

着服行為、資産の横領(misappropriation of assets)と同じ意味であり、典型的な不正(fraud)の一つである。

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48
Q

An auditor discovers that an audit client does not promptly reconcile its assets on hand to its records. What type of fraud risk factor is indicated by this problem?
B. Employees have the opportunity to misappropriate assets.
C. Employees have the pressure for fraudulent financial reporting.

A

b
除非及时、迅速地将资产持有情况与会计记录进行核对,否则就无法知道资产是否如其记录的那样存在。 这种情况可能会为挪用资产提供机会,因为员工可能会认为,如果他们挪用,就不会被发现。

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49
Q

Which would help to indicate substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern?

B.
Confirming with third parties the details of arrangements to maintain financial support.
C.
Reconciling the cash balance per books with the cutoff bank statement and the bank confirmation.

A

選項c虽然核对现金余额有助于确认记录的准确性,但它仅提供了一时点上的现金状况。持续经营能力需要评估企业的现金流量、负债情况、未来的财务需求等更广泛的因素。

评估持续经营能力通常需要更全面的信息,包括企业的融资安排、业务计划、未来的财务预期等。选项B涉及确认第三方的财务支持安排,这可以直接提供有关企业是否能获得必要的财务支持的信息,这对评估持续经营能力更为重要。

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50
Q

Which way could help to know substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern?

A.
Review compliance with the terms of debt agreements.
B.
Confirmation of accounts receivable from principal customers.

A

A. Review compliance with the terms of debt agreements:

直接评估:检查企业是否遵守债务协议的条款能够直接评估企业是否面临违约风险。如果企业违反了债务契约,可能会引发严重的财务问题,比如被要求立即偿还债务,这会直接影响企业的持续经营能力。
财务压力指标:债务违约通常是企业财务压力的直接表现,能够提供明确的迹象,显示企业是否可能面临持续经营问题。
B. Confirmation of accounts receivable from principal customers:

间接评估:确认应收账款主要用于验证资产的存在和可回收性。虽然主要客户支付能力不足可能会影响运营现金流,但这通常不如债务违约那样直接暴露企业的持续经营风险。
客户支付能力的影响:尽管客户支付能力不足会影响现金流,但审计程序需要明确地揭示持续经营疑虑。应收账款确认主要关注资产的真实性和客户的信用,而不是直接评估企业的财务困境。

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51
Q

which part of the report?

A.
The prior period financial statements were not audited but reviewed.
B.
There is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.
C.
Management’s estimates of the effects of future events are unreasonable.
D.
Certain transactions cannot be tested because of management’s records retention policy.

A

A–other matter paragraph

B– 1️⃣非上市公司的話可以發表在emphasis of matter paragraph,通常不會影響意見類型
2️⃣對於上市公司,需要包括一個單獨的部分,標題為 “Substantial Doubt About the Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern”

C–basic of opinion
D–scope limitation

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52
Q

alleviate

A

緩和,舒緩

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53
Q

Scenario: A CPA finds that unaudited financial statements are not in accordance with GAAP due to management’s failure to capitalize leases. The CPA suggests revisions, but management refuses.

C. Issue a qualified or adverse opinion based on the severity of the GAAP departure.

D. Describe the GAAP departure and its effects in the report, if possible.

A

選D
這道題目狡猾在於unaudited,所以不應該發表任何意見

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54
Q

在進行非公開公司(nonissuer)集團財務報表的審計時,如何確定組件(component)財務報表的重大性(materiality
提示:
從組件到集團還是從集團到組件?
哪個重大性應該更大?

A

步驟:
group material–〉component material–〉組件重大性應低於集團重大性

為了確保所有重要錯誤或不準確性都能被及時發現並修正,通常每個組件的重大性應低於整個集團財務報表的重大性。這樣可以確保即使是較小的錯誤,也能夠對集團財務報表進行有效的控制和修正。

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55
Q

當集團審計合夥人(group engagement partner)決定不提及另一位註冊會計師(CPA)對某個組件進行的審計時,應採取的適當措施。
C.
Obtain written permission from the other CPA to omit the reference in the group engagement partner’s report.
D.
Perform an additional audit procedures based upon the significance of the financial information of components.

A

「D]
額外審計程序:當集團審計合夥人決定不提及其他CPA的審計結果時,這可能意味著該組件對集團財務報表的重要性較高,因此集團審計合夥人需要進行額外的審計程序來確保組件財務報表的準確性和完整性。

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56
Q

An auditor’s report on financial statements prepared in conformity with the cash basis of accounting should include an emphasis-of-matter paragraph that

B: State if the statements are fairly presented under a different basis.
C: Refer to the note describing the basis of accounting.

A

【C】在审计员关于按照收付实现制编制的财务报表的报告中,在 “意见的依据 “之后增加了一 个信息类别(强调事项段),其中包括提及财务报表中关于会计准则的说明,如 “我们提请 注意财务报表中说明会计基础的说明 X”。 We draw attention to Note X of the financial statements, which describes the basis of accounting”。
因此,正确答案是 c。

b 不正确。 该声明不属于 “补充信息 “类别,而属于 “意见 “类别。

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57
Q

在什麼情況下,獨立審計師可以在財政年度結束後接受審計工作

A

Remedy(補救) of limitations resulting from accepting the engagement after the close of the end of the year, such as those relating to the existence of physical inventory.
假設一家公司的財政年度在12月31日結束,但審計師是在1月中旬才接受該公司的審計工作。這樣,審計師在財政年度結束後才開始進行審計,這可能會帶來一些挑戰,例如:

實物庫存的存在問題:審計師可能無法在財政年度結束時觀察實物庫存,因為庫存盤點通常是在年度結束後進行的。
為了克服這些挑戰,審計師可以採取一些補救措施,比如:

進行補充的審計程序:例如,審計師可以要求公司提供財政年度末的庫存記錄,並進行後續的實物庫存確認。

使用替代性程序:如果直接觀察實物庫存不可行,審計師可以依賴其他證據,如庫存的入庫和出庫記錄,或者對於庫存的盤點結果進行檢查。

與公司管理層進行溝通:審計師可以與公司的管理層合作,收集和分析其他證據來支持庫存數量的準確性。

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58
Q

internal control segregation responsibility

A

承認(authorization)、記録(recording)、保管(custody)

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59
Q

Control environment includes the following factor (s):

1Audit committee
2Ethical values
3Monitoring

A

1+2

3–监督则是内部控制的一个要素,与控制环境不同。

1Ethical values and integrity
2Board of directors or audit committee
3Organizational structure
4Authority and responsibility
5Human resource policies and practices

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60
Q

The system of internal control encompasses all the steps in the enterprise risk management process.
T or F?

A

錯,應該是相反
內部控制:包括控制環境、風險評估、控制活動、信息與溝通以及監控等組件(根據 COSO 的內部控制—整體框架)。它主要集中於業務運營的有效性和效率、財務報告的可靠性,以及遵守法律和法規。
ERM:涵蓋了內部控制所處理的風險之外的範圍,包括戰略風險、財務風險、運營風險和合規風險。它將風險管理整合到組織的戰略規劃和決策過程中。

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61
Q

Which of the following does not demonstrate an inappropriate segregation of duties?

A.	 The cashier performs the monthly bank reconciliation.

B.	 An accounting clerk receives customer payments and records the resulting reduction in accounts receivable.

C.	 The purchasing manager approves vendor invoices for payment.

D.	 A billing clerk prepares invoices and records the resulting increase in accounts receivable.
A

【D】
A– cashier:收銀員處理現金和存款,屬於保管功能。
如果收銀員負責銀行對帳(紀錄),則他們掌握了現金的保管和記錄,這可能導致他們隱瞞或改變對帳結果,從而顯示了職責分離的不當。

B–會計 clerk 是紀錄功能,同時負責收款(保管功能)和記錄應收帳款的減少,他們可以挪用現金並記錄虛假的減少,這會顯示職責分離的不當。

C–採購經理是授權功能,授權功能(批准發票)不應與其他相關功能(如處理或記錄付款)由同一人員執行,這樣可以防止濫用權力和詐騙行為。

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62
Q

the relevance of controls for an audit of financial statements?

A

Controls over the reliability

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63
Q

The COSO framework for internal control includes the following component (s):

1Segregation of duties
2Monitoring
3Control Environment

A

2+3
內部控制要訣:兩手控制,監控/信息/風險
Control Environment - 控制環境
Risk Assessment - 風險評估
Control Activities - 控制活動
Information and Communication - 信息與溝通
Monitoring - 監控

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64
Q

COSO control activity的構成要素

A

職務の分離(segregation of duties)
認可と承認(authorization and approval)
検証(verification)
物理的統制(physical control)
マスターデータ統制(control over standing data)
照合(reconciliation)
監督による統制(supervisory control

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65
Q

A CPA is permitted to accept a separate engagement (not in conjunction with an audit of financial statements) to audit an entity’s
1. Schedule of
accounts receivable
2. Schedule of
royalties

A

1+2

專門審計報告:CPA 可以接受對特定報表(如應收帳款表或版稅表)的審計,這些報表是獨立於全面的財務報表審計的。這類審計通常會涉及到特定的報表或記錄,並且這些審計可以在不影響財務報表整體審計的情況下進行。

除題目之外還有:
固定资产明细表 (Fixed Assets Detail Schedule)
库存清单 (Inventory Listing)
应付账款明细表 (Accounts Payable Detail Schedule)
收入和支出明细 (Revenue and Expense Detail)
合同或协议 (Contracts or Agreements)
工资表和员工福利记录 (Payroll and Employee Benefits Records)
贷款和债务明细 (Loans and Debt Detail)

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66
Q

be confined to

A

僅限於
An auditor’s responsibilities for audited financial statements 【are confined to】the expression of the auditor’s opinion.
正確

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67
Q

An auditor should design the written audit program so that
A.
All material transactions will be selected for substantive testing.
C.
The audit procedures selected will achieve specific audit objectives.
D.
Each account balance will be tested under either tests of controls or tests of transactions.

A

审计方案详细说明了实现审计目标所需的审计程序。
因此,正确答案是 c。

a 不正确。 审计程序说明不仅仅是选择重要的交易;重点不在于选择交易本身。
d 不正确。 不重要的账目可以不核实。 此外,核实账户余额的手段有交易测试、余额测试和分析程序,而控制测试并不直接核实账户余额。 这个选项也不正确,因为在控制测试中不直接核实账户余额。

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68
Q

what should be included in the opinion session when expressing a qualified opinion due to a scope limitation?

A.
A quantification of the financial effects of a possible misstatement that relates to the modification of the audit opinion.
C.
A statement that the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.

A

【C】

A–範圍限制下需要給出準確數字是不現實的。

C–即使是範圍受到限制,與獲得充分證據並不矛盾

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69
Q

Among the components of internal control, control activities include

B.
Orderly controls over business processes.
C.
Assessing the design and operation of controls.

A

[B]

控制活动(控制活动)是确保管理层的指示得到执行并实现对业务流程的日常控制的政策和程序。

C
–monitoring

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70
Q

impede

A

阻礙

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71
Q

Physical proximity

A

實際距離

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72
Q

Tests of details are more focused on what risk?

A

detecting risks

对交易细节的测试更多的是检测风险,而不是控制风险。

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73
Q

Question: How often must an auditor test controls that haven’t changed since the last test, if the auditor plans to rely on them for the current year?

A. Every month
B. Each audit
C. Every second year
D. Every third year

A

【D】
如果审计师打算依靠内部控制,那么问题就会问必须多长时间测试一次内部控制。

即使某项控制措施没有变化,审计师也必须至少每三年测试一次内部控制措施。

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74
Q

Which of the following is least likely to provide evidence that controls are operating effectively?

A. Records documenting the use of computer programs
B. Canceled supporting documents
C. Confirmations of accounts receivable
D. Signatures on authorization forms

A

【C】
A 错误。计算机程序使用情况的记录为计算机化系统控制的有效性提供了线索。
B 错误。审查被撤销的文件证据可提供防止重复计费的控制措施的线索。
d 不正确。适当的签字表明对批准的控制是有效的。
【焦點:】
實質性測試:重點在於財務信息的準確性和完整性。
控制測試:重點在於評估內部控制的有效性。
【證據:】
實質性測試:提供直接的財務報表斷言的證據。
控制測試:提供關於控制是否按預期運作的證據。

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75
Q

Regardless of the assessed risk level of material misstatement, 【   test】 must be performed.

A

substantive tests

实质性测试至关重要:无论重大错报风险的评估水平如何,都必须执行实质性测试。这些测试对于验证财务信息的准确性和完整性是必要的。即使在风险评估较低的情况下,也需要这些测试来确保财务报表的可靠性。

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76
Q

These are not required【什麼控制 】 if the assessed risk of material misstatement is at its maximum level (100%).

A

Tests of controls

控制测试:当评估的重大错报风险达到最高水平(100%)时,不再需要进行控制测试。在这种情况下,对内部控制的依赖程度最低,审计工作重心转向实质性测试。

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77
Q

Sound internal control dictates that defective merchandise returned by customers should be presented initially to the

A.
Sales clerk.
B.
Purchasing clerk.
C.
Receiving clerk.
D.
Inventory control clerk.

A

【C】

初步步骤:接收员(检查和记录退回的商品)。
下一步:库存控制员(更新库存记录并管理商品)。

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78
Q

Question: After receiving customers’ checks and preparing a remittance listing, where should a copy of the listing be sent?

A. To the internal auditor to investigate for unusual transactions.
B. To the treasurer to compare with the monthly bank statement.
C. To the accounts receivable bookkeeper to update subsidiary accounts.
D. To the bank to compare with the cashier’s deposit slip.

A

【C】
职责分配:财务主管(Treasurer)通常负责监督现金和银行账户的管理,而不是直接处理具体的客户付款记录。因此,将客户汇款列表发送给财务主管来比较银行对账单是不合适的,因为这是与账户记录和日常运营相关的任务,而不是银行对账任务。

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79
Q

Which of the following controls most likely would reduce the risk of diversion of customer receipts by an entity’s employees?
A.
A bank lockbox system.
B.
Prenumbered remittance advices.
C.
Monthly bank reconciliations.
D.
Daily deposit of cash receipts.

A

A. 銀行郵箱系統。

銀行郵箱系統旨在將支付款項直接送到銀行的郵箱,由銀行工作人員處理,而不是由公司的員工處理。這樣可以減少員工挪用資金的機會,因為他們不直接處理現金或支票。

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80
Q

What is a key benefit of using a bank lockbox system in reducing fraud risk?

A

使用银行保险箱系统降低欺诈风险的一个主要好处是,银行负责实际接收和处理客户付款。这种职责分离限制了对支付信息的访问,减少了员工实施欺诈的机会。通过银行集中处理并确保安全,公司可最大限度地降低内部欺诈风险,确保更准确、更安全地处理资金。

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81
Q

为什么雇主会为处理现金收款的员工购买忠诚保单(fidelity bonds)
B.
Deter dishonesty by making employees aware that insurance companies may investigate and prosecute dishonest acts.
C.
Facilitate an independent monitoring of the receiving and depositing of cash receipts.

A

【B】
选项B:通过使员工意识到保险公司可能会调查和起诉不诚实行为来威慑不诚实行为。这是忠诚保单的一个关键好处,因为它通过增加员工的风险感知来预防欺诈行为。
选项C:促进对现金收款接收和存款的独立监控。虽然良好的内部控制系统中可能包括独立监控,但这不是忠诚保单的直接功能。

保单购买:
公司与保险公司签订合同:公司购买忠诚保单,以保护自己免受员工的不诚实行为带来的财务损失。
保单涵盖范围:保单通常涵盖由于员工的盗窃、欺诈或其他不诚实行为造成的损失。

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82
Q

For effective internal control, the accounts payable department generally should

A

Establish the agreement of the 【vendor’s invoice】 with the 【receiving report】 and 【purchase order】.
确定供应商发票与收货报告和采购订单是否一致。

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83
Q

To check if checks are issued for unauthorized expenses, an auditor should most likely test from the population of:
A. Purchase orders.

B. Canceled checks.

C. Receiving reports.

D. Approved vouchers.

A

【B】
选项B(已取消支票):已取消的支票记录实际的支票支付情况,可以用来跟踪哪些支票已经被支付,并帮助审计师确认是否有未经授权的支出。

选项D(批准的凭证):批准的凭证显示支出是否经过授权,但审计师需要从实际的支付记录(如已取消支票)中确认这些支出是否真正被执行。

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84
Q

Simplified Question:

Which situation is most likely to lead to an embezzlement scheme?

Options:

A. The accounts receivable clerk records payments and updates the subsidiary ledger.

B. The accounts payable clerk matches vendor invoices with purchase orders and receiving reports and approves vouchers for payment.

C. The cash disbursements clerk has access to blank checks and signature plates and reconciles the monthly bank statement.

D. The treasurer examines and cancels vouchers and then mails the checks to vendors.

A

【C】
选项C 更容易导致挪用资金的风险,因为它将太多关键职能——如处理空白支票、签名板以及调节银行对账单——集中在一个角色(现金支出簿记员)身上。这种控制的集中增加了欺诈活动的风险,因为同一个人可能会管理和操控现金支出,而缺乏足够的监督。

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85
Q

which department should be responsible for
Distribution of paychecks?
treasurer
payroll

A

treasurer

为了保护资产,支付工资支票和管理没有收款人的工资支票的工作应由财务主任(司 库)而不是工资干事负责。由于工资干事负责保存记录,因此兼任资产保管人(保管)不是适当的内部控制。

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86
Q

Previously communicated material weaknesses that have not been corrected
應該怎麼處理

A

过去已报告但尚未纠正的重大缺陷必须再次以书面形式向管理层和负责治理的人员(负责治理的人员)报告。

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87
Q

a requirement for audit evidence

A

appropriate

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88
Q

In order to form an opinion, the auditor should take into account whether sufficient appropriate evidence was obtained as required by 什麼準則?

In order to form an opinion, the auditor should consider whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework 什麼準則?

A

1.generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS).

2.(i.e., GAAP.)

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89
Q

an illegal act that has a material effect and has not been properly accounted for or disclosed.
what opinion?
__ or __

A

qualified opinion or an adverse opinion

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90
Q

Which of the following presumptions is correct about the reliability of evidential matter?
C.
Reliability of evidential matter refers to the amount of corroborative evidence obtained.
D.
Effective internal control provides more assurance about the reliability of evidential matter.

A

[D]
corroborative evidence 確實的證據

选项C:证据的可靠性与获得的证据的数量(即证明力)有关,但并不仅限于此。可靠性还涉及证据的来源、质量和相关性。

选项D:有效的内部控制提供了更多关于证据可靠性的保证。良好的内部控制有助于确保所收集的证据是准确和可靠的,因为它降低了错误和舞弊的风险。

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91
Q

which can perform prior to the balance sheet date?

B.
Perform search for unrecorded liabilities.
C.
Send inquiry letter to client’s legal counsel.
D.
Review detail and test significant travel and entertainment expenses.

A

【D】
对高额差旅费和招待费(重大差旅费和招待费)的核查可以在发生时进行,而不必等到 资产负债表日期。尽管选项D确实可能遗漏在年末发生的差旅费用,但它仍然是审计师在报表日期之前执行的必要程序。审计师在财务报表日期之前的主要目的是确认已发生的费用是否正确记录,而对于年末之后的费用,审计师会在后续的审计程序中加以关注。
因此,正确答案是 D。

b 不正确。对未记录负债的调查只能在财务年度结束后进行,因为它涉及资产负债表中记录的余额。
c 不正确。向客户的律师发出询证函通常应在财务年度结束后发出,以便一次性获得截至财务年度结束的答复,因为在财务年度内发出询证函需要就从该时间到财务年度结束这段时间发出相同的询证函。

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92
Q

以下的財務報表適合使用什麼分析手法?
balance sheet–
income statement–

A

balance sheet– ratio analysis
income statement–trend analysis

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93
Q

Question: What do analytical procedures in the overall review stage of an audit typically include?

Options:
A. Checking account balances that haven’t changed from the previous year.
B. Retesting ineffective control procedures from the risk assessment.
C. Looking into unusual or unexpected account balances not identified before.
D. Testing transactions to support management’s financial statement claims.

A

C. 考虑之前未识别的不寻常或意外的账户余额。

题目逻辑解释:

整体复核阶段的目标:审计的整体复核阶段旨在对财务报表的总体情况进行最终的检查,以确保所有的账户余额和财务信息是合理和一致的。

分析程序的作用:在这个阶段,审计师会使用分析程序来识别任何不寻常或意外的账户余额或财务信息,这些信息可能指示出潜在的误差或问题。

选项解释:

A(获取关于没有变化的账户余额的证据):这不符合整体复核阶段的分析程序,因为这个阶段关注的是整体的异常和意外情况,而不是账户余额的变化情况。
B(重新测试在控制风险评估中显得无效的控制程序):这属于控制测试的程序,而不是整体复核阶段的分析程序。
D(执行交易测试以证实管理层的财务报表主张):这属于具体的审计测试程序,通常在整体复核阶段之前进行。

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94
Q

kiting 的發現方法

A

當有disbursement和receipt date,以及per book 和per bank 的時候,
1. 對比disbur的book 和bank日期,如果book早過bank 就有問題
2. 對比receipt的book 和bank日期,如果book早過bank就有問題

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95
Q

A cash shortage may be concealed by transporting funds from one location to another or by converting negotiable assets to cash. Because of this, which of the following is vital?

A

Simultaneous verification.

注意不是confirmation

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96
Q

以下情況應該採取什麼手法?
1. substantial number in dispute, many customers with small accounts
2. small number in dispute, many customers with small accounts

A
  1. dispute 不一致
    因為不一致的多,所以應該用積極手法確認
  2. 可以用消極確認法
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97
Q

Negative confirmation requests are effective when detection risk is low.

T or F?

A

檢測風險: 檢測風險是指審計師未能檢測到重大錯報的風險。如果檢測風險較低,則意味著審計程序有望有效地識別任何錯報。

positive confirmation – detection risk is low的時候適用

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98
Q

An auditor finds that the original insurance policy for plant equipment is missing. What is this most likely to indicate?

A. Insurance premium not recorded.
B. Problem with the coinsurance provision.
C. Lien on the plant equipment.
D. Understated insurance expense.

A

【C】
遗失证书的最可能原因是在设备上设立了担保权益,担保持有人已将保险单存入银行。

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99
Q

which is wrong?

C.
Previously communicated material weaknesses that have not been corrected need not be recommunicated.
D.
A communication indicating that no significant deficiencies were identified should not be issued.

A

【C】
过去已报告但尚未纠正的重大缺陷必须再次以【书面形式】向管理层和负责治理的人员(负责治理的人员)报告。
因此,正确答案是 c。

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100
Q

PCAOB多久會對擁有100家企業客戶以上的會計師事務所進行檢查?
100家以下客戶公司的檢查頻率是?

A

PCAOB 每年对拥有 100 家以上客户公司的会计师事务所进行一次检查,每三年对拥有 100 家以下客户公司的会计师事务所进行一次检查;PCAOB 进行的检查可替代传统的同行评审。

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101
Q

According to PCAOB standards, if an auditor finds a material weakness in internal control that cannot be rectified before the audit ends, what should the auditor do?

A. Resign from the engagement.

B. Issue a disclaimer.

C. Issue a modified opinion.

D. Issue an adverse opinion.

A

【D】
C–不夠準確

负面意见(Adverse Opinion)是对发现的重大缺陷无法纠正的最适当回应,因为它准确地反映了内部控制系统的有效性存在严重问题,而修改意见通常用于较不严重的控制问题或范围限制情境

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102
Q

scope limitation

1.internal control
2.financial statement

A
  1. Disclaimer of opinion or withdraw from the engagement
  2. Disclaimer of opinion or a qualified opinion
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103
Q

A written representation should be signed by?

A

CEO+CFO

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104
Q

To which of the following matters would materiality limits not apply in obtaining written management representations?
A.
The availability of minutes of stockholders’ and directors’ meetings.
B.
Losses from purchase commitments at prices in excess of market value.
C.
The disclosure of compensating balance arrangements involving related parties.
D.
Reductions of obsolete inventory to net realizable value.

A

【A】
选项 A(股东和董事会会议记录的可用性):

这涉及到公司治理的基本文件,对于审计师了解公司治理和决策过程至关重要。尽管这些记录的可用性可能对审计有影响,但它们通常不受重大性限制的影响,因为它们是审计程序的基本部分。

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105
Q

In obtaining written representations from management, materiality limits ordinarily would apply to representations related to
A.
Amounts concerning related party transactions.
B.
Irregularities involving members of management.
C.
The availability of financial records.
D.
The completeness of minutes of directors’ meetings.

A

【A】

在获取管理层书面确认时,以下事项不会受到重大性限制:
1.管理层对GAAP合规的财务报表责任:管理层必须承认其对财务报表符合GAAP的责任。
2.财务记录和相关数据的可用性:管理层需确保所有财务记录和相关数据都可用。
3.会议记录的完整性和可用性:管理层需确保所有会议记录完整且可用。
4.设计和实施防止及发现舞弊的程序和控制:管理层需负责设计和实施防止及发现舞弊的程序和内部控制。

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106
Q

Disagreements with management about the application of accounting principles are required to be communicated in writing to those charged with governance of an entity.

T or F?

A

F
“Documented in writing when necessary”(在必要时以书面形式记录):虽然书面记录是常见的做法,但并非所有情况下都强制要求书面形式,特别是对于不那么重要的分歧。

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107
Q

An auditor’s working papers serve mainly to
A.
Provide the principal support for the auditor’s report.
B.
Satisfy the auditor’s responsibilities concerning the Code of Professional Conduct.
C.
Monitor the effectiveness of the CPA firm’s quality control procedures.
D.
Document the level of independence maintained by the auditor.

A

审计报表(工作底稿)为审计报告提供主要支持,并有助于开展和监督审计工作。
因此,正确答案是 A。

b、c 和 d 不正确。这些都是次要目标。

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108
Q

Which of the following is required documentation to perform an audit?
A. Flowchart or description of the accounting system: Details how transactions are recorded and classified for financial reporting.
B. Audit program: Lists the detailed procedures needed to meet the audit’s objectives.
C. Planning memorandum: Sets the timing for audit procedures and coordinates with entity personnel.
D. Internal control questionnaire: Identifies controls to ensure specific objectives are met.

A

【B】
A. 描述会计系统的流程图或叙述:描述财务报告中交易记录和分类的会计系统的流程图或叙述。这是了解和评估会计系统的有用文档,但不是执行审计的强制要求。

B. 审计程序:设定详细的审计程序,以实现审计目标。这是执行审计所必需的,因为它指导了审计师的工作步骤和方法。

C. 计划备忘录:设定审计程序的时间安排,并协调实体人员的协助。这对审计计划和组织很重要,但不是执行审计的核心文档。

D. 内部控制问卷:识别控制措施以确保实现特定目标。这对内部控制的评估有帮助,但不是审计执行的核心要求。

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109
Q

When an auditor of a nonissuer expresses an adverse opinion, the Opinion section should include:
B.
The principal effects of the departure from generally accepted accounting principles.
C.
A direct reference to a separate section disclosing the basis for the opinion.

A

【C】
选择 “C “是正确的。否定意见中的意见段应说明,审计员认为,由于否定意见的依据部分讨论的事项的重要性,所附合并财务报表没有公允地反映……

选择 “B “不正确。意见部分不包括偏离公认会计原则的主要影响。偏离《公认会计原则》的主要影响是在 “否定意见的依据 “部 分

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110
Q

Because of the significance of the matters described in the Basis for 【 ? opinion 】section of our report, we have not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion on these financial statements.”

A

Disclaimer of Opinion
关键词: “unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence” + “basis for disclaimer”

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111
Q

“In our opinion, because of the significance of the matter . . . the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not present fairly the financial position . . . .” This is considered a(n):

A

adverse opinion

关键词: “significance of the matter” + “do not present fairly”

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112
Q

“In our opinion, except for the omission of information described in the Basis for 【? Opinion】 section of our report…”

A

A qualified opinion

关键词: “except for” + “omission of information”

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113
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the audit report for an issuer?

A.	 The report should include references to PCAOB standards and generally accepted accounting principles.

B.	 Reference should be made to both PCAOB standards and generally accepted auditing standards.
A

【A】
选择 A: 正确

你需要用学校规定的评分标准(PCAOB 标准)来评估学生的成绩,并在成绩单上说明学校的表现(GAAP)。这样,成绩单(审计报告)就会准确反映学生的表现(学校的财务状况),符合学校的要求。
选择 B: 不正确

这就像说,你用学校的评分标准(PCAOB 标准)来评估学生的成绩,但是你还提到其他的评分系统(GAAS),这是不必要的,因为学校规定的评分系统已经足够了。

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114
Q

Inadequate disclosure of material information.

what opinion?

A

Inadequate disclosure of material information is a departure from GAAP and may result in either a 【qualified】 or 【adverse opinion】, depending on materiality.
披露不充分并不构成范围限制(scope limitation),而是偏离公认会计原则(departure from GAAP)。

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115
Q

In which sections of the auditor’s report should refer to U.S. GAAP?
B.
Opinion and Management’s Responsibility

C.	 Opinion and Basis for Opinion
A

Opinion and Management’s Responsibility

根据美国审计准则,审计员在 “意见 “部分和 “管理责任 “部分对财务报表是否符合公认会计 准则发表意见,即管理层负责按照公认会计准则编制和公允列报财务报表。

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116
Q

specialist的例子
* Actuaries
* Appraiser
* Engineers
* Environmental consultants
* Geologists

A
  • 精算师
  • 评估师
  • 工程师
  • 环境顾问
  • 地质学家

内部監査人(internal auditor)は、職業基準に定められるところの専門家(specialist)には該当しない。

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117
Q

an auditor may refer to and identify the specialist in the auditor’s report if the

A
  1. 專家的工作對審計報告中的意見至關重要:如果專家的工作對審計師發表的意見有重大影響,例如,專家的報告揭示了對企業【持續經營能力的重大疑慮】,審計師可能需要在報告中提及專家。
  2. 專家提供的證據【影響了審計意見】:當專家的發現對審計師的報告內容或審計意見有直接影響時,審計師應在報告中提及專家,以明確說明專家工作的影響。
  3. 涉及關鍵專業判斷:如果專家提供了涉及關鍵專業判斷的信息,這些判斷對財務報表的重大錯報風險有顯著影響,審計師通常會在報告中識別專家。

———————————————————
⚠️auditor應該在報告中說明:
the reference to the auditor’s external specialist does not reduce the auditor’s responsibility for that opinion.

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118
Q

The primary reason an auditor requests letters of inquiry be sent to a client’s attorneys is to provide the auditor with

B.
Corroboration of the information furnished by management about litigation, claims, and assessments.
D.
A description and evaluation of litigation, claims, and assessments that existed at the balance sheet date.

A

向客户的法律顾问发送调查问卷的主要目的是证实管理层提供的有关诉讼、索赔和罚款的信息。
因此,正确答案为 B。
d 不正确。客户提供对诉讼、索赔或征收的描述和评估。因為有舞弊的風險,所以審計師會要求客戶致信法律顧問以徵求第三方意見

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119
Q

Observing the safeguards over access to and use of assets and records.
屬於什麼行為?

A

internal control,不用在review中進行。

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120
Q

If an accountant cannot obtain enough appropriate evidence during a review of a nonissuer’s financial statements, what should they do?
B. Issue a review report with a disclaimer of conclusion.
D. Withdraw from the review engagement.

A

scope limitation

audit– disclaimer opinion
review– withdraw
在审计中,如果无法获得足够的证据,通常会发布免责声明意见。然而,在审查服务中,免责声明意见通常是不适用的。审查报告中的免责声明通常用于表明无法得出结论,但在审查中,若存在无法获得足够证据的情况,应选择撤回审查业务或其他适当措施,而不是简单地发布免责声明结论。

审查报告的性质: 审查的目的是提供有限的保证,不是提供绝对的保证。审查报告的结论是“没有发现需要修改的地方”,而不是“我们不表示意见”。如果无法获得足够恰当的审查证据,正确的处理方式是发布免责声明,而不是在报告中简单地加上免责声明结论。

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121
Q

多選:
哪種情況需要修改review report?
1.inability to assess the risk of material misstatement due to fraud
2. Discovery of significant deficiencies in the design of entity’s internal control

A

none

1–review不攪渾水,欺詐風險與我無關
2–review不干涉內政。audit才要審計

审计:审计师需要评估欺诈风险,发现重大内部控制缺陷会导致报告的修改。
审查:审查过程中不会进行欺诈风险评估,发现重大内部控制缺陷不会导致审查报告的修改。审查报告主要在存在偏离公认会计原则(GAAP)的情况下进行修改。

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122
Q

If an audit is requested to be changed to a review due to a scope limitation, and the CPA believes the change is reasonable, what should the CPA do?

  1. Refer to the scope limitation that caused the change.
  2. Describe the auditing procedures that have already been applied.
A

none
在这种情况下,审计师必须考虑变更工作的合理性,尤其是涉及范围限制时。

如果审计师认为变更不合理,则不会进行变更。

如果审计师认为合理,则会出具正常的审查报告,报告中不会描述审计范围限制或所执行的审计程序。

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123
Q

Risk factors relating to misstatements arising from illegal acts.

audit/review/compilation哪項需要?

A

audit

审计:需要考虑与非法行为相关的错报风险因素。

审查:虽然审查过程中会计师需要了解企业的运营特征和会计原则,但不需要像审计那样深入评估与非法行为相关的错报风险因素。

编制财务报表:不需要考虑这些风险因素。

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124
Q

A compilation includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant management estimates, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.

T or F?

A

F
解释:这是审计audit和审查review中需要考虑的内容,但编制财务报表(compile)工作不包括对会计原则或重大管理估计的评估。编制工作主要是将客户提供的信息整理成财务报表,而不是评估其准确性或完整性。

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125
Q

在complicated report裡面以下哪個部分需要手寫簽名?
1. Printed on the accountant’s letterhead
2. Manually signed by the accountant

A

兩樣都不需要

审计报告和审查报告需要手写签名。汇编报告SSARS不强制要求手写签名

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126
Q

根據上述題目分別列舉出audit,review,compiling,agree-upon procedure是根據什麼準則進行

A

Here’s the updated summary with the additional information:

  1. Audit(审计)
    • 适用准则
      • 对于非公开公司,按照SAS(Statements on Auditing Standards)进行。
      • 对于上市公司,需要遵循PCAOB(Public Company Accounting Oversight Board)标准。
  2. Review(审查)
    • 适用准则
      • 对于非公开公司,按照SSARS(Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services)进行。
      • 对于上市公司,审查季度财务报表的工作则需要遵循PCAOB标准。
  3. Compiling(编制)
    • 适用准则:按照SSARS(Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services)进行。编制服务涉及将财务信息汇编成报告,但不包括审计或审查。
  4. Agreed-Upon Procedures(商定程序)
    • 适用准则:按照SSAE(Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements)进行。商定程序是指在客户和会计师之间事先商定的程序,以处理特定的业务或事务。
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127
Q

Attestation Engagement =

A

Attestation Engagement = Audit + Review + Agreed-Upon Procedures

发布有关主体事项或主体事项的声明的审查、审计或约定程序报告(Issue an examination, a review, or an agreed-upon procedures report on subject matter, or an assertion about the subject matter, that is the responsibility of another party):

解释:这描述了鉴证业务的核心内容。鉴证业务是审计师接受委托,发布关于主体事项(如财务报表、控制系统等)或对主体事项的声明的报告。这些报告可能包括审计、审查或约定程序报告,目的是对另一个主体的责任事项进行评估和报告。

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128
Q

Attestation Engagement is required to
1.
2.
3.

A

1.Written representation
2.Practitioner’s report on the engagement
3. Independence

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129
Q

Which of the following procedures is an auditor least likely to perform if material disclosures required by GAAP are omitted?

A.	 Disclose the omitted information in the basis-for-modification paragraph.

B.	 Disclose the omitted information in the notes to the financial statements.

C.	 Discuss the omission of such information with management.

D.	 Discuss the omission of such information with those charged with governance.
A

【B】
Notes to the financial statements typically include:

Accounting Policies会计政策
Supplementary Information补充信息
Explanatory Information解释性信息
Contingencies and Commitments或有事项和承诺
Subsequent Events后续事件
Legal and Regulatory Matters法律与监管事项

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130
Q

A CPA’s report on audited financial statements referred to the CPA’s assessment of sampling risk factors.
T or F

A

审计师的报告不涉及审计师对抽样风险因素的评估。这种评估属于审计工作的一部分,但不应在审计报告中提及。

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131
Q

Which of the following is a prospective financial statement for general use upon which an accountant may appropriately report?

A.
Financial projection.
B.
Partial presentation.
C.
Pro forma financial statement.
D.
Financial forecast.

A

【D】

A– F/P財務計畫,記住:表裏不一,闈內人睇。銀行貸款
D–F/F財務預測,記住:表裏如一,光明正大。基于历史数据的现实估计

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132
Q

If an accountant examines a financial forecast and finds that several significant assumptions are not disclosed, what should the accountant issue?

Options:
A. “Except for” qualified opinion.
B. “Subject to” qualified opinion.
C. Unmodified opinion with a separate explanatory paragraph.
D. Adverse opinion.

A

【D】
对于预测财务报表的检查,如果报告中未披露重要假设,确实可能会导致否定意见(Adverse Opinion)。这是因为未披露的假设可能会导致财务预测严重失实,从而影响财务报表的整体可靠性。

根据你的解释,正确答案是 D,因为在这种情况下,注册会计师需要对预测财务报表的可靠性发表否定意见。

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133
Q

Which type of engagement is not allowed for reporting on management’s compliance assertion?

Options:
A. Agreed-upon procedures for compliance with specific legal requirements.
B. Agreed-upon procedures for evaluating internal controls related to compliance with a law.
C. Review on compliance with specific legal requirements.
D. Examination of compliance with specific legal requirements.

A

【C】
SSAE明确禁止对合规性进行审查,而是允许进行核查工作、商定程序等。这种规则在SSAE的相关标准中有详细说明。

SSAE 涵盖以下三类合规性认证任务
1.关于特定要求合规性或特定要求合规性声明的核查工作。
2.与特定要求合规性有关的共识程序。
3.与遵守特定要求的内部控制有关的共识程序工作。

專業標準一般不允許對合規性問題進行審閱(Review),因為審閱的程序和範圍較有限,無法提供充分的證據來支持一個明確的結論。因此,選項C 是正確答案,因為審閱合規性的業務是不允許的。

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134
Q

Which of the following computer-assisted auditing techniques allows fictitious and real transactions to be processed together without client operating personnel being aware of the testing process?

A

Integrated test facility.
与综合测试设施 (ITF) 方法有关的问题。

ITF 方法(综合测试设施)通过在实际运行的内置 ITF 应用系统中同时输入真实和虚拟交易,测试应用系统的逻辑和控制。

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135
Q

Which of the following methods of testing application controls utilizes a generalized audit software package prepared by the auditors?

A.
Parallel simulation.
B.
Integrated testing facility approach.
C.
Test data approach.
D.
Exception report tests.

A

与并行模拟方法(并行模拟)有关的问题。

并行模拟法(并行模拟)是一种使用客户实际历史数据的审计技术。
因此,正确答案是 A。

b 不正确;在综合测试设施方法(ITF)中,使用的是客户的方案。
c 不正确。在测试数据法(测试数据法)中,使用的是客户的方案。
d 不正确。在错误报告测试(异常报告测试)中,注册会计师可以采取各种措施,但没有特别理由使用通用审计软件包。

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136
Q

Which technique would an auditor use to capture data as transactions are processed and continuously test the computerized information system?

A. Test data approach
B. Embedded audit module
C. Integrated test facility
D. Parallel simulation

A

【B】

Test data approach(测试数据方法):该方法涉及将虚拟数据输入到系统中,以测试系统的处理能力和准确性,但它不会实时捕捉数据。

Embedded audit module(嵌入式审计模块):这是一种在系统中嵌入审计模块的技术,可以在系统运行时持续监控和捕捉数据。这种方法最适合于实时捕捉数据和持续测试信息系统。

Integrated test facility(集成测试设施):这种方法在系统中设置一个测试环境,以测试系统处理能力,但它不一定能实时捕捉数据。

Parallel simulation(并行模拟):该方法涉及同时运行两个系统(一个真实系统和一个模拟系统),以比较处理结果,但它也不用于实时数据捕捉。

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137
Q

A CPA finds that the unaudited financial statements do not follow GAAP because management did not capitalize leases. The CPA suggests changes, but management refuses. What should the CPA do?

C. Issue a qualified or adverse opinion based on how serious the GAAP issue is.

D. Describe the GAAP issue in the report and state its effects on the financial statements, if possible.

A

【D】
如果注册会计师参与了上市公司的财务报表,但没有对其进行审计,则会出具一份报告,说明它没有对其进行审计,也不发表任何意见。如果注册会计师意识到这些财务报表违反了《公认会计原则》,它会要求管理层予以纠正,但如果不被接受,它就会在报告中说明违反了《公认会计原则》。
因此,正确答案为 D。

c 不正确。只要没有进行审计,就不可能发表有限或不充分的意见。

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138
Q

Which of the following controls most likely addresses the completeness assertion for inventory?

A.
Work in process account is labor rates with subsidiary records.

C.
Receiving reports are prenumbered and periodically reconciled.

A

测试货物收据是否按顺序编号并定期核对,为确定货物收据是否可靠记录提供了线索。
因此,正确答案是 c。

a 不正确。检查账簿之间的差异不是检验完整性。

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139
Q

which of the following investments is an indirect financial interest?

A.
An investment held in a retirement plan.
B.
An investment held in a blind trust.
C.
An investment held through a diversified mutual fund.
D.
An investment held through participation in an investment club.

A

本问题中给出的所有替代投资形式原则上都属于直接利益的范畴,因为承保成员通常有权对投资做出决定并监督投资状况,尽管承保成员并不直接持有客户的利益。 但是,投资组合中不仅包括客户,还包括其他一些公司的共同基金(多元化共同基金)则构成间接经济利益。 这是因为在这种情况下,对客户的投资只是多元化投资的一部分,被认为影响相对较小。
因此,正确答案为 c。

选项 b(盲目信托)是指将所有资产管理委托给受托人,投资者不了解投资目标的一种投资形式。 尽管受保成员不能参与投资管理,但受保成员有权撤销投资,因此拥有直接利益。

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140
Q

Under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, which CPA must be independent in fact and appearance when performing their duties?

A. A CPA in public practice providing tax and management advisory services.

B. A CPA in public practice providing auditing and attestation services.

C. A CPA not in public practice.

D. All CPAs.

A

从事公共执业(公开执业)并提供验证服务的注册会计师必须在事实上和表面上(在事实上和表面上)独立于其客户。
因此,正确答案是 b。

a 不正确。 税务和咨询服务属于非验证服务,不要求独立性。
c 不正确。 不从事公共执业的注册会计师,例如受雇于一家公司并仅为该公司提供服务的注册会计师,不需要具有独立性。

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141
Q

注册会计师事务所的前合伙人事务所,现在接受发行人审计客户的财务报告监督职务,
1. 等待期是多少年?
2. 需要向誰公開關係

A

審計–》被審計
1. issuer auditor2年。
nonissuer auditor沒有明確規定
2. issuer audit client’s audit committee and the registered public accounting firm.审计客户的审计委员会和注册公共会计师事务所。

The former partner has no remaining capital balance in the registered public accounting firm. 前合伙人在注册会计师事务所中没有剩余资本余额。

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142
Q

subpoena

A

傳票。
an auditor or accountant is allowed to disclose client data to a state agency if there is a proper legal basis, such as a subpoena.

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143
Q

可以收取contention fee 的服務

A

通常是不允許的,但有例外。
税务规划服务tax planning services
⚠️tax return不可以收取有條件費用

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144
Q

According to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, it is unlawful for a registered public accounting firm to provide to an issuer, contemporaneously with the audit, the following non-audit services, except

A.
Bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client.
B.
Internal audit outsourcing services.
C.
Management functions or human resources.
D.
All tax services.

A

企业改革法》(第 201 条)规定,为上市公司进行审计的注册会计师事务所(注册会计师事务所)不得为该上市公司提供以下服务

簿记服务
评估服务
内部审计服务。
经有关公司审计委员会事先批准,允许提供某些税务服务。
因此,正确答案为 D。

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145
Q

被審計公司的CEO,CFO等管理人員受聘於會計事務所。會計事務所多久不能對該公司進行審計工作?

A

被審計–》審計
1年
注意流動的方向,從審計到被審計需要2年

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146
Q

Which of the following is not one of these types of impairments?

A.
Personal.
B.
Organizational.
C.
External.
D.
Unusual.

A

【D】
美国政府问责局(Government Accountability Office; GAO)根据《政府审计准则》为开展审计工作的审计师制定了独立性标准。

個人的要因による独立性の侵害(impairments of personal independence)
外部的要因による独立性の侵害(impairments of external independence)
組織上の独立性の侵害(impairments of organizational independence)

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147
Q

Which of the following selection techniques is least desirable for use of statistical sampling by an auditor?

A.
Systematic selection.
B.
Stratified selection.
C.
Block selection.
D.
Sequential selection.

A

选择不可取的统计抽样(统计抽样)方法的问题。

统计抽样(统计选择)的特点是随机选择样本。 整群抽样不是一种不可取的统计抽样方法,因为它不是随机抽样,而是依次从总体中抽取样本。
因此,正确答案是 c。

A 错误。 系统选择是统计抽样的一种。
b 不正确。 分层抽样有时与统计抽样结合使用,以提高抽样的准确性。
D 不正确。 顺序选择是统计抽样的一种。

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148
Q

The size of a sample designed for dual purpose testing should be

A

The larger of the samples that would otherwise have been designed for the two separate purposes.
对同一受试者同时进行对照试验和可证明性试验称为两用试验。 每项测试所需的样品数以较大者为准,即为两用测试的样品数。 例如,如果对照测试所需的样本数为 100 个,而可证明性测试所需的样本数为 200 个,则两用测试的样本数为 200 个。

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149
Q

例子:
记录金额:$10,000
审计金额:$8,000
sample interval:$5,000

A

发现的错报金额:$10,000 - $8,000 = $2,000
预测错报金额:$2,000

计算方法:

【计算 发现的错报金额:】
发现的错报金额=记录金额−审计金额

【预测错报金额:】
预测错报金额=发现的错报金额

由于样本金额大于抽样间隔,发现的错报金额可以直接用作预测错报金额。

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150
Q

例子:
记录金额:$4,000
审计金额:$3,000
樣本間隔:$5,000

A

发现的错报金额:$4,000 - $3,000 = $1,000
预测错报金额:$1,000 × ($5,000 / $4,000) = $1,250

样本金额 小于 抽样间隔。
在这种情况下,发现的错报金额需要调整到抽样间隔的水平,因为样本金额不能完全代表整个抽样单位的错报情况。
计算方法:

【计算 发现的错报金额:】

发现的错报金额=记录金额−审计金额
发现的错报金额=记录金额−审计金额

【预测错报金额:】
预测错报金额=发现的错报金额×(抽样间隔
/样本金额)
预测错报金额=发现的错报金额×( 样本金额/抽样间隔)

由于样本金额低于抽样间隔,错报金额需要按比例扩展,以适应整个抽样单位的水平。

151
Q

primary objective of stratification sampling

A

To decrease the effect of variance in the total population.
减少总体的方差:这是分层抽样的主要目标。通过将总体分成层次,分层抽样可以减少样本的总体方差,从而提高样本的精确性和代表性。

152
Q

stratification

A

階層化,動詞stratify

153
Q

需求彈性(Price Elasticity of Demand, PED)計算公式

假設某產品的價格從 $10 提升到 $12,需求量從 100 單位降到 90 單位。我們可以使用以下步驟計算需求彈性:

A

需求彈性為 -0.5

價格為主,所以是分母。變化需要用變化前作為對比值

計算需求量變化百分比:
%需求量變化=(變化後的需求量−變化前的需求量)/變化前的需求量×100%

計算價格變化百分比:
%價格變化=(變化後的價格−變化前的價格)/變化前的價格×100%

計算需求彈性:
需求彈性=%需求量變化/ %價格變化

【變化較小的情況用弧弹性法】
計算需求量變化百分比:
%需求量變化=(變化後的需求量−變化前的需求量)/前後平均數×100%

計算價格變化百分比:
%價格變化=(變化後的價格−變化前的價格)/前後平均數×100%

計算需求彈性:
需求彈性=%需求量變化/ %價格變化

154
Q

In any competitive market, an equal increase in the demand and supply can be expected to always

A.
Increase both price and market-clearing quantity.
B.
Decrease both price and market-clearing quantity.
C.
Increase market-clearing quantity.
D.
Increase price.

A

【C】
在竞争市场中,需求和供给的变化对价格和市场清算数量的影响可以这样理解:

需求增加:当需求增加时,如果供给保持不变,市场上的需求超出了供给,导致价格上涨和市场清算数量增加。

供给增加:当供给增加时,如果需求保持不变,市场上的供给超出了需求,价格会下降,市场清算数量增加。

155
Q

(monopolistic competition)和(monopoly)

A

垄断竞争市场(monopolistic competition)和垄断市场(monopoly)是两种不同的市场结构

【垄断竞争市场的特点】:類似服裝和餐飲
多卖家
产品差异化
自由进入和退出市场
广告和市场营销
经济规模效应(可能)

【垄断市场的特点】類似水電氣公共事業
唯一卖家
没有接近替代品
高进入壁垒
卖家控制价格和产量

156
Q

The narrow definition of money supply, M1, consists of

A

Currency, demand deposits, other checkable deposits, and travelers’ checks.

货币、活期存款、其他可支票存款和旅行支票

157
Q

要计算在储备比率为20%(即0.20)的银行系统中,储备增加$1,000,000所能带来的总需求存款的增加,可以使用货币乘数公式

A

貨幣乘數=1/儲備比例=1/0.2=5
总需求存款的增加 = 储备的变化 × 货币乘数=1,000,000×5=5,000,000

158
Q

raise the discount rate

A

提高贴现率是指美联储(Federal Reserve)将其向商业银行提供短期贷款的利率提高。

借貸成本增加
貸款減少
經濟緊縮政策

159
Q

Purchase additional U.S. government securities

A

美联储购买政府证券:

当美联储决定购买额外的美国政府证券时,它向市场注入资金。美联储从证券持有者(如银行、投资公司等)购买这些证券,并将支付款项存入这些机构的账户中。
增加银行储备:

这些支付款项增加了银行系统中的储备资金。由于银行的储备增加,它们可以使用这些资金来增加贷款和购买其他资产。

貨幣供應增加
降低市場利率
擴張性貨幣政策

160
Q

Government spending is known to affect the economy. The crowding-out effect refers to the <a> impact of an expansionary fiscal policy on <b>.</b></a>

A

<a>negative
<b>investment
挤出效应是指政府增加支出会导致利率上升,从而减少私人投资的现象。简而言之,政府的借贷需求提高了市场利率,使得私人企业和个人的借贷成本增加,导致他们减少投资。这种效应削弱了扩张性财政政策的效果,因为私人投资的减少可能会抵消政府支出的经济刺激作用。</b></a>

161
Q

If a government were to use only fiscal policy to stimulate the economy from a recession, it would

C.
Increase the money supply and increase government spending.
D.
Lower consumer taxes and increase government spending.

A

测试对财政政策理解的问题。

为了通过财政政策刺激经济,政府会降低税率,同时(或)增加政府支出。
因此,正确答案是 D。

c 不正确。增加货币供应量确实能刺激经济,但这是中央银行实施的货币政策,而不是政府实施的财政政策。

162
Q

Recession.
and
Depression.

A

A large, long recession is called a depression

163
Q

Potential national income will exceed actual national income.
出現在哪個經濟階段?

A

recessionary phase
解释:在衰退阶段,经济增长缓慢,实际产出通常低于潜在产出。潜在国民收入是指经济在充分就业时能够达到的收入水平,因此在衰退阶段,实际国民收入低于潜在国民收入。

164
Q

frictional unemployment

A

摩擦性失业(frictional unemployment)发生在个人更换工作时。

其餘集中有循環的失業(cyclical unemployment)は、実質GDPが潜在GDPを下回る場合に生じるものである。
短期的失業(short-term unemployment)は、原因別分類とは言えない。
構造的失業(structural unemployment)技術進歩によりもたらされる失業

165
Q

central bank of a country raises interest rates sharply, the country’s currency will

A

Increase in relative value.

【提高利率的影响:】
利率上升会导致该国的金融资产(如债券、存款等)相对变得更有吸引力,因为投资者可以获得更高的回报。
这会导致投资者和资本流入该国,因为他们希望利用更高的利率。

【货币需求增加:】
投资者需要该国的货币来购买其金融资产,这会增加对该货币的需求。
随着对该国货币需求的增加,该货币的价值相对上升。

【货币价值变化:】
因为投资者的需求增加,货币的价值会相对提高。利率上升通常会导致货币升值。

166
Q

出口增加
進口減少

會導致外匯產生怎樣的變動?

A

出口增加–對本幣需求增加
進口減少–對外幣需求減少
在外匯市場升值

相反,
出口減少–對本幣需求減少
進口增加–對外幣需求增加
在外匯市場貶值

167
Q

An auditor obtains knowledge about the client’s environment including internal control to

C.
Evaluate whether the aggregation of known misstatements causes the financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misstated.
D.
Assess the risks of material misstatements of the financial statements whether due to error or fraud.

A

C选项:评估已知错报的汇总是否导致财务报表整体上存在重大错报:

评估错报是否重大是审计过程中的一部分,但这发生在获取知识之后,不是获取客户环境和内部控制知识的目的。因此,C选项不正确。
D选项:评估财务报表存在由于错误或舞弊导致重大错报的风险:

获取关于客户环境和内部控制的知识的主要目的是帮助审计师评估财务报表存在重大错报风险的可能性。这是为了确定审计的性质、时间安排和范围,以便更好地应对这些风险。因此,D选项是正确的。

168
Q

應該是什麼statement或information
the effects on historical financial data might have been if a consummated transaction had occurred at an earlier date

A

pro forma financial information
备考财务信息(Pro forma financial information)是一种财务报告形式,用于展示如果已经完成的交易(如收购或合并)在更早的日期发生时,可能对公司的历史财务数据(如收入、利润)产生的影响。换句话说,它帮助读者了解如果这些交易早些时候就完成了,公司的财务状况和业绩可能会是什么样子,这种信息可以帮助管理层、投资者和其他利益相关者理解收购对公司财务表现的长期影响,。
例如,如果一家公司在去年完成了一项收购交易,备考财务信息可以用来假设如果这项收购是在3年前完成的,公司过去几年的财务数据会有怎样的变化。

注册会计师可以对预计财务信息进行examination检查和审查review。与审计一样,审查后在报告中发表的意见可大致分为无保留unmodified、有保留qualified、否定adverse或无法表示意见 disclaimer。

169
Q

When using confirmations to provide evidence about the completeness assertion for accounts payable, the appropriate population most likely would be

A.
Vendors with whom the entity has previously done business.
B.
Amounts recorded in the accounts payable subsidiary ledger.

A

发送确认函以核实应付账款覆盖范围的对象是与公司有业务往来的所有供应商。这是因为公司有可能对所有供应商承担责任。
因此,正确答案是 A。

b 不正确。不可能通过检查已记录的应付账款来检查是否所有应付账款都已记录。

170
Q

retrievable

A

可檢索

171
Q

Which federal agency is most likely to be assigned as the cognizant agency for an auditee?

A. The agency located in the auditee’s region.
B. The agency providing the most funding to the auditee.
C. An independent agency that doesn’t fund the auditee.
D. A preselected agency solely for monitoring audits.

A

這道題目是問哪一個主管機關最有可能被指定為受審單位(auditee)的主管機構(cognizant agency)。題目選項提供了四個不同的可能性。

  • 選項 A: 位於受審單位所在區域的聯邦機構。
  • 選項 B: 向受審單位提供最多資金的聯邦機構。
  • 選項 C: 一個獨立的聯邦機構,但不向受審單位提供資金。
  • 選項 D: 一個預先選定的聯邦機構,該機構的唯一目的就是監控單一審計。
  1. 受審單位與聯邦機構的關係
    一般來說,當選定主管機構時,會優先考慮與受審單位有直接關係的聯邦機構。特別是那些提供資金的機構,因為它們對資金的使用和管理有直接利益,會更關心審計結果。
  2. 資金提供者的影響力
    向受審單位提供最多資金的聯邦機構通常會擔任主管機構,因為它們有責任確保資金被正確使用。因此,這類機構最有可能被指定為主管機構。
  3. 其他選項的可行性
    • 選項 A 的區域性機構雖然地理上靠近,但不一定有直接的資金或監控責任,因此可能性較小。
    • 選項 C 的獨立機構雖然有監控能力,但因為沒有提供資金,與受審單位的利益關聯不強,因此被指定的可能性較低。
    • 選項 D 的預選機構雖然聽起來像是專門負責監控的,但實際上並不存在這樣的機構,所以這個選項也不太可能。

根據這些邏輯分析,最有可能的選項是 B:向受審單位提供最多資金的聯邦機構,因為這樣的機構對審計結果的關注度最高,最適合作為主管機構。

172
Q

The velocity of money is generally measured as a ratio of the

A

Nominal gross domestic product / the money supply.

173
Q

Audit committee members of issuers are required, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to maintain which of the following traits?
A.
Integrity.
B.
Diligence.
C.
Independence.
D.
Proficiency.

A

【C】

174
Q

Which of the following components of internal control contributes most to a strong control environment?

A.
Controls are assessed through ongoing activities and evaluations.
B.
Management adheres to internal control policies.
C.
Duties are clearly defined and separated.
D.
Policy manuals provide a clear understanding of internal controls.

A
  1. 控制環境的定義
    • 控制環境是COSO內部控制框架中的一個關鍵組成部分,它為整個組織的內部控制奠定了基礎。它包括管理層的態度、價值觀、能力和行為方式,這些都影響著組織內部控制的有效性。
  2. 管理層的角色
    • 管理層的態度和行為是控制環境中最關鍵的元素。如果管理層對內部控制政策的重視並堅持執行,這會在整個組織中樹立良好的榜樣,促進強大的控制環境。
  3. 其他選項的分析
    • 選項 A: 持續的活動和評估是監控活動的一部分,但不直接屬於控制環境的核心內容。
    • 選項 C: 職責分離屬於控制活動,這有助於防止錯誤和舞弊,但它是內部控制的一部分,而不是控制環境的基礎。
    • 選項 D: 政策手冊的清晰性有助於內部控制的執行,但手冊本身不會影響控制環境的強度。
175
Q

When analytical procedures reveal unusual and unexpected relationships during audit planning, how should the auditor use these results?

A. Determine planning materiality and acceptable error.
B. Identify risks of material misstatement due to fraud.
C. Identify significant accounts.
D. Decide which controls to test.

A

【B】
分析程序的作用:

在审计的规划阶段,审计师通常会进行分析程序,以了解财务报表中的重要趋势和异常。分析程序可以帮助审计师识别出潜在的风险领域和异常情况,这些异常可能暗示存在较高的误报风险或控制问题。
选项分析:

选项 A: 确定计划材料性和可接受误差。分析程序的结果可以帮助审计师评估材料性水平,但它主要用于确定审计范围和重点,而非直接决定材料性水平或可接受误差。
选项 B: 识别由于欺诈导致的重大错报风险。发现的异常和意外关系可能是欺诈的迹象,审计师需要考虑这些结果来评估与欺诈相关的风险。
选项 C: 确定重要账户。分析程序的结果可以帮助审计师识别关键账户,但它们主要是识别潜在的风险领域而不是直接用于确定重要账户。
选项 D: 确定测试哪些控制。分析程序的结果可能指示需要关注的控制领域,但这通常是在了解了风险之后,决定测试哪些控制的步骤。

176
Q

uninsured catastrophe

A

保險不能理賠的災害。這樣可能會導致經營困難的問題

177
Q

What information should a practitioner include in the standard report on an examination of prospective financial statements?

A.
The prospective results might not be achieved.

C.
There are no known material modifications that should be made as a result of applying the procedure.

A

【A】
在对预测的财务报表进行认证工作(而不仅仅是审查工作)时,报告将说明 “预测/预计的结果与实际结果之间通常会有差异”,即结果可能与预测的不同。因此,正确答案是 A.。

c 不正确。这是审查报告中的措辞,而不是核查报告中的措辞。

178
Q

Question: If an auditor decides to change an audit engagement to an agreed-upon procedures engagement, what should the new report include?

Options:

A. No mention of the original audit; may include procedures performed.

B. Generally no mention of the original audit; include an explanatory paragraph about the change.

C. Mention the original audit only if requested by management and approved by governance.

D. Mention the original audit only if the prior work is insufficient for the new engagement.

A

【A】
与将审计任务改为商定程序有关的问题。

如果注册会计师认为有合理的理由(reasonable justification)改变工作,就可以将审计工作改为约定程序(AUP)。在这种情况下,AUP 报告不应包括以下信息。

1.原业务约定
2.可能已执行的任何审计程序
3.导致变更业务约定的范围限制。

*就 AUP 而言,已执行的程序可作为约定程序之一纳入报告。

179
Q

Question: Which of the following statements about compilation services is incorrect?

A.
A prescribed form cannot depart from generally accepted accounting principles or fail to include all required disclosures.

D.
A form designed by the entity whose financial statements are being compiled is not considered to be a prescribed form.

A

【A】
编制服务的适用框架:

选项 A 是错误的,因为编制服务确实可以适用于不符合公认会计原则(GAAP)的财务报表,特别是对于私人公司。如果公司没有要求遵循GAAP,可以使用其他框架,如税务基础或监管基础等特殊目的框架。

选项 D 是正确的,因为编制服务必须遵循准则制定者规定的框架,客户自己的格式不能被接受。

180
Q

When an independent CPA is associated with the financial statements of a publicly held entity but has not audited or reviewed such statements, the appropriate form of report to be issued must include a(an):

A.	 Qualified opinion.

B.	 Disclaimer of opinion.

C.	 Unaudited association report.

D.	 Compilation re
A

题目给出的答案是B:免责声明(Disclaimer of Opinion),这个选项是正确的。逻辑如下:

当CPA与财务报表有联系(例如,CPA的名字出现在财务报表上,或者财务报表声称是由CPA准备的),但CPA没有对这些财务报表进行审计或审阅时,CPA不能对这些报表发表意见,因为没有执行足够的程序来支持任何形式的意见。因此,CPA应该发布一份免责声明,表明他/她没有进行审计或审阅,也没有对财务报表发表任何意见。

选项D:不正确。编制报告(compilation report)通常与非公开持有的实体有关,而不是公开持有的实体。

181
Q

A scope limitation sufficient to preclude an unmodified opinion always will result when management:

A.	 Refuses to acknowledge its responsibility for the fair presentation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP.

D.	 Prevents the auditor from reviewing the audit documentation of the predecessor auditor.
A

選項A:正確。管理層拒絕承認對財務報表負責是一個根本性問題,這會妨礙審計師獲取關於管理層聲明的充分且適當的證據,從而阻止審計師發表無保留意見。

選項D:如果審計師已經接受了委任,而管理層隨後又阻止審計師查看前任審計師的工作文件,這確實可能構成一個範圍限制。然而,如果審計師能夠通過其他程序獲取充分且適當的審計證據,這樣的限制不一定會自動阻止審計師發表無保留意見。

182
Q

An auditor is unable to complete a procedure during an audit. Based on this situation, which opinion is least likely to be rendered?

A.	 A disclaimer of opinion.

B.	 An adverse opinion.

C.	 An unmodified opinion.

D.	 A qualified opinion.
A

说明
选择 “B “是正确的。否定意见是在偏离公认会计原则的情况下提出的,本题不属于这种情况。
选择 “A “不正确。拒绝表示意见可能是由于高度重要的范围限制。

选择 “C “不正确。如果对财务报表的影响不重要,或如果可以执行可接受的替代程序,则会出具无保留意见。
选择 “D “不正确。由于存在重大范围限制,可以出具保留意见。

183
Q

Management does not provide reasonable justification for a change in accounting principle.

what opinion?

A

【情境1】
An unjustified change in accounting principle could result in a material misstatement of the financial statements that would result in a qualified or adverse opinion
不合理的会计原则变更可能导致财务报表出现重大错报,从而导致保留意见或否定 意见

【情境2】
合理的會計原則變更,則會是unmodified opinion+emphasis-of-matter paragraph

184
Q

Jules, CPA, is reporting on comparative financial statements, but Shah, CPA conducted the previous year’s audit.
1.If Shah’s report will be presented–
2. If Shah’s report is not presented–

A

1.management will need to provide a representation letter to Shah.
2. an other-matter paragraph should be included to describe this situation.

如果没有提交前任审计员的报告,继任审计员应说明以下事项:

1.报表已由前任审计师审计。除非前任审计师的业务已被后任审计师收购或合并,否则不应指明前任审计师的姓名。
2.前任审计师所发表【意见的类型】,如果意见被修改,则应说明【修改的原因】。
3.前任审计师报告中任何【强调事项】、其他事项或解释性段落的性质。
4.前任审计员报告的日期。

185
Q

Current period financial statements are audited and presented in comparative form with reviewed financial statements from the prior period.

應該加到報告的哪個部分

A

other matter paragraph

186
Q

在重新發佈前任客戶的上一年度審計報告之前,審計師應該完成以下步驟:

1.閱讀本期財務報表,以了解最新的財務狀況。
2.比較【 】,確保【 】和【 】。
3.從【a 】和【 b】處獲得聲明函。
a.應指明
b應說明

A

在重新發佈前任客戶的上一年度審計報告之前,審計師應該完成以下步驟:

1.閱讀本期財務報表,以了解最新的財務狀況。
2.比較前期信息與將要進行對比的財務報表,確保前期報表與本期報表之間的一致性和可比性。
3.從 management of the former client 前任客戶的管理層和successor auditor接任審計師處獲得聲明函。
管理層的聲明函應指明是否需要修改之前的任何聲明,以及是否有任何後續事件會影響之前的財務報表。
接任審計師的聲明函應說明他們的審計是否發現了任何可能影響之前財務報表的重大問題。

187
Q

A justified lack of consistency caused by a material change in GAAP between periods would be reported in 【 】paragraph

A

emphasis-of- matter paragraph

188
Q

A division of responsibility affects the 【Opinion section/ auditor’s responsibility】 of the report

A

A division of responsibility affects the 【Opinion section】 of the report
只要不超過tolerable misstatement(也就是對整體不重要),就算其中部分的審計師與整體審計師的意見不一致,整體審計師也無需修改意見。

189
Q

advocate

A

辯護

190
Q

testimony

A

證詞

191
Q

以下情況中會計師會拒絕接受編制合同的是?
B.
Indications that reports of asset misappropriation are not investigated by management.
C.
The entity’s intention to omit from the financial statements substantially all of the disclosures required by GAAP.

A

【B】
選項C:如果管理层无意误导财务报表使用者,则可以在遗漏大部分披露内容的情况下进行财 务报表的准备工作。

在准备编制财务报表的工作中,注册会计师必须在以下两种情况下拒绝接受合同:

管理层未能提供所需的文件和信息:如果管理层未能提供编制财务报表所需的文件和信息,注册会计师将无法完成编制工作。在这种情况下,注册会计师无法确保财务报表的准确性和完整性,因此必须拒绝接受合同。

管理层未能纠正或披露财务报表中的重大偏差:如果管理层未能纠正或披露财务报表中的重大偏差,而这些偏差可能会误导报表使用者,且注册会计师决定不在编制报告中对这些偏差做出说明,注册会计师必须拒绝接受该编制合同。这是因为注册会计师无法出具符合专业标准的报告。

192
Q

Simplified Question:

Which of the following is NOT part of a CPA firm’s quality control system?

Simplified Options:

A. Deciding whether to accept or keep a client.

B. Promoting qualified staff.

C. Assessing a client’s internal controls.

D. Monitoring professional development.

A

【C】

選項 A(決定是否接受或繼續與客戶的關係):
這與事務所的客戶接受和繼續程序有關,是質量控制的一部分。
選項 B(選拔具有必要資格的員工晉升):
這涉及人員的招聘、培訓和發展,也屬於質量控制系統的一部分。
選項 C(評估客戶建立有效內部控制的能力):
這與審計過程中的風險評估有關,但並不是質量控制系統的一部分。
選項 D(監控專業發展活動的有效性):
這屬於持續專業發展,是確保員工保持專業能力的質量控制要素。

193
Q

disregard

A

漠視
Management displays a significant disregard for regulatory authorities.

194
Q

Simplified Question:

What is the most important factor an auditor should consider when discovering facts after the audit report date that would have affected the report?

Simplified Options:

A. The cost-effectiveness of performing additional procedures.

B. The impact on past financial statements and audit reports.

C. The client’s willingness to pay for additional procedures.

D. The client’s willingness to issue revised financial statements or disclosures.

A

最重要的因素:

選項 D(客戶是否願意發佈修訂的財務報表或其他披露給已知依賴財務報表的人)是最正確的。這是因為,當這些新事實可能影響依賴財務報表的使用者時,確保這些使用者能夠獲得正確的資訊是最重要的。因此,審計師應首先考慮客戶是否願意修訂財務報表或發佈相關的披露。
其他選項的解釋:

選項 A 提到的「進行額外程序的成本效益比」是不正確的,因為不論成本效益比如何,審計師都應該確定新發現事實的影響。
選項 B 提到「過去五年財務報表和相關審計報告的潛在影響」也不正確,因為審計師應考慮所有受影響的年份,而不僅僅是過去五年。
選項 C 提到的「客戶是否願意支付額外的費用」也不應該是審計師的主要關注點。審計師的首要關注點應該是確保信息的正確性和及時披露,而不是費用問題。

195
Q

obtain evidence about the occurrence of subsequent events?

B.	 Investigate changes in capital stock recorded after year end.

C.	 Review tax returns prepared by management after year end.
A

【B】
选项 B:

内容:调查在年末后记录的资本股票变动。
解释:资本股票的变动发生在年末之后,这是一个可能需要在财务报表附注中披露的后续事件。审计师需要确认这些变动是否影响到财务报表的披露或是否需要对财务报表进行调整。
选项 C:

内容:审查年末后由管理层准备的税务申报表。
解释:税务申报表的准备虽然涉及公司的财务,但它们通常不会直接影响到已报出的财务报表的后续事件。后续事件主要关注在审计报告发布后发生的会计事项,而税务申报表更多的是对未来税务影响的确认。

196
Q

Apply certain limited procedures to the required supplementary information and add an other-matter paragraph to the financial statement audit report.

哪裡錯

A

“Required Supplementary Information,” not an other-matter paragraph, to the audit report.

正確的做法是應該在審計報告中加入“要求的補充信息段落(Required Supplementary Information paragraph)”,而不是“其他事項段落(other-matter paragraph)”。

197
Q

When an auditor is giving an opinion on supplementary information presented with audited financial statements, what must the auditor ensure?
A. No adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion was issued on the financial statements.

D. The supplementary information is measurable.

A

【A】
选项A是正确的,因为为了对补充信息发表意见,审计师必须确保对财务报表没有出具否定意见(adverse opinion)或免责声明(disclaimer of opinion)。如果对财务报表出具了否定意见或免责声明,意味着财务报表本身存在严重问题或审计范围受限,导致无法信赖财务报表,在这种情况下,审计师不能对基于这些财务报表的补充信息发表意见。

198
Q

可否發表disclaim opinion,如果可以應該怎麼做?
1. Supplementary Information (Required by GAAP):

  1. Other Information (in Annual Reports):
A

【比較和順序:】
補充信息: 如果審計師不希望對補充信息發表意見,可以主動選擇不表意見。這是一個可以事先做出的決定,是審計師可選擇的多種方式之一。

其他信息: 審計師首先嘗試通過與管理層和治理層的溝通來解決問題。如果問題仍未解決且足夠嚴重,對財務報表不表意見才會被考慮作為最後的選擇。

【行動順序:】
對於補充信息: 不表意見可以是一個初步的主動選擇。
對於其他信息: 不表意見通常是嘗試解決問題未果後的最終步驟。

199
Q

Conformity

A

一致性
conformity with GAAP:與GAAP保持一致

200
Q

When information accompanying the basic financial statements has been subjected to auditing procedures, the auditor may include in the auditor’s report an opinion that the information is fairly stated in all material respects in relation to the financial statements as a whole.

T or F?

A

T
「在所有重大方面與財務報表整體一致」。當補充信息已經接受了審計程序,審計師可以在審計報告中表明這些信息在所有重大方面與財務報表整體一致。這是審計師對補充信息發表意見的標準表述。

201
Q

The tolerable rate of deviations for a test of a control is generally

A.
Lower than the expected rate of errors in the related accounting records.
B.
Higher than the expected rate of errors in the related accounting records.

A

【B】
The tolerable rate of deviations–抽樣
the expected rate of errors–全體

抽樣的錯誤率要高於全體,由于抽样只验证了群体中的一部分,其精确度自然不如验证群体中的所有案例(审查)。因此,可接受偏差率必须高于预期偏差率。如果设定的可接受偏差率接近预期偏差率,就必须设定大量接近总体的样本案例,这就给抽样工作带来了困难。

———————————————————
⚠️對比整體和組成部分的materiality的時候屬於數量,所以部分數量小於整體

202
Q

需要・供給曲線哪個是橫軸

A

在需要(需求)和供給(供应)曲線的圖表中,橫軸(X軸)通常代表的是「數量」(Quantity),而縱軸(Y軸)則代表「價格」(Price)。

價高者得,所以價格是豎起來的

203
Q

special purpose framework)除了以下幾種還有什麼

現金主義(cash basis)
税法基準(tax basis)
契約基準(contractual basis)

A

規定基準(regulatory basis)

204
Q

现任首席执行官和财务官仅在 20x2 年的过去 4 个月中受雇于奥斯汀公司(接手)。奥斯汀公司提交了 20x1 年和 20x2 年的比较财务报表,这两份报表均由注册会计师 Willa Jacob 审计。雅各布应从这两人处获得哪些年度的书面陈述?

A

20x1 年和 20x2
书面声明的作用:书面声明是管理层对财务报表中信息准确性的确认,无论高管在任期内是否涉及到之前的财务报表,他们在目前的职位上仍然需要对公司的整个财务报表承担责任。

205
Q

In terms of the COSO Risk Assessment component, the change of personnel would be considered a (n);

A.
Detection risk factor
B.
External risk factor
C.
Fraud risk factor
D.
Internal risk factor

A

测试对 COSO 框架中风险评估的理解的问题。

风险评估中给出的各种风险因素可分为两类
内部风险因素。
这些是由公司内部因素造成的。例如,新员工加入公司、新信息系统、新产品上市等。
外部风险因素
公司外部因素,如企业经营环境的变化。例如,业务活动周围环境的变化。
因此,正确答案为 D。

A 错误。发现风险是指审计师无法发现财务报表中重大错报的风险。
c 不正确。欺诈风险是指发生欺诈的风险。

206
Q

Remittance advice

A

Remittance advice(付款通知或匯款通知)是一種文件或通知,用於告知收款方即將收到或已收到的付款。它通常伴隨著付款一起發送,無論是紙質還是電子形式,並包含關於付款的詳細資訊,以便收款方能夠對應並核對該筆付款與應收款項

207
Q

在企業因政府資助協議的規定而聘請註冊會計師(CPA)根據《政府審計標準》(即“黃皮書”)對其財務報表進行審計的情況下,註冊會計師應如何報告企業的內部控制。
A.
The report on the performance audit.
B.
The notes to the financial statements.
C.
A letter to the government funding agency.
D.
A separate report.

A

【D】
單獨的報告中報告(A separate report): 根據《政府審計標準》,當註冊會計師根據這些標準對財務報表進行審計時,通常需要在內部控制方面發表一個單獨的報告。這份報告可以與財務報表審計報告一起出具,但應該是獨立的報告。

208
Q

Plausible relationships

premise

A

可信的,合理的關係
前提

A basic premise underlying the application of analytical procedures is that
Plausible relationships among data may reasonably be expected to exist and continue in the absence of known conditions to the contrary.

209
Q

preconditions

A

前提條件
The primary objective of an auditor when considering the acceptance of an initial audit engagement of a nonissuer is to:
Establish whether the preconditions for an audit are present.

210
Q

Perception

A

看法
Perception of the competency and reliance

211
Q

If differences of opinion arise between the engagement partner and the engagement quality control reviewer, then the engagement partner should:

A.	 Discuss the differences of opinion with the entity's management and issue a modified auditor's report.
D.	 Follow the firm's policies and procedures for resolving differences of opinion.
A

⚠️這道題目不是審計和公司管理層有分歧,而是審計合夥人和EQCR有分歧

選項D(正確選項):當出現意見分歧時,審計團隊應遵循公司內部的政策和程序來解決這些分歧。這是因為意見分歧並不應該直接導致修改審計意見或退出審計,應該先利用公司內部的機制來嘗試解決問題。

選項A(錯誤選項):如果直接與公司的管理層討論分歧並發出修改過的審計報告,這忽略了內部解決分歧的機制。內部解決機制應該是第一步,而不是直接向管理層或審計委員會匯報。
——————————————————————
Engagement Partner (審計合夥人)是具體負責審計工作的領導人,直接管理審計團隊並與客戶溝通。
Engagement Quality Control Reviewer (EQCR, 審計質量控制審查員) 則是在審計結束前進行獨立審查的專業人員,確保審計工作符合標準,並且最終報告準確無誤。
*審計合夥人可以和EQCR來自同一間事務所
*EQCR不參與這次審計工作的日常操作。

212
Q

Risk assessment is one of the six interrelated elements of quality control.
T or F?

A

F
The six interrelated elements of quality control are:
human resources, 人力资源、
engagement/client acceptance and continuance参与/客户接受度和持续性,
leadership responsibilities领导责任,
performance of the engagement参与的绩效,
monitoring監督,
ethical requirements.道德要求

質量控制:HELP ME(口訣:人力接客是領導的責任,績效監督是道德要求,又要重質又要重量,左右不是人)

213
Q

deadline for the completion of audit documentation

issuer,PCAOB–>
nonissuer,SAS–>

A

issuer,PCAOB–> 45days
nonissuer,Statements on Auditing Standards –>60days

after the report release date
注意不是fieldwork day!·

214
Q

Which of the following documentation is required for an audit in accordance with GAAS?

B.	 An indication in the audit documentation that the accounting records agree or reconcile with the financial statements.
D.	 A list of the procedures performed and the findings obtained.
A

【B】
选项 B 是正确的。审计文档应足以证明会计记录与财务报表一致或已对账。这是审计工作的基本要求,确保财务报表的准确性和完整性。

选项 D 是错误的。列出所执行的程序和发现结果是“商定程序”审计的要求,而不是常规审计的要求。常规审计需要文档证明会计记录与财务报表一致,而不是列出所有程序和发现。
——————————————————————
商定程序(Agreed-Upon Procedures)
定义:在商定程序审计中,审计师与委托方(通常是客户或其他相关方)商定具体的审计程序,并根据这些程序执行审计。审计师的职责是根据商定的程序收集和报告结果,而不对财务报表发表意见。
要求:商定程序审计的报告通常包括详细列出所执行的程序和发现的结果。这是因为报告的目的在于详细展示审计师执行了哪些程序以及这些程序的具体结果,供委托方或其他使用者参考。

215
Q

文件保留的最低年限

(Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
issuer:?years
nonissuer: ?years

PCAOB:
AICPA:

A

(Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
issuer:7years
nonissuer: 沒明確要求

PCAOB:7 years
AICPA:5 years

216
Q

Which of the following documents the procedures that are applied and the conclusions reached in an audit engagement?

A.	 Management representation letter.

B.	 Audit guide.

C.	 Auditor's report.

D.	 Working papers.
A

【D】
A–确认其对财务报表的完整性和准确性负责,并提供了与审计相关的信息
B–审计指南通常是一个包含审计程序、标准和最佳实践的参考材料,用于帮助审计师进行审计
C–审计报告提供了审计师对财务报表的意见和结论。虽然它包括结论部分,但它不详细记录审计过程中应用的具体程序和方法。

217
Q

This second review usually focuses on:
A. Communicating internal control weaknesses to those charged with governance.

B. Evaluating significant judgments and conclusions made by the audit team.

C. Reviewing the materiality of adjusting entries proposed by the audit staff.

D. Investigating fraud involving the client’s management and employees.

A

【B】

第一次审查:(通常由审计团队内部人员进行)侧重于审计程序的执行、证据的收集和初步判断。主要目的是确保审计程序的实施和审计证据的充足性。

第二次审查:(通常由未参与审计的合伙人进行)侧重于评估审计团队的重大判断和结论,确保审计结论的合理性和审计报告的准确性。主要目的是确认审计工作的质量和合规性,确保最终审计结论的可靠性。

218
Q

Promote an entity’s compliance with laws and regulations.
中文

A

促进实体遵守法律法规。

219
Q

The COSO Cube is visually structured such that:
A. The five components are represented as 【 】
B. The organizational structure is shown as a 【 】 dimension.

A

rows–>橫向,各個要素之間同樣重要
Control Environment
Risk Assessment
Control Activities
Information and Communication
Monitoring Activities
兩手控制,監控信息風險

third)
縱向,最重要是operation,然後類推
1. Operations Objectives
2.Reporting Objectives
3. Compliance Objectives: organization structure 包括在內

220
Q

Which COSO component is responsible for dissemination of information regarding control objectives and responsibilities?
A. Control activities.
B. Risk assessment.
C. Control environment.
D. Information and communication.

A

【D】
「傳達有關控制目標和責任的信息」(dissemination of information regarding control objectives and responsibilities)。這裡的「信息」和「傳達」明確提示了「信息與溝通」這一組成部分。這是因為「信息與溝通」正是負責確保有關內部控制的信息能夠及時、準確地傳遞給組織內外的相關人員,使他們能夠理解並履行控制責任。

221
Q

Which COSO component is responsible for addresses an entity’s deployment of policies and procedures?
A. Control activities.
B. Risk assessment.
C. Control environment.
D. Information and communication.

A

【A】
這道題目選擇A「控制活動(Control Activities)」的關鍵詞是「部署政策和程序(deployment of policies and procedures)」。這明確指向了「控制活動」組成部分,因為該部分主要負責政策和程序的部署及控制措施的實施。

The control environment component of the internal control integrated framework includes principles such as commitment to ethics and integrity, board independence and oversight, and accountability.

222
Q

The Treadway Commission was established by:
A.Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
B.Private sponsoring organizations.
C.Securities and Exchange Commission.
D.Treadway Foundation.

A

【B】
正確答案是選項B「私人贊助組織(Private sponsoring organizations)」。Treadway Commission是由一個獨立的私營部門倡議(COSO)在1980年代中期建立的,目的是研究導致財務報告欺詐的因素。該委員會有時也被稱為「Treadway Commission」,因為它的首任主席是私營部門的高管James Treadway, Jr.。這些私人「贊助組織」包括美國五大主要財務專業協會:美國會計學會(AAA)、美國註冊會計師協會(AICPA)、財務主管協會(FEI)、內部審計師協會(IIA)和管理會計師協會(IMA)。

223
Q

Primary responsibility of viable internal control rests with the internal audit division.
T or F?

A

內部控制的主要責任在於內部審計部門。
錯誤:內部控制的主要責任在於高層管理和董事會。他們負責建立、實施和執行內部控制。內部審計部門只是過程中的一個合作夥伴,但不負主要責任。

224
Q

Within the COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework, which of the following components is designed to ensure that internal controls continue to operate effectively?

A.	 Control environment.

B.	 Risk assessment.

C.	 Information and communication.

D.	 Monitoring.
A

选择 “D “是正确的。内部控制框架的监测部分或功能旨在确保控制措施持续有效地运作。监测内部控制的有效性是为了评估内部控制系统在一段时间内的表现。监测旨在确保控制措施有效运行。

225
Q

All of the following professional associations are part of the Committee on Sponsoring Organizations (COSO), except for the:

A.	 Institute of Management Accountants (IMA)

B.	 Professional Accounting Society of America (PASA)

C.	 Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)

D.	 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
A

Explanation
Choice “B” is correct. PASA is not one of the five professional associations which compose COSO. The other two not listed above are the Financial Executives Institute (FEI) and the American Accounting Association (AAA).

Choice “A” is incorrect. The IMA is one of the five associations that make up COSO.

Choice “C” is incorrect. The IIA is one of the five associations that make up COSO.

Choice “D” is incorrect. The AICPA is one of the five associations that make up COSO

226
Q

Which of the following would not be a primary function of an audit strategy?

A.	 Provide a preliminary assessment of materiality and tolerable misstatement.

B.	 Outline reporting objectives.

C.	 Provide the scope of the audit.

D.	 Outline the nature, extent and timing of audit procedures.
A

選項 D 描述的是審計計劃的職能,而非審計策略的職能。審計策略主要集中在指導整體審計過程的目標和方向,而審計計劃則更具體地描述如何實施這些策略。

227
Q

interpret

A

解讀
An auditor is required to obtain an understanding of the entity’s business, the purpose is to assist the auditor to accurately interpret information obtained during an audit.

228
Q

a complete and accurate list of the walkthrough procedures usually performed in an issuer’s integrated audit?

A.
Inquiry, observation, analytical procedures, testing of controls.
B.
Inquiry, sampling, analytical procedures, testing of controls.
C.
Inquiry, observation, inspection of relevant documentation, reperformance of controls.
D.
Inquiry, inspection of relevant documentation, sampling, reperformance of controls.

A

【C】

(inquiry)・観察(observation)・検証(inspection)・再実施(reperformance)

229
Q

To minimize the risk that undetected misstatements in the group financial statements of a nonissuer exceed the overall materiality, what should an auditor do?

A. Set a group materiality lower than the component materiality.

C. Set a component materiality lower than the group materiality.

A

【C】
集团审计师设定的组成部分审计重要性低于适用于集团审计的重要性,以确保组成部分中未发现的重要性总额不超过适用于整个集团的重要性。因此,正确答案为 c。
——————————————————

⚠️對比整體和組成部分的materiality的時候屬於數量,所以部分數量小於整體

⚠️對比比例的時候,組成比例要高過整體比例,才能保持整體符合要求
The tolerable rate of deviations–抽樣
the expected rate of errors–全體

230
Q

Which factor is not considered when determining the sample size for a test of controls using attribute sampling?

Options:

A. Acceptable level of risk of overreliance.

B. Tolerable deviation rate.

C. Expected population deviation rate.

D. Tolerable misstatement.

A

【D】
屬性抽樣中的決定性因素:
1.acceptance level of risk of assessing control risk too low
对评估控制风险的接受程度过低
2. expected rate of deviation
3. tolerable rate of deviation
4. population size

————————————————————
屬性等於總數accept兩rate

231
Q

Which of the following factors most likely would assist an independent auditor in assessing the objectivity of the internal auditor?

A.	 The appropriateness of internal audit conclusions in the circumstances.

B.	 The consistency of the internal audit reports with the results of work performed.

C.	 The professional certifications of the internal audit staff.

D.	 The organizational status of the director of internal audit.
A

正確答案是 D. 內部稽核主管的組織地位

  • 選項 D 是正確的,因為內部稽核主管的組織地位對於判斷內部稽核功能的客觀性至關重要。如果內部稽核主管向能夠保持獨立性和不受影響的層級報告,例如審計委員會或董事會,這表明內部稽核功能可能是客觀的。
  • 選項 C(內部稽核人員的專業證書)更多的是關於內部稽核人員的能力,而非他們的客觀性。
  • 選項 B(內部稽核報告與實施工作結果的一致性)評估了內部稽核工作的質量和可靠性,但這並不直接涉及稽核人員的客觀性。
  • 選項 A(在情況下內部稽核結論的適當性)也涉及內部稽核工作的質量和可靠性,但不直接涉及稽核人員的客觀性。
232
Q

In a group audit of a nonissuer, which item does not need to be communicated by the group auditor to the component auditor?

C. Confirm that the group auditor will have unrestricted access to the governance of the group and component.
D. Communicate the ethical requirements, including independence, relevant to the group audit.

A

選項 D(集團審計相關的道德要求,包括獨立性要求): 集團審計師應該向組件審計師傳達相關的道德要求,包括獨立性要求,並確保組件審計師理解並遵守這些要求。這是因為組件審計師的獨立性直接影響集團審計師對組件工作的依賴程度。因此,選項 D 是必須要與組件審計師溝通的內容,並不是正確答案。

選項 C(確認集團審計師將有無限制訪問集團和組件的治理層的權利): 這個選項的內容並不是集團審計師必須與組件審計師溝通的項目,因為這主要涉及的是集團審計師與集團治理層之間的互動,而不是與組件審計師的合作。因此,選項 C 是正確答案。

233
Q

An internal auditor’s work would most likely affect the nature, timing, and extent of an independent CPA’s auditing procedures when the internal auditor’s work relates to assertions about the:

A.	 Valuation of related party transactions.

B.	 Existence of fixed asset additions.

C.	 Existence of contingencies.

D.	 Valuation of intangible assets.
A

【B】
題目真正想問的是以下哪個選項會交給內部審計師。
A,C,D需要高度的主觀性,設計敏感信息,未來預測或假設,通常這種工作不會交給內部審計師

234
Q

an actuary to assist in technical matters related to the preparation of the company’s financial statements. The actuary above would best be described as a(n):

A.	 External accounting expert.

B.	 Auditor’s specialist.

C.	 General specialist.

D.	 Management specialist.
A

選項 D(管理專家): 這是正確答案。精算師被認為是管理專家,因為他或她是由公司聘請的,並且其職責是幫助處理與財務報表編制相關的技術性問題,而不是進行審計或會計工作。

選項 A(外部會計專家): 雖然精算師的專業知識被用於公司財務報表的準備中,但它主要涉及保險技術和精算事項,而不是純粹的會計工作。因此這個選項不正確。

選項 B(審計師的專家): 審計師的專家是由審計事務所聘請的,用於獲取審計證據,這位專家通常在會計或審計之外的另一個領域具有專長。但在這個情境中,精算師是由客戶聘請的,因此這個選項不正確。

選項 C(一般專家): 並不存在所謂的「一般專家」。你要麼是專家,要麼是通才,而不會同時是兩者。因此這個選項不正確。

235
Q

In assessing the objectivity of internal auditors, the independent CPA who is auditing the entity’s financial statements most likely would consider the:

A.	 Internal auditing standards developed by The Institute of Internal Auditors.

B.	 Tests of control activities that could detect errors and fraud.

C.	 Materiality of the accounts recently inspected by the internal auditors.

D.	 Results of the tests of transactions recently performed by the internal auditors.
A

選項 A(內部審計標準由內部審計師協會制定): 這是正確答案。客觀性通常體現在內部稽核人員的組織層級(如他們向誰報告)以及防止稽核人員審計自己無法保持獨立性的領域的政策上。評估內部稽核人員客觀性時,獨立CPA會考慮從過往經驗、與管理層的討論、外部質量審查(如有)以及專業內部審計標準(例如由內部審計師協會制定的標準)中獲得的信息。

236
Q

In planning an audit, which of the following tasks should not be done by the client’s internal auditors?
A. Assessing the adequacy of accounting estimates used by the client.

D. Performing substantive audit procedures.

A

【A】
選項 A:評估客戶所用會計估算的充分性
這是正確的答案。外部審計師不應將涉及審計判斷、審計決策或審計評估(包括會計估算)的責任委託給內部審計人員。會計估算的評估屬於外部審計的核心職能,應由外部審計師負責進行。

選項 D:執行實質性審計程序
這是不正確的。外部審計師可以委派客戶的內部審計人員來執行一些實質性審計程序,但所有由內部審計人員執行的工作都應由外部審計師進行監督和審查。

237
Q

In assessing the competence, objectivity, and application of a systematic and disciplined approach by the entity’s internal audit function, an independent auditor would least likely consider information obtained from:

A.	 Previous experience with the internal auditor.

B.	 Discussions with management personnel.

C.	 The results of analytical procedures.

D.	 External quality reviews of the internal auditor's activities.
A

【C】
选项 C 涉及分析程序的结果,主要侧重于分析财务报表的准确性和了解客户的业务。它并不直接评估内部审计职能的胜任能力、客观性或系统方法。

相比之下,选项 A、B 和 D 提供了有关内部审计职能的有效性和质量的相关见解:
A.以往使用内部审计师的经验有助于评估他们的表现和有效性。
B.与管理层的讨论有助于深入了解内部审计职能在组织内部的整合和有效性。
D.外部质量审查可对内部审计职能的流程和标准遵守情况进行客观评价。
因此,与这些其他来源相比,分析程序与评价内部审计职能的相关性较低。

238
Q

Which of the following statements is correct relating to an auditor’s review engagements on an entity’s MD&A?

A.
A review consists principally of applying analytical procedures and search and verification procedures.
B.
The review report of a public entity should be restricted to the use of specified parties.

A

【B】
在为上市公司的 “管理层讨论与分析”(MD&A)出具审核报告时,”管理层讨论与分析”(MD&A)的验证和审核报告无需提交给美国证券交易委员会(SEC)。因此,为避免用户误解,报告中应包含使用限制说明。
因此,正确答案为 B。

A 错误。在审核工作中没有执行详细的程序,如核查。

——————————————————
【關於使用限制】limit the distribution
*【audit】通常不包含使用限制,因为其目的是向公众提供审计意见。
*【review, complication,Agreed-Upon Procedures Report,內部審計報告】通常包含使用限制,以确保报告的适当使用和避免误解。

239
Q

Stating that a particular related-party transaction occurred on terms equivalent to those that would have prevailed in an arm’s-length transaction.
審計師會發表unmodified opinion嗎,為什麼?

A

不會。
當財務報表中聲明某一相關方交易是在類似於正常市場條件下進行的(即所謂的「公平交易」或「臂長交易」條件),審計師通常會非常謹慎。這是因為審計師很難獨立驗證這類聲明的真實性,尤其是在相關方交易中,由於這些交易的條件可能受到關聯方之間的影響,並不一定能夠反映市場上的公允條件。

240
Q

Which of the following is not an objective of a CPA’s examination of a client’s MD&A prepared in accordance with SEC rules?

A. The historical amounts are accurately derived from the financial statements.

B. The MD&A presentation meets SEC rules and regulations.

C. The information and assumptions provide a reasonable basis for the disclosures.

D. The MD&A includes the required elements by SEC regulations.

A

【B】
注册会计师并不会对 MD&A 的呈报是否完全符合 SEC 的规定发表明确意见,而是对 MD&A 是否包含 SEC 要求的最低限度信息(要素)进行核查。
因此可以修改成
B. “The MD&A includes the minimum required elements as per the rules and regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.”

241
Q

an example of an inherent risk that an auditor should consider?

B.	 Technological developments that may render inventory obsolete.

C.	 Posting of unauthorized journal entries.
A

[B]
选择 “B “是正确的。审计员应考虑的固有风险的一个例子是可能使存货过时的技术发展。固有风险是指由于控制失效以外的因素而导致财务报表出现错误或遗漏的可能性。
C–>control risk

242
Q

The acceptable level of detection risk is inversely related to the:

A.	 Risk of failing to discover material misstatements.

B.	 Risk of misapplying auditing procedures.

C.	 Preliminary judgment about materiality levels.

D.	 Assurance provided by substantive tests.
A

【D】
正確答案是選項D,因為偵查風險的可接受水平與實質性測試所提供的保證程度是「反比」的關係。也就是說,當可接受的偵查風險降低時,審計師需要通過實質性測試來獲得更多的保證。

選項A錯誤,因為偵查風險與未能發現重大錯報的風險是直接相關的。偵查風險越高,未發現錯報的風險也越高。

選項B錯誤,因為偵查風險的可接受水平與錯誤應用審計程序的風險(即非抽樣風險)是獨立的。

選項C錯誤,因為偵查風險的可接受水平與對重要性水平的初步判斷(即可容忍錯誤)是獨立的。

243
Q

While auditing, the auditor finds that the client’s depreciation estimates for some fixed assets are unreasonable and unsupported. What type of misstatement is this?

Options:

A. Projected misstatement

B. Fraudulent misstatement

C. Judgmental misstatement

D. Factual misstatement

A

判斷性錯誤的关键在于,它涉及对会计估计或判断的主观性,这些估计或判断可能基于不合理的假设或信息不足。而事实性错誤(Factual misstatement)是指绝对确定的错误,比如计算错误或数据录入错误。预计错誤(Projected misstatement)则涉及审计样本的应用到整体数据中的错误,而欺诈性错誤(Fraudulent misstatement)涉及故意的财务报表欺诈行为。

244
Q

An auditor assesses control risk because it:

C.	 Provides assurance that the auditor's materiality levels are appropriate.

D.	 Affects the level of detection risk that the auditor may accept.
A

【D】
审计师使用评估的控制风险水平(加上评估的固有风险水平)来确定财务报表认定的重大错报风险。然后,这会影响审计师可接受的检查风险(即侦查风险)水平。换句话说,当控制风险和固有风险较高时,审计师需要接受较低的侦查风险,以确保审计的有效性。

选项 “C” 是错误的。控制风险的评估与重大性水平的评估无关。

245
Q

Which of the following is not a primary characteristic associated with audit risk?

C.	 It is a risk that the auditor may fail to detect a client’s deceptive practices which may result in a misstatement of the financial statements.

D.	 Before an opinion is provided for an audit, audit risk should be reduced to an appropriately low level.
A

【C】
選項 “C” 是正確的,因為它描述的風險屬於欺詐風險,而不是審計風險。選項 C 提到的審計師未能檢測到客戶的欺騙行為(例如管理層串通舞弊),導致財務報表出現重大錯報,這是與欺詐風險相關的,而不是審計風險的主要特徵。

D–審計風險是指審計師在審計過程中,未能檢測到財務報表中存在的重大錯報的風險。所以審計師需通過增加實質性測試或加強程序等方法,降低審計風險(降低走漏眼風險),所以選項D正確

Audit risk arises because the auditor obtains only reasonable assurance that the client’s financial statements are not materially misstated.
审计风险的产生是因为审计师只能合理地保证客户的财务报表没有重大错报。

It is the risk associated with the auditor failing to appropriately modify an audit opinion when the client’s financial statements contain material misstatements.
当客户的财务报表存在重大错报时,审计师未能适当修改审计意见所带来的风险。

246
Q

Which of the following is true?

A.	 Fraud risk is comprised of the risk of material misstatement and detection risk.

B.	 If the assessed level of fraud risk is high, the auditor should attempt to reduce detection risk.

C.	 Audit risk and fraud risk are synonymous terms.

D.	 If fraud risk is assessed at a minimum level, audit risk will also be minimal.
A

【B】
audit risk= material ,misstatement✖️detection risk

C– synonymous terms同義詞
D–雖然欺詐風險是構成審計風險的一部分,但它並不是唯一的因素。即使欺詐風險較低,其他因素(如無法執行某些審計程序)仍可能導致審計風險增高。

247
Q

trival

A

輕微
Develop a threshold at which anything above would not be considered trivial to the group financial statements.
设定一个阈值,在此阈值下,任何超出阈值的情况都不会被视为对集团财务报表微不足道。

248
Q

a judgmental misstatement is:

A. Exists because of nonstatistical sampling performed by the auditor

C. Involves an estimate.

A

【C】
A–非統計抽樣(Nonstatistical Sampling):這是審計師在選擇樣本時使用的抽樣方法之一。在非統計抽樣中,審計師根據自己的專業判斷來選擇樣本,而不依賴於統計方法。這種方法的確涉及審計師的判斷,但它與“判斷性錯報”無關。

249
Q

An auditor uses the assessed level of control risk to:
C. Evaluate the effectiveness of the entity’s system of internal control.

D. Determine the acceptable level of detection risk for financial statement assertions.

A

【D】
C–正確應該是用系統有效性評估control risk
D–通過控制風險的高低(內部控制系統是否有效),決定是否改變可接受風險。
如果控制風險高,則可接受風險會降低,實質性測試要增加。

250
Q

Which framework is best suited for management assessment under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002?

Options:

B. COSO Internal Control - Integrated Framework

C. COSO Enterprise Risk Management Framework

A

【B】

選項 B: Internal Control-Integrated Framework; COSO report

COSO(委員會內部控制的科學組織)發佈的《內部控制-整合框架》是一個全面的內部控制框架,被廣泛接受並且符合《薩班斯-奧克斯利法案》的要求。這個框架提供了一個結構化的方法來評估內部控制的有效性,因此它是最合適的選擇。
選項 C: COSO Enterprise Risk Management framework

COSO的《企業風險管理框架》側重於風險管理,雖然它包括內部控制,但它的範疇超出了一般的內部控制評估,主要關注於風險管理的全面性。因此,雖然它是相關的,但不如COSO的內部控制框架更專門針對內部控制評估。

251
Q

在审计业务中,审计师通常必须与客户达成哪些共识。

  1. The auditor’s responsibility for communicating all deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting identified in an audit.
  2. The auditor’s responsibility for determining preliminary judgments about materiality and audit risk factors.
A

【1】
1–这个选项是正确的。在审计过程中,审计师确实需要向管理层和审计委员会报告发现的任何内部控制缺陷。这是审计师与客户达成共识的重要部分,确保管理层了解内部控制的有效性及其改进需求

2–虽然审计师确实负责评估重要性和审计风险,但这不是与客户的共识内容。共识主要集中在双方对审计责任和报告要求的理解上。

252
Q

How does using microcomputers in auditing affect the review of staff assistants’ work?
C.
Supervisory personnel may not have an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of microcomputers.
D.
Audit documentation may not contain readily observable details of calculation.

A

【D】
在審計過程中,審計員會進行許多計算和分析,而當這些工作是由微型計算機完成時,這些計算的細節可能不會在審計文檔中顯示得非常明顯或直接可見。因此,監督人員在審查助理人員工作時,可能需要通過檢查計算機生成的文檔或重新計算來驗證計算的準確性,而不是像傳統手動計算那樣可以直接看到每一個計算步驟的細節。

選項 C: 雖然監督人員需要了解微型計算機的基本能力和限制,但這並不會直接影響監督審計助理的工作。

253
Q

Product demand becomes more elastic the

A.
Greater the number of substitute products available.
B.
Greater the consumer income.
C.
Greater the elasticity of supply.
D.
Higher the input costs.

A

【A】
選項 A 是正確答案,其邏輯如下:

A. Substitute products: 當市場上有更多的替代產品時,消費者在面對價格變動時更容易轉向其他產品,因此需求彈性會變大。例如,如果某商品的價格上漲,而市場上有許多替代品,消費者可能會選擇購買替代品,導致需求量顯著下降。

B–收入增加對必需品的需求彈性沒太大影響,收入多少都要吃飯

C–
需求彈性描述了消費者對商品價格變動的反應程度。
供給彈性描述了生產者對商品價格變動的反應程度。

D. Input costs: 生產成本的變動主要影響供應方的定價決策和利潤,但不直接改變消費者需求的彈性。

254
Q

審計員在按照普遍接受的審計準則(GAAS)進行財務報表審計時的要求:
A. Document the auditor’s understanding of the entity’s internal control.
D. Determine whether controls are suitably designed to prevent or detect material misstatements.

A

【A】
D– determine不適當,應該是assess(評估)或者understand(了解)

255
Q

Which of the following is not true about the “Information and Communication” component of the COSO internal control framework?

C. The organization assesses information about fraud that could hinder achieving objectives.

D. The organization communicates with external parties about matters affecting internal control.

A

【C】
C. The organization assesses information about fraud that could impede the achievement of objectives.
这个选项不完全符合 COSO 框架的“信息与沟通”部分。评估可能妨碍目标实现的欺诈信息通常是在风险评估过程中进行的,而不是在信息与沟通部分的主要关注点。

D. The organization communicates with external parties regarding matters affecting the functioning of internal control.
这个选项是正确的,因为 COSO 框架确实要求组织与外部各方沟通影响内部控制运作的事项。

256
Q

which is correct?

A.	 Audit documentation must include a description of the discussion.

C.	 Discussion among engagement personnel regarding the risk of material misstatement due to fraud is recommended but not required.
A

【A】
A. (审计文档必须包含关于讨论的描述。)
正确。 根据审计准则,审计团队成员之间关于欺诈导致的重大错报风险的讨论内容必须记录在案。这是为了确保有充分的证据证明审计团队已讨论并考虑了相关风险。

C. (团队成员之间关于欺诈导致的重大错报风险的讨论是推荐的,但不是必须的。)
不正确。 审计准则要求团队成员必须讨论欺诈风险,这不是可选的,而是强制性的要求。

257
Q

审计员在识别由于欺诈导致的重大错报风险时应该进行的询问内容,以下是不可能出現的,為什麼
Whether operating personnel have communicated to management regarding internal control and how it functions to prevent, deter, or detect material misstatement due to fraud.

A

正確:management –> government
錯誤:operating personnel–> management

治理层(通常是董事会或审计委员会)对企业的内部控制和整体治理负有最终责任。管理层需要向治理层报告和沟通内部控制的设计、实施和有效性。这是因为治理层需要了解内部控制的情况,以履行其对财务报告过程的监督责任,并确保企业的操作符合法规和道德标准

258
Q

Fraud involving an officer. What should the auditor do?

A.	 Report the matters to regulatory authorities.

B.	 Consider the fraud a scope limitation and disclaim an opinion.

C.	 Communicate the matter to those charged with governance.

D.	 Immediately withdraw from the engagement.
A

【C】
1️⃣報告government治理层(如董事会或审计委员会)
2️⃣如果治理层未能采取适当的行动来纠正重大错报或欺诈问题,审计员可能需要考虑采取进一步的行动,包括可能撤回审计意见或退出审计业务

所以選項B是下一步

259
Q

disputes

A

爭議,爭執
Management had frequent disputes with the auditor on accounting matters管理层与审计员在会计问题上经常发生争执會提高审计员对欺诈性财务报告导致重大错报风险的关注度

260
Q

The fraud triangle includes Opportunity,incentive and?

A

rationalization合理化
“我只是暫時借用,之後會還回來。”
“其他人也在這麼做。”
員工認為如果其他同事都在進行不正當行為,那麼自己這樣做也是可以接受的。

“這是應對不公平待遇的方式。”
員工可能覺得自己受到不公平對待,並認為通過這種方式來“報復”或“補償”自己。
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
*incentive=pressure/motivation

261
Q

Question: What is true about an auditor’s responsibility to report fraud?
A. The auditor doesn’t usually need to report fraud to anyone outside of the client’s senior management and governance.

C. The auditor must report management fraud to major shareholders if both senior management and the board ignore it.

A

【A】
選項A:正確。通常情況下,審計師的責任是向客戶的高層管理人員和負責治理的人員報告欺詐活動,而不是向其他外部方(如公眾或股東)報告。只有在某些特殊情況下,可能需要向外部方披露。

選項C:不正確。即使高層管理和董事會未能承認欺詐行為,將欺詐活動披露給主要股東也不是審計師的通常責任。通常,欺詐的披露僅限於客戶的高層管理和負責治理的人員。

262
Q

In planning an audit, what should the auditor include in the workpapers if they identify risk factors for fraud?

A. A copy of the risk factor report to the company’s legal counsel.
B. Discussion of the risk factor with the client.
C. The identified risk factors.
D. Investigation of the risk factor.

A

【C】
选项 B:与客户讨论风险因素。
这不完全正确。虽然审计员可以选择与客户讨论识别出的欺诈风险因素,但这不是必须的。审计员的主要责任是记录这些风险因素,而不是强制进行讨论。

选项 C:记录识别出的风险因素。
这是正确的。审计员需要在工作底稿中记录所有识别出的风险因素。这有助于确保审计过程的完整性和透明度,并为后续的审计程序提供依据。

263
Q

static equilibrium

A

靜態平衡
经济处于静态平衡通常指的是经济处于长期均衡状态,这种状态下,经济中的所有市场都达到了均衡点,各种经济力量相互抵消,使得经济保持相对稳定的状态。
靜態平衡是理論上的概念,實際經濟活動是動態的

264
Q

contraction

A

收縮
business cycle:
expansion–peak– contraction–trough

265
Q

Which of the following nonfinancial information is the auditor most likely to consider during analytical procedures in the planning phase of an audit?
A. Size of the selling space.

B. Audit committee’s objectivity.

C. Accounting staff turnover.

D. Management’s stock buyback plans.

A

【A】
选择 “A “是正确的。在执行分析程序时,审计师会考虑相关的非财务信息,这些信息通常与财务数据有某种联系。例如,销售空间的平方英尺数与销售水平之间可能存在关系。
选择 “B “不正确。审计师在决定是否接受委托以及评估控制风险和欺诈风险时,而不是在计划期间执行分析程序时,会考虑审计委员会成员的诚信。

266
Q

Which of the following is not a recommended risk assessment procedure by PCAOB standards when auditing an issuer?

C. Performing preliminary tests of controls over certain transaction cycles.

D. Performing analytical procedures related to the client’s revenue

A

【C】
选项 C:对选定交易周期执行初步控制测试
解释: 初步控制测试通常是更详细的程序,旨在评估防止或发现重大错报的内部控制是否有效。然而,这些测试通常是在初步风险评估阶段之后进行,而不是在风险评估阶段。原因如下:

选项 D:进行与客户收入相关的分析程序
解释:PCAOB标准推荐在风险评估程序中进行分析程序,尤其是与客户的收入相关的分析。这有助于识别与收入相关的异常情况或潜在的错报风险。

267
Q

When obtaining written representations from management, materiality limits usually apply to which of the following?

A. Amounts related to related party transactions.

B. Irregularities involving management members.

C. Availability of financial records.

D. Completeness of minutes from directors’ meetings.

A

【A】
选项A:关联方交易的金额通常会受到重要性限度的约束。这是因为关联方交易的金额可能对财务报表产生重大影响,因此在管理层的书面声明中,通常会设置一个重要性限度,以判断哪些交易需要披露。

选项B:涉及管理层成员的违规行为一般不会受到重要性限度的约束。即使是较小的违规行为,也可能对审计师的判断和最终意见产生重大影响,因此不会以重要性限度作为标准。

选项C:财务记录的可用性是非常基础的要求,不论金额大小,所有相关的财务记录都应该提供给审计师,因此这类声明不会受到重要性限度的限制。

选项D:董事会会议记录的完整性也是重要的,所有会议记录都应完整无缺地提供给审计师,因此这类声明也不会受到重要性限度的限制。

268
Q

appraisal

A

評估
企业改革法》(第 201 条)规定,为上市公司进行审计的注册会计师事务所(注册会计师事务所)不得为该上市公司提供以下服务

1.bookkeeping簿记服务
2.appraisal评估服务
3.internal audit内部审计服务

269
Q

What procedure would an auditor most likely perform to initially understand the internal control system and assess the risk of material misstatement?

A. Expand substantive testing to find relevant controls.

B. Use risk-assessment procedures to evaluate the design of controls.

C. Perform analytical procedures to identify the need for specific controls.

D. Test key controls to see if they are effective.

A

[選項 B:正確。 審計師在獲得對內部控制系統的初步了解時,最有可能執行風險評估程序,以評估相關控制的設計是否恰當,這是了解內部控制的常規步驟。

選項 A:錯誤。 實質性測試旨在發現重大錯報,而不是用來識別相關控制。通常審計師會先了解內部控制系統,然後再決定實質性測試的範圍和性質。

選項 C:錯誤。 分析程序通常不會幫助決定需要哪些具體的控制。審計師在了解內部控制系統時,更常使用的是詢問、觀察、檢查文件和報告等程序,而非分析程序。

選項 D:錯誤。 在了解內部控制系統時,審計師不需要評估控制的運行效果(即控制是否有效運行)。只有當審計師假設控制有效運行或僅依賴實質性程序不足時,才會進行控制測試。

270
Q

If a budgetary reporting system provides adequate reports, but the reports are not analyzed and acted upon:

A.	 The control has not been implemented and is not operating effectively.

B.	 The control has been implemented and is operating effectively.

C.	 The control has been implemented but is not operating effectively.

D.	 The control has not been implemented but is operating effectively.
A

选择 “C “是正确的。预算报告正在生成这一事实表明控制措施已得到执行。但是,由于没有对报告进行分析或采取相应行动,该控制措施并不能保证实体目标的实现。因此,控制措施没有有效运行。

271
Q

In which of the following scenarios would an auditor most likely increase tests of controls?

A.	 When the client’s IT system is extensively integrated throughout the company’s accounting system.

B.	 When the client’s accounting system is largely based on manual processes.
A

【A】
當實質性測試無法進行或不夠充分時,例如在高度依賴IT系統的情況下,可能無法獲得足夠的實質性證據,這時審計師會選擇增加對內部控制的測試,以確保財務報表中的交易和賬戶餘額是準確且可靠的。
————————————————————
當實質性測試(substantive tests)無法有效進行時,審計師確實可能需要依賴並增加內部控制測試(tests of controls)。這兩者之間存在互補關係。

272
Q

Which of the following is not a possible reason why a properly designed system of internal control may fail to prevent or detect fraud?

A.	 Inadequate segregation of duties may allow one person to both perpetrate and conceal fraudulent activity.

D.	 Management may override controls through its attitude and actions.
A

[A]
职责分工不当意味着内部控制系统设计不当。

273
Q

An override of internal controls by a low-level employee is an inherent limitation to internal control.
T or F

A

F
inherent limitations:
management override,
human error,
deliberate circumvention of controls by collusion of two or more people.

在设计控制措施时,应确保低级别员工在管理层未通过执行现有控制活动识别超驰控制措施的情况下,无法超驰控制措施。
題目描述的情況應該是設計失誤

274
Q

Obtaining an understanding of a control involves evaluating the design of the control and determining whether the control has been:

A.	 Monitored.

B.	 Tested.

C.	 Authorized.

D.	 Implemented.
A

這道題目考察的是在了解內部控制時需要評估哪些方面。

選項D是正確的。當審計師評估客戶的控制措施時,首先需要了解控制措施的設計,然後確認這些控制措施是否已經實施。因此,了解控制的設計並確認其是否已經實施是理解控制過程的一部分。

選項A是錯誤的。控制的持續監控不屬於理解內部控制的階段,而是客戶管理層的責任,審計師主要關注控制的設計和實施情況。

選項B是錯誤的。測試控制措施不屬於理解內部控制的階段。測試控制是確認控制效果的步驟,而不是理解控制的過程。

選項C是錯誤的。控制措施的授權通常在控制設計階段被假設為已經完成,但這並不是審計師在了解控制過程中需要特別評估的內容。

275
Q

The client’s IT system doesn’t print bills of lading for customers on credit hold. What should the auditor do next?

C. Try to print a bill of lading for one customer on credit hold and confirm with IT that this control can’t be overridden without approval.
D. Check the customer files for names of customers on credit hold and confirm with the accounting manager that no shipments were made to these customers after they were on credit hold.

A

【C】
D–檢查賒帳名單沒有發貨,只能證明現在名單沒有錯,不能證明系統是否有效運行。所以最好的方法就是輸入一個禁止發貨的客戶,驗證系統是否有效攔截

276
Q

which is a detective supervisory and monitoring control?

A.	 Expense budgets

B.	 Clear organizational hierarchy charts

C.	 Input validation

D.	 Regular backups of data
A

選項A是正確的。 預算 和 預測 是偵測性監控控制。通過將預算和預測與實際結果進行比較,可以檢測到異常情況和不符合預期的開支,從而進行後續的調查和分析。
其餘幾個選項都是預防性preventive control

277
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the testing of controls in an audit of an issuer’s financial statements?

A.	 An auditor must obtain evidence that controls are operating effectively during the entire period of reliance if the auditor plans to assess control risk at less than the maximum.

B.	 The evidence necessary to support an auditor's control risk assessment usually does not depend on the degree of reliance the auditor plans to place on the effectiveness of a control.
A

【A】
選項A的要求是基於如果審計師計劃依賴控制來降低控制風險,那麼必須獲得證據證明該控制在整個財務報告期間都有效運行。這樣做可以確保審計風險得到適當管理,並使審計師能夠基於可靠的控制來減少實質性測試的量。

選項 B 不正確。審計師計劃依賴控制並將控制風險評估為低於最高水平時,需要獲取足夠的證據來支持控制的有效性。因此,證據的需求是基於審計師計劃依賴控制的程度。

278
Q

Communicating to the audit team an increased need for professional skepticism during an audit in response to assessed risks of material misstatement at the financial statement level is an example of:

A.	 An overall response.

B.	 A combined approach.

C.	 A test of controls.

D.	 A substantive procedure.
A

【A】
題目關鍵詞:提高職業懷疑,所以跟overall response對應
Providing more supervision提供更多監督也是跟整體風險對應
——————————————————————
選項B: combined approach
關鍵詞:test of controls and substantive procedures
(控制測試和實質性程序的結合)

選項C: test of controls
關鍵詞:internal controls
(內部控制)

選項D: substantive procedure
關鍵詞:dollar amounts or account balances
(金額測試或賬戶餘額)

279
Q

What is the most likely course of action that an auditor would take after determining that performing substantive tests on inventory will take less time than performing tests of controls?

A.	 Perform both tests of controls and substantive tests on inventory.

B.	 Perform only substantive tests on inventory.

C.	 Assess control risk at a low level.

D.	 Perform only tests of controls on inventory.
A

正確選項B的原因:當實質性測試花費的時間更少且更有效率時,審計師通常會選擇只進行實質性測試,而不是浪費時間去測試控制,尤其是當沒有其他測試控制的理由(如沒有高度的電子處理系統)時。實質性測試可以直接檢查賬戶餘額或交易的金額,以確保其準確性。

280
Q

It would be inefficient to perform tests of controls that would result in a reduction in planned substantive tests.
什麼意思?

A

It’s more efficient to focus on substantive tests.

題目要求:審計師在執行風險評估程序後,決定不進行控制測試。這時,審計師最可能考慮的因素是什麼?
正確選項A的原因:審計師可能認為進行控制測試是不划算的,因為控制測試所花費的時間和資源可能超過了隨後減少實質性測試所節省的時間和資源。在這種情況下,審計師會選擇不進行控制測試,直接進行實質性測試。

281
Q

Which non-audit service, if provided alongside an audit for an issuer, would result in the accountant losing independence according to the SEC?

Options:
A. Preparing the client’s tax returns.
B. Providing a comfort letter regarding debt covenants.
C. Issuing a report on internal controls.
D. Preparing the client’s footnote disclosures.

A

【D】
SEC比AICPA更加嚴格,所以即使是footnote也被視為涉及直接参与客户的财务报表编制,会损害审计师的独立性,因为审计师在审计过程中需要评估这些内容。

282
Q

According to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, The audit committee chairperson must certify that the quarterly report filed with the SEC fairly presents the financial condition and results of operations.
T or F?

A

因為根據法案,並不是審計委員會的主席需要認證季度報告是否公正地反映了財務狀況和經營成果,而是CEO和CFO需要簽署此類認證。因此,這不是法案的要求。

SOX法案主要是針對audit 報告。

283
Q

The appointment, compensation, and oversight of the work of the registered public accounting firm employed by the company.
什麼意思

A

公司聘用的注册会计师事务所的【任命、报酬和工作监督】。

284
Q

which is considered a monitoring activity?
1. segregating duties of employees
2. using information from customer complaints

A

【2】
1–內部控制

285
Q

Arrearages in dividends.

A

拖欠紅利

286
Q

What is an example of nonsampling risk in an audit?

A. The auditor chooses incorrect audit procedures.

B. The internal control is stronger than the auditor thinks.

C. The auditor mistakenly thinks the account balance is correct, but it’s actually wrong.

D. The internal control is weaker than the auditor thinks.

A

【A】
抽樣風險是指審計師選擇的樣本不具有代表性,導致錯誤的結論。
非抽樣風險是指審計師的錯誤判斷或程序選擇,即使審計程序本身是正確的,審計師也可能因為誤判或程序執行不當而得出錯誤結論。

287
Q

Which statement correctly describes the relevance of controls in a financial statement audit?

B. Controls related to financial reporting are most relevant to a financial statement audit.

C. Controls over asset protection are most important, but compliance controls may also matter.

A

【B】
建立内部控制是为了实现以下三个目标(OBJECTIVES)。
1.确保财务报告的可靠性
2.提高并确保管理的有效性和效率
3.遵守适用的法律法规。

其中,与财务报表审计有关的内部控制与确保财务报告的可靠性有关,一般称为 “财务报告的内部控制(ICFR)”。
因此,正确答案为 B。

288
Q

当企业在前一年财务报告中存在“持续经营疑虑”(going concern),但在第二年这种疑虑已经消除时,审计师在报告中应该如何处理。

C. Include an emphasis-of-matter paragraph explaining why the doubt was removed.

D. Do not repeat the going concern section from the Year 4 auditor’s report.

A

【D】
如果經營疑慮已解除,不需要再重複
如果經營疑慮未解除,需要在当前年度的审计报告中再次使用强调事项段落,提及前一年度的相关内容。

————————————————————
其他需要在 emphasis-of-matter paragraph 提及的情況
*会计政策的变更(Change in Accounting Policies)
*前期财务报表的重述(Restatement of Prior Year Financial Statements)
*法律或监管环境的变化(Changes in Legal or Regulatory Environment)

289
Q

If an auditor concludes that there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and that the entity’s disclosures are adequate, then the audit report may be Disclaimed.
T or F?

A

T
Unqualified with explanatory paragraph, or
Disclaimed.
Generally, an unqualified opinion is issued, but the auditor is not prohibited from choosing to issue a disclaimer.

290
Q

After determining that a related party transaction has, in fact, occurred, an auditor should:

A.	 Obtain an understanding of the business purpose of the transaction.

B.	 Substantiate that the transaction was consummated on terms equivalent to an arm's-length transaction.

C.	 Perform analytical procedures to verify whether similar transactions occurred, but were not recorded.

D.	 Add a separate paragraph to the auditor's standard report to explain the transaction.
A

选择 “A “是正确的。在确定发生关联方交易后,审计员应实施认为必要的程序,以获得有关交易目的和性质及其对财务报表影响的满意度。
选择 “B “不正确。一般情况下,不可能证实交易是在等同于公平交易的条件下完成的。

选择 “C “不正确。分析程序一般不能有效识别关联方交易。
选择 “D “不正确。虽然可以增加一个额外的段落来强调某个事项,但没有要求通过在审计报告中增加解释性语言来披露关联方交易。

291
Q

Which of the following is not a procedure the auditor would use in evaluating the reasonableness of an accounting estimate?

A.	 Use subsequent events to determine whether the estimate was reasonable.

B.	 Confirm via the management representation letter that management has disclosed all significant estimates.
A

A. 使用后续事件来确定估计是否合理:

这是一种合理的程序。审计师可以利用后续事件(发生在报告期末之后但在审计完成之前的事件)来验证估计的合理性,确保估计的基础和结果仍然有效。
B. 通过管理层确认函确认管理层已披露所有重要估计:

这是正确的选项。虽然审计师可能会要求管理层提供确认函来证明所有重大估计已被披露,但这本身并不足以评估这些估计的合理性。确认函只能证明披露的完整性,而不涉及估计本身的合理性。

292
Q

The auditor is responsible for preparing accounting estimates in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards.
T or F

A

F
会计估计的准备是管理层的责任。审计师的职责是评估这些估计的合理性,而不是按照审计标准准备它们。

正確的說法:The auditor is responsible for evaluating the reasonableness of accounting estimates.

293
Q

For which of the following responses in a legal letter would an auditor most likely qualify the audit opinion for a scope limitation?

A.	 The attorney is unable to provide a reasonable estimate of a probable loss arising from a legal matter.

B.	 The response specifically excludes information on a pending legal matter because of publicity concerns.

C.	 The response is limited to only those items that the attorney has devoted substantial attention.

D.	 The attorney is unable to respond as to the outcome of the matter because of inherent uncertainty.
A

【B】
選項 A:律師無法對某法律事項可能產生的損失作出合理估計。這種情況下,律師可能因為案件的複雜性或不確定性,無法提供準確的損失估計,但這並不一定構成審計範圍的限制。因此,這不會導致審計意見的保留。

選項 B:回應中特別排除了因擔心公開性問題而不提供某未決法律事項的信息。這是一個明顯的範圍限制,因為審計師無法獲得所需的信息來做出適當的審計判斷,這可能導致審計師對審計意見作出保留或修正。

選項 C:回應僅限於律師已經投入大量關注的事項。這是一個合理的限制,因為律師只能對他們專門處理過的事項提供意見,這不會構成審計範圍的限制。

選項 D:律師因為固有的不確定性而無法對事項的結果作出回應。如果案件本身有固有的不確定性,這是正常的,律師的回應應該如實反映這一點,這也不會構成審計範圍的限制。

294
Q

当审计员对公司持续经营的能力产生重大怀疑时,最有可能考虑以下哪项管理计划来应对不利条件?

A. Increase ownership equity.

C. Reduce lines of credit.

A

【A】
A–增加所有權權益(選項A)通常是通過籌集新資金來實現的,例如發行新股或增資。這些活動會增加公司的現金流入,而不是減少現金。
C–減少信貸額度會減少現金流,對情況沒有改善作用

295
Q

In an audit of contingent liabilities, which of the following procedures would be least effective?

A.	 Examining invoices for professional services.


C.	 Examining customer confirmation replies.
A

【C】
A–發票可能顯示與訴訟相關的費用
C–檢查客戶確認回覆)與應收賬款相關,但不太可能揭示公司的或有負債。這是因為客戶確認通常涉及客戶的欠款或已支付款項,而不是公司的潛在法律責任或未來義務。

296
Q

If an auditor concludes that there is substantial doubt about a client’s ability to continue as a going concern, what is the auditor’s responsibility?

A. Consider if the disclosure about the client’s going concern issues is adequate.

B. Issue a qualified or adverse opinion based on the impact on the financial statements.

A

【A】
B–只有在没有充分披露的情况下,才需要有保留意见或否定意见。

297
Q

Why Issue stock options to key executives can’t mitigate going concern issues

A

股票期權 是一種激勵措施,允許公司高管以一定的價格購買公司股票。但是期權只是購買的權利,不發生購買行為公司是不會有現金進帳的,所以無法解決經營困難

298
Q

Which of the following procedures would least likely result in the discovery of possible noncompliance with laws and regulations?

A.	 Reviewing an internal control questionnaire.

D.	 Performing tests of details of transactions.
A

选择 “A “是正确的。审查内部控制问卷可提供有关控制政策和程序的信息,但不能提供有关已发生的实际交易或事件的信息。因此,它不可能发现任何不遵守法律法规的行为。

选择 “D “不正确。对交易细节进行测试可能会提供表明不合规行为的信息,例如有关未经授权或不当记录交易的信息;支付不寻常的罚款或罚金;支付不寻常的大额或超额支付,特别是现金支付;无法解释的支付;或支付未指定的服务。

299
Q

Which of the following parties should request inquiry of a client’s lawyer?

A.	 The auditor.

C.	 Client management.
A

【C】
选择 “C “是正确的。给客户律师的询问信是客户管理层提出的要求。由于律师与当事人之间的保密特权,律师不能回应任何其他方提出的此类要求。请注意,管理层会要求律师直接答复审计师。
选择 “A “不正确。审计师可能会要求客户在信函中包含某些事项,但从技术上讲,该要求本身来自客户管理层。

300
Q

Which of the following procedures most likely would assist an auditor to identify litigation, claims, and assessments?

A.	 Inspect checks included with the client's cutoff bank statement.

B.	 Obtain a letter of representations from the client's underwriter of securities.

C.	 Read the file of correspondence from taxing authorities.

D.	 Apply ratio analysis on the current-year's liability accounts.
A

[C]
選項 A: 檢查客戶截止銀行對賬單中的支票。
邏輯: 這通常用於確認現金流量的正確性和交易是否已經入賬,不太可能直接識別訴訟或索賠。

選項 B: 從客戶的證券承銷商獲取一封聲明函。
邏輯: 這與發行證券的過程有關,可能涉及財務報表的聲明,但不太可能直接揭示訴訟或索賠。

選項 C: 閱讀稅務機構的來往信件。
邏輯: 稅務機構的來往信件可能包含有關稅務糾紛或潛在的法律問題,這些可能涉及訴訟或索賠。

選項 D: 對本年度的負債賬目進行比率分析。
邏輯: 比率分析主要用於識別財務狀況的異常變動,但未必能直接揭示訴訟或索賠。

301
Q

What is the auditor’s primary purpose in performing a retrospective review of management’s significant accounting estimates reflected in the prior year financial statements of a nonissuer?

B.	 To indicate whether a significant deficiency existed

C.	 To indicate whether a bias by management existed
A

選項 B: 確認是否存在重大缺陷。

邏輯: 審計師回顧過去的估計主要是為了評估當前風險,而不是專門用來識別控制缺陷。
選項 C: 確認是否存在管理層的偏見。

邏輯: 正確的答案。回顧性審查的主要目的是檢查管理層在做出會計估計時是否存在偏見(無論是有意的還是無意的)。如果發現管理層在過去存在偏見,這將幫助審計師評估當前期間的重大錯報風險。

302
Q

The primary responsibility of a bank acting as registrar of capital stock is to

C.
Act as an independent third party between the board of directors and outside investors concerning mergers, acquisitions, and the sale of treasury stock.
D.
Verify that stock is issued in accordance with the authorization of the board of directors and the articles of incorporation.

A

[D]
選項 C: 在董事會和外部投資者之間作為獨立的第三方處理有關合併、收購和庫藏股出售的事宜。
邏輯: 這一選項描述的是金融顧問或投資銀行的角色,而非註冊機構的職責。

選項 D: 驗證股票的發行是否符合董事會的授權和公司章程。
邏輯: 正確的答案。註冊機構的主要責任是確保所有股票的發行符合公司章程和董事會的授權,這關乎合法性和合規性。

303
Q

If certain forms are not consecutively numbered

A.
Selection of a random sample probably is not possible.
B.
Systematic sampling may be appropriate.
C.
Stratified sampling should be used.
D.
Random number tables cannot be used.

A

[B]
選項 A: 隨機樣本的選擇可能不可行。
邏輯: 表格不連續編號並不影響隨機抽樣的可行性。隨機抽樣可以在任何集合中進行,無論是否連續編號。因此,這個選項不正確。

選項 B: 系統抽樣可能適用。
邏輯: 系統抽樣通常需要一個連續的列表,但即使編號不連續,只要能夠按順序排列並間隔抽樣,系統抽樣仍然可以應用。因此,這個選項可能是正確的。

選項 C: 應該使用分層抽樣。
邏輯: 分層抽樣是根據不同的層次或分類來抽樣,與表格是否連續編號無直接關聯。因此,這個選項與題目情境不匹配。

選項 D: 隨機數表無法使用。
邏輯: 隨機數表的使用不依賴於連續編號,因此不影響隨機數表的應用。這個選項不正確。

304
Q

An auditor should consider which of the following when evaluating the ability of a company to continue as a going concern?

B.	 Management's plans for disposal of assets.

C.	 Future assurance services.
A

正確選項是”B. 管理層的資產處置計劃”。這是因為管理層是否計劃出售或清算資產,能夠提供有關該公司是否能夠繼續作為一家持續經營企業的重要信息。如果管理層計劃出售大量資產,這可能表明公司面臨流動性問題或其他財務困難,這些問題可能影響公司的持續經營能力。
選項”C”也是不正確的,因為未來的保證服務(assurance services)並不直接與評估公司是否能夠持續經營相關。

305
Q

prevailing interest rate

A

prevailing interest rate.
Issuance of bonds at the prevailing interest rate is not indicative of financial difficulties as the bonds are consistent with the current market conditions. 按现行利率发行债券并不表明存在财务困难,因为债券符合当前的市场条件。

306
Q

PCAOB standards state that the relevance of audit evidences depends on all but which of the following?

A.	 The timing of the audit procedure.

B.	 The auditor's risk assessment.

C.	 Whether the audit procedure is designed to test for an understatement or overstatement.

D.	 Whether the audit procedure is designed to directly test an assertion.
A

【B】
假設你正在準備一道菜,而你需要確認冰箱裡的食材是否新鮮,這就像是在進行「審計」。為了確認食材是否可以使用,你會考慮以下幾個因素:

時機(Timing):你打開冰箱的時間點很重要。如果你早上查看冰箱裡的蔬菜,它們看起來新鮮,但如果你等到晚上再看,蔬菜可能已經枯萎了。因此,查看食材的新鮮度取決於你檢查的時機。

檢查的方向(Understatement or Overstatement):如果你擔心蔬菜可能不夠新鮮,你會仔細檢查是否有枯萎的跡象。如果你擔心它們可能已經變壞,你會特別嗅一嗅或者摸一摸看看是否有異常。因此,檢查方向決定了你會特別關注哪些方面。

檢查的目標(Direct Test of an Assertion):如果你想確保蔬菜是新鮮的,你可能會切開來看裡面是否還新鮮。這樣的檢查是直接針對「新鮮度」這個具體目標的。如果這個檢查無法告訴你蔬菜是否新鮮,這個檢查就不具有相關性。

然而,風險評估(Risk Assessment)在這個例子中,就像你預估冰箱裡食材是否容易變質。這會影響你檢查的頻率或檢查的細緻程度,但並不會直接決定你的檢查是否有助於判斷食材的新鮮度。這就像審計中的風險評估會影響審計的範圍和方法,但不直接影響證據的相關性。

307
Q

Which of the following would not be considered corroborating evidence?

A.	 Confirmations

B.	 Inquiries

C.	 Sales invoices

D.	 Board minutes
A

【C】
佐證證據是指那些可以支持或驗證會計記錄正確性的外部或額外的證據。這些證據通常來自獨立於被審計單位的來源,或者是從不同角度驗證同一資訊的證據。

選項 C:銷售發票(Sales Invoices)——正確,因為銷售發票是公司的內部會計記錄之一,是公司日常交易的直接證據,而不是獨立的或外部的證據,無法作為佐證證據。

選項 D:董事會會議記錄(Board Minutes)本身並不獨立於公司,但它在公司內部具有較高的權威性,因此可以作為審計過程中的佐證證據。

308
Q

Which of the following procedures would yield the most reliable evidence?

C.	 An inquiry of client personnel.

D.	 A recalculation of bad debt expense.
A

【D】

選項 C:向客戶人員詢問(Inquiry of client personnel)——不正確。詢問提供的證據通常是口頭或書面回答,但這些回答可能帶有偏見或不準確,因此需要其他證據來佐證,這使得它本身並不是非常可靠的證據來源。

選項 D:壞帳費用的重新計算(Recalculation of bad debt expense)——正確。重新計算是審計師直接獲得的證據,這類證據通常通過觀察、檢查或重新計算等程序獲得,因此被視為最可靠的證據之一。這種程序能夠直接驗證公司的計算是否正確,因而提供了高度可靠的證據。

309
Q

Which of the following types of audit evidence generally is the most reliable?

A.	 Inquiries made of management.

B.	 Confirmation of account information.

C.	 Analytical procedures.

D.	 Review of prior-year audit procedures.
A

选择 “B “是正确的。确认书是最可靠的证据类型之一,因为它们构成直接发送给审计员的外部证据。
选择 “A “不正确。询问提供的口头证据不如确认书可靠。
选择 “C “不正确。分析程序为审计师提供直接的个人知识,但由于这些程序通常以内部会计数据为基础,因此获得的证据不如从确认书中获得的证据可靠。
选择 “D “不正确。审查上一年的审计程序不能为本年度的财务报表提供适当的审计证据。

310
Q

Which of the following statements concerning audit evidence is correct?

A.	 A client's accounting data cannot be considered sufficient audit evidence to support the financial statements.

D.	 Reliable evidence supporting management's assertions should be conclusive rather than merely persuasive.
A

選項 A:客戶的會計數據不能被視為足夠的審計證據來支持財務報表(A client’s accounting data cannot be considered sufficient audit evidence to support the financial statements)——正確。審計證據不僅僅包括客戶的會計數據,還包括所有可用的佐證信息。客戶的會計數據本身不被視為足夠的審計證據,因為這些數據可能存在偏差或錯誤,還需要其他佐證來驗證這些數據的準確性。

選項 D:支持管理層聲明的可靠證據應該是結論性的,而不是僅僅具說服力的(Reliable evidence supporting management’s assertions should be conclusive rather than merely persuasive)——不正確。在審計中,證據通常只需要具備說服力(persuasive),而不必達到結論性(conclusive)的程度。審計師需要通過多種證據來源來形成合理的審計意見,而不是單一的、無法反駁的證據。

311
Q

In which situation is an auditor not required to use analytical procedures?

Options:

A. To get additional evidence when other evidence is weak.

B. To identify areas that need more attention during risk assessment.

C. To understand the client’s business and environment.

D. To review the overall accuracy of account balances at the end of the audit.

A

選項 A 為什麼正確

In obtaining corroborating evidence when the evidence gathered by the auditor is circumstantial.
選項 A 說的是在證據具有間接性時,分析程序不是必須的。分析程序雖然可以用來與其他證據結合以提供支持證據(例如在證據是間接的或間接證據不足時),但這並非審計的強制要求。在這種情況下,審計師可以選擇使用其他程序來獲得補充證據,比如觀察、詢問或檢查文件。因此,這是正確的選項。

312
Q

he auditor finds that the Treasury Stock account had minimal activity during the year. What audit procedure is the auditor most likely to use?

Options:

A. Test the details of transactions.

B. Use other audit procedures.

C. Perform analytical procedures.

D. Assess the risk.

A

選項 A(正確選項):當帳戶活動較少時,審計師通常會更關注該帳戶的每一筆交易細節,以確保這些交易是準確和適當的。因此,選擇進行細節測試是合理的。

313
Q

Question: If a client’s customers respond to confirmation requests via email, how can the auditor make sure these electronic responses are reliable?

Options:

A. Perform extra procedures to verify the responses.

B. Send another confirmation request asking for a paper response.

C. No further action needed.

D. Contact the customer directly to confirm their identity and information.

A

【D】
A–替代程序通常在未收到回覆或無法發送確認函時使用。

D–直接與回覆方聯繫來驗證身份和信息的準確性,是提高電子形式回覆可靠性的最有效方法。

314
Q

testing the completeness assertion for a given transaction cycle, the auditor may not perform:
A.
Inspecting documents that support a transaction.

C.	 Observing processes and procedures.
A

A–測試已記錄交易的真實性,與測試「權利和義務」(rights and obligations)、「可理解性和分類」(understandability and classification)、以及「估值、分配和準確性」(valuation, allocation, and accuracy)聲明相關聯。

C–觀察是審計師用來了解客戶流程和程序的方式,特別是在測試完整性聲明時。比如,審計師可能會觀察客戶年終的實體盤點,確保所有庫存都被記錄下來,並未漏掉。因此,這種程序是用來確認是否有漏記的交易或賬項。

test(valuation, allocation, and accuracy)
inspection
independent recalculatio
reconciliation

315
Q

Which financial statement assertion is violated when an expense occurring in one year is not recorded until the following year?

A.	 Occurrence

B.	 Completeness

C.	 Classification

D.	 Accuracy
A

選項 B 是正確的。因為這種情況下,當年的支出並未被完全記錄,這樣的延遲會導致當年的財務報表不完整。

選項 A(發生性(Occurrence)):這個聲明關注於確認所有記錄的交易和事件確實在所述的會計期間內發生。如果支出在該年度內實際發生,但在下一年才記錄,這還是符合發生性的要求,事實上在同一會計年發生,只是記錄的時點錯誤。

316
Q

the use of analytical procedures is required to
1. as a substantive test
2. in the final review stage

A

2

1不對是因為在實質性測試當中,有的時候需要細節測試而不是分析程序。
例如:大額的固定資產購置或出售。
原因:大額交易對財務報表的影響重大,需要驗證具體的交易細節,如合同、付款和登記情況。這些交易通常需要詳細的檢查來確保其完整性和準確性。

所以分析程序是大多數時候需要的,卻不是必須。

必須的情況:
1.audit planning
2.risk assessment phase
3.final review stage

317
Q

In determining whether and to what extent analytical procedures should be used, which of the following should the auditor consider?

A.	 Explanations provided by the client.

B.	 Nonfinancial information that may affect financial information.

C.	 Interrelationships of financial information.

D.	 The nature of the assertion tested.
A

被测试的认定性质 (D 选项) 是关键考虑因素:
审计师在决定是否使用分析性程序时,必须首先考虑被测试的认定性质。例如,如果认定涉及的是准确性或完整性,审计师可能会更倾向于使用细节测试,而不是依赖分析性程序。分析性程序更适用于那些容易预测或可以通过趋势分析来验证的认定。

其他选项的作用:

A 选项(客户提供的解释):这通常在审计师已经执行了分析性程序后,用于解释分析性程序的结果,而不是在决定是否使用分析性程序时的考虑因素。
B 选项(非财务信息的影响):虽然非财务信息有助于审计师形成预期或解释结果,但它并不是直接影响审计师决定是否使用分析性程序的主要因素。
C 选项(财务信息的相互关系):财务信息之间的相互关系可以帮助审计师形成合理的预期,但在决定是否使用分析性程序时,这不是主要考虑的因素。

318
Q

An auditor compares annual revenues and expenses with similar amounts from the prior year and investigates all changes exceeding 10%. This procedure most likely could indicate that:

B.	 Unrealized gains from increases in the value of available-for-sale securities were recorded in the income account for trading securities.

C.	 The annual provision for uncollectible accounts expense was inadequate because of worsening economic conditions.
A

选择 B 是正确的原因:
未实现收益的错误分类:可供出售证券的未实现收益应适当记入其他综合收益。如果这些收益被错误地记录在交易证券的收入账户中,可以通过比较当年和上一年的收入和支出来发现(假设错误只发生在当年,而不是上一年)。

C 选项(坏账准备金不足):如果坏账准备金不足,意味着公司没有适当增加准备金。由于准备金不足,可能导致两个年度的费用变化不大,因此通过比较收入和费用不容易识别出这个问题。

319
Q

clerical error

A

筆誤

320
Q

Which procedure would an auditor most likely use when auditing the statement of cash flows?

Simplified Options:

A. Reconcile the year-end cash balance with the bank statement.

B. Vouch cash receipts and disbursements from the end of the year.

C. Confirm cash amounts with the bank.

D. Reconcile cash flow statement amounts with other financial statements.

A

选择 D 是正确的原因:

审计现金流量表的一个重要步骤是将现金流量表中的金额与其他财务报表(如资产负债表、利润表)中的金额进行核对。这是为了确保现金流量表反映的现金流动与其他财务信息一致。

A–準確性
B–审计现金余额的程序,重点是核实特定时间段内的现金交易
C–计现金余额的程序,旨在确认企业的现金余额

321
Q

Which of the following would be considered an analytical procedure?

A.	 Testing purchasing, shipping, and receiving cutoff activities.


C.	 Comparing inventory balances to recent sales activities.
A

【C】
A–test of details procedure

322
Q

当分析程序被用作对重要财务报表断言的主要实质性测试时,审计师必须记录以下内容:

A

both the auditor’s expectation and the factors considered in developing that expectation.
审计师的预期以及在形成该预期时考虑的因素。

323
Q

Analytical procedures are most appropriate when testing which of the following types of transactions?

A.	 Long-term debt transactions.

B.	 Operating expense transactions.

C.	 Acquisitions and disposals of fixed assets.

D.	 Payroll and benefit liabilities.
A

【B】
分析程序更適合用於損益表科目,因為這些科目代表的是一段時間內的交易,趨勢和關聯性比較容易被預測和分析。而資產負債表科目則代表某一時點的金額,變化不如損益表科目那麼可預測,因此分析程序不常用於這類科目。

324
Q

When understanding a company and its internal controls, what must an auditor know?

B.	 Design of relevant controls pertaining to financial reporting in each of the five internal control components.

D.	 Consistency with which the internal controls are currently being applied.
A

選項B(正確):審計師應了解與財務報告相關的內控設計,這包括內部控制的五個組成部分:控制環境、風險評估、控制活動、信息與溝通、及監控。審計師必須對這些控制的設計有足夠的理解,以便評估其是否能防止或偵測錯誤。
選項D是錯誤的。審計師不需要在了解實體及其內控時評估控制的一致性,這是進一步的控制測試時才會考慮的問題。

325
Q

The objective of tests of details of transactions performed as tests of controls is to:

C.	 Detect material misstatements in the account balances of the financial statements.

D.	 Evaluate whether controls operated effectively.
A

【D】
C–實質性測試

326
Q

Which is correct ?

A.	 An independent auditor should assess the organizational status of the director of internal audit.


C.	 An internal auditor should provide direct assistance to the independent auditor during preparation of audit workpapers.
A

【A】
选择 “A “是正确的。独立审计师应评估内部审计主任的组织地位。审计师评估组织状况主要是为了评价内部审计师的客观性。

选择 “C “不正确。独立审计师不需要利用内部审计师为审计工作提供直接协助。但是,只要独立审计师对内部审计师的客观性和能力感到满意,内部审计师可以向独立审计师提供直接协助。

327
Q

If an auditor of a nonissuer discovers an unexpectedly high number of deviations during procedures performed on a sample to test management’s review and approval of time sheets, then the auditor would most appropriately:

A.	 Extrapolate the impact of the exceptions on other key controls requiring management review.

B.	 Increase the tolerable rate of deviation.

C.	 Propose an audit adjustment.

D.	 Increase the assessed risks of material misstatement.
A

【D】

首先,approval of time sheets可以判斷這是控制失效的表現,所以處理方法會分兩步:
1)Increase the assessed risks of material misstatement.
2)Increase the substantive test

選項 A 是不正確的。
審計師不會將這個控制偏差的影響推廣到其他需要管理審核的關鍵控制上。即便管理層在這個控制上失敗了,這並不一定意味著其他控制(如銀行對賬)也會失效。

選項 B 是不正確的。
可容忍的偏差率是審計師在測試前根據風險評估設定的最大可接受錯誤率。這個數值通常在評估樣本結果時不會更改,即使發現了更多的偏差。

選項 C 是不正確的。
審計師會針對變量抽樣(如實質性測試中的數量錯報)提出審計調整,而不是針對屬性抽樣(如控制測試中的偏差)。這道題目描述的是控制測試,因此不會提出審計調整。

328
Q

Question:
What should the auditor of a nonissuer do when reporting on required supplementary information presented with the financial statements?

Options:
A. Make no mention of the supplementary information.
B. Add a separate section referencing the supplementary information.
C. Mention the supplementary information in the opinion paragraph.
D. Include an emphasis-of-matter paragraph for the supplementary information.

A

正確答案B:當審計師在對補充資訊進行報告時,應該在審計報告中包含一個單獨的部分,標題為「必需的補充資訊」(Required Supplementary Information)。這樣可以明確指出該補充資訊的存在及其與基本財務報表的關係。

A選項不正確:審計師應該在報告中提及補充資訊,而不是完全不提,這樣可以提供清晰的資訊給報表使用者。

C選項不正確:審計報告的「意見段落」(opinion paragraph)不應包括關於補充資訊的參考,補充資訊應在單獨的部分中提及。

D選項不正確:強調事項段落(emphasis-of-matter paragraph)並不是用來提及補充資訊的,應該在報告中專門設立一個單獨的部分來處理補充資訊。

329
Q

Question:
What should the auditor do first to gather information about any potential litigation claims against the client?

Options:
A. Send an inquiry letter to the client’s legal counsel.
B. Review contracts for possible violations.
C. Ask management about any potential litigation.
D. Ask management to send a letter to the client’s legal counsel.

A

正確答案C:審計師應該首先向管理層詢問並討論任何潛在的訴訟,這是獲取有關訴訟資訊的第一步。管理層最了解公司的情況,因此這是最有效的初始步驟。與管理層討論後,審計師可以要求管理層準備一封詢問信,寄給公司的法律顧問,這封信應由審計師寄出。

A選項不正確:雖然向法律顧問發送詢問信是必要的步驟,但這不是審計師的第一步。審計師應該先與管理層討論訴訟問題。

B選項不正確:僅僅檢查合約以找出潛在的違規行為並不是最有效的初始步驟,因為管理層可能已經掌握了訴訟的相關信息,審計師應該先從管理層獲取這些信息。

D選項不正確:法律顧問的詢問信應由審計師寄出,而不是由管理層寄送。這封信的寄送應在審計師詢問管理層後進行。

330
Q

It is not appropriate to refer a reader of an auditor’s report to a financial statement footnote for details concerning:

A.	 The pro forma effects of a business combination.

B.	 Sale of a discontinued operation.

C.	 Subsequent events.

D.	 The results of confirmation of receivables.
A

[D]
正確答案D:關於審計程序結果的細節(如應收款項確認的結果)通常不會出現在附註中,也不應在審計報告中指引讀者參考附註。這類審計程序的結果屬於審計過程的一部分,與財務報表附註無關。

A,B,C–>可列入审计报告中的强调事项段落,该段落还将提及相关脚注。

331
Q

Which of the following is the primary objective of probability proportional to sample size?

A.	 To increase the proportion of smaller-value items in the sample.

B.	 To identify overstatement errors.

C.	 To identify zero and negative balances.

D.	 To identify items where controls were not properly applied.
A

概率與樣本大小成比例抽樣(PPS sampling)的主要目的是什麼。

正確答案B:PPS抽樣的主要目的是用來估計高估錯誤。這種抽樣方法主要強調大額項目,因為這些項目更容易被選中,用來檢查是否存在金額高估的情況。

332
Q

When using classical variables sampling for estimation, an auditor normally evaluates the sampling results by calculating the possible error in either direction. This statistical concept is known as:

A.	 Projected error.

B.	 Standard deviation.

C.	 Reliability.

D.	 Precision.
A

【D】
A選項不正確:預測錯誤(Projected error) 是基於樣本結果估計整體群體錯誤的最佳估計,並加上抽樣風險的允許範圍,形成一個“精確度區間”,但這不等同於用來描述錯誤範圍的精確度概念。

B選項不正確:a measure of the variability of a frequency distribution about its mean.
標準差(Standard deviation) 是測量頻率分布關於均值變異的一種度量

C選項不正確: how frequently the procedure used will yield differences between the estimated value and the population value.
可靠性(Reliability) 是衡量所使用的程序在多大程度上能夠產生與實際群體值之間差異的指標

333
Q

a measure of the variability of a frequency distribution about its mean.
This statistical concept is known as:

A

標準差(Standard deviation) 是測量頻率分布關於均值變異的一種度量
例子: 假設你測量自己在幾次跑步中的時間,分別是22分鐘、24分鐘、23分鐘、21分鐘和25分鐘。標準差是用來描述這些時間數據的變異程度。在這個例子中,標準差可以告訴你這些跑步時間的變化範圍有多大。

334
Q

how frequently the procedure used will yield differences between the estimated value and the population value/
This statistical concept is known as:

A

可靠性(Reliability) 是衡量所使用的程序在多大程度上能夠產生與實際群體值之間差異的指標

例子: 你有一支電子溫度計,你測量了多次,得到的溫度結果總是非常接近。這表明你的溫度計在多次測量中能夠持續提供一致的結果,這就是它的可靠性。如果你的溫度計每次測量都能得到一致的結果,那麼它的可靠性就高。

335
Q

the auditor’s best estimate of the error in the total population based upon evaluating the actual error rate in the sample results.
This statistical concept is known as:

A

預測錯誤(Projected error) 是基於樣本結果估計整體群體錯誤的最佳估計,並加上抽樣風險的允許範圍,形成一個“精確度區間”
例子: 假設你在超市抽查了10個不同品牌的橙汁,發現其中5瓶標示的容量為1升,但實際容量分別是1.02升、0.98升、1.01升、1.03升和0.99升。你計算出這些瓶子的平均容量偏差為0.02升。你推測整個超市的橙汁瓶子可能也會有類似的容量誤差。這就是你根據樣本結果預測的整體錯誤(預測錯誤)。

336
Q

Question:
Which statement is correct about probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling?

Options:
A. Overstated items are less likely to be selected than understated items.

B. The sampling interval is found by dividing the number of units by the sample size.

C. The sampling distribution should be close to a normal distribution.

D. The auditor controls the risk of incorrect acceptance by setting the risk level in the sampling plan.

A

A. 过高的单位比过低的单位被抽中的概率更低。
解释: 这是不正确的。由于PPS抽样是按照记录金额的比例来选择样本的,因此过高金额的单位被抽中的概率实际上比过低金额的单位更高。

B. 抽样区间是通过将总体中的物理单位数量除以样本大小来计算的。
解释: 这是不正确的。PPS抽样中,抽样区间是通过将总体记录金额(而不是物理单位数量)除以样本大小来计算的。

C. 抽样分布应当接近正态分布。
解释: 这是不正确的。在PPS抽样中,抽样分布不一定需要接近正态分布。尽管在某些情况下样本分布可能接近正态分布,但这不是必须的条件。

D. 审计师通过为抽样计划指定风险水平来控制错误接受的风险。
解释: 这是正确的。在PPS抽样中,审计师通过指定容许的错接受风险水平(即可靠性因子)来控制错误接受的风险。这些输入包括容许的错报金额、错误接受的风险和被抽样总体的记录金额。

337
Q

A transposition error

A

转置错误 是指在输入或记录数据时,两个数字的顺序被错误地调换。例如,将“1234”错误地输入为“1324”或将“56”错误地输入为“65”。
would be detected by analyzing financial totals可透過分析財務總額發現

338
Q

a forged document

A

偽造的文件

Initially concealed by a forged document.
如果偏差最初是通过伪造的文件掩盖的,这表明可能存在欺诈行为。欺诈行为不仅影响具体的偏差金额,还可能暗示更广泛的内部控制和财务报告问题。因此,这种偏差需要审计员给予更广泛的关注,以确定其对审计的总体影响。

339
Q

Which of the following conditions necessitates a larger sample size?

A.	 A low level of tolerable misstatement.

B.	 A low assessed level of control risk.

C.	 A low frequency of misstatement.

D.	 A high level of detection risk.
A

选择”A”是正确的。容许误差较低时,样本量需要增加。因为容许误差降低意味着对准确性的要求更高,因此需要更大的样本量来提高审计的可靠性。

选择”B”(低评估控制风险)是不正确的。低评估控制风险表示对内部控制的信心较高,因此需要的样本量可以相对较小,因为风险已经降低了。

选择”C”(低错误频率)是不正确的。低错误频率表示在总体上错报的可能性较小,因此样本量不需要特别大。

选择”D”(高发现风险)是不正确的。高发现风险意味着对识别错报的容忍度较高,因此不需要增加样本量,反而可能需要减少样本量以符合较高的风险容忍度。

340
Q

Reconciling the control totals for sales invoices with the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.
would be an internal control procedure designed to reduce the risk of errors in the billing process
錯在哪

A

對銷售發票的控制總數與應收帳款明細帳進行調節,雖然這是有用的控制程序,但它並無法直接減少帳單處理中的錯誤。因為如果在計帳過程中出現錯誤,這些錯誤可能會同時反映在銷售發票和應收帳款的餘額中,因此這個程序無法有效防止或檢查帳單處理過程中的具體錯誤。

341
Q

An auditor that is performing tests of details on sales transactions decides to examine a sample of sales invoices to determine if they are recorded in the proper revenue accounts. This audit procedure is performed to determine:

A.	 Completeness.

D.	 Understandability of presentation and classification.
A

[D]
關鍵詞:proper revenue accounts

342
Q

An auditor’s tests of controls for completeness for the revenue cycle usually include determining whether:

A.	 Each invoice is supported by a customer purchase order.

B.	 Each receivable is collected subsequent to the year end.

C.	 An invoice is prepared for each shipping document.

D.	 Each credit memo is properly approved.
A

選項 C 是正確的,因為審計師通常會從出貨單追溯到銷售發票,以測試銷售是否已完整記錄。這樣做是為了確保所有已發貨的商品都被開具了發票並記錄在銷售中,這是完整性的測試方式。
其他選項則與完整性無關:

選項 A 是錯誤的,因為從客戶訂單(即支持文件)追溯到銷售紀錄屬於測試「存在性」(existence),即確保記錄的銷售是真實的,而不是測試所有銷售是否都已被記錄。

選項 B 是錯誤的,因為收款後的檢查通常是用來驗證年末應收帳款的「存在性」和「估值」(valuation),而不是測試銷售的完整性。

選項 D 是錯誤的,因為檢查貸項單的批准是測試應收帳款的「準確性」(accuracy),而不是測試銷售是否完整記錄。

343
Q

detect a possible understatement of sales
是在測試什麼完整性?存在性?

detect a possible overstatement of sales
是在測試什麼完整性?存在性?

A

完整性。
under要完整
從源頭到紀錄
Shipping documents to the sales invoices.

存在性,從紀錄到源頭
Sales journal to the shipping documents.

想象一下你在一家餐厅工作,负责记账。你的任务是确保每一个顾客的账单都被正确地记录到系统中。

你发现有些顾客的账单没有在系统中出现,这意味着收入(销售额)被低估了。因此,你需要核对实际的顾客付款记录,确保所有销售都被记录在账本中,以防遗漏。

相反,每天明明拍烏蠅但是銷售額卻很高,就需要追本溯源,看銷售額背後是否有證據支撐

344
Q

The confirmation of customers’ accounts receivable rarely provides reliable evidence about the completeness assertion because:

C.	 Recipients usually respond only if they disagree with the information on the request.

D.	 Customers may not be inclined to report understatement errors in their accounts.
A

【D】
應收帳款=客戶賒帳
試想一個欠款的人怎麼會跟債主說其實我欠你的是十萬而不是一萬?
客戶通常更關注他們是否被多收錢,而對被低估的金額不感興趣。因此,應收帳款確認函很少能測試完整性。

345
Q

Confirmation is most likely to be a relevant form of evidence with regard to assertions about accounts receivable when the auditor has concerns about the receivables:

A.	 Valuation.

B.	 Classification.

C.	 Existence.

D.	 Completeness.
A

選項 C 是正確的,因為應收帳款的確認函可以證明客戶和應收帳款的存在性。當審計師向已記錄的客戶發送確認函,並收到客戶的回覆時,這就證實了這筆應收款是真實存在的。因此,確認函主要測試的是存在性,確認客戶是否存在且應收款項是真實的。
錯誤選項的解釋:
選項 A 是錯誤的,因為應收帳款的確認函無法提供有關估值(valuation)的證據。確認函並不能告訴審計師客戶是否有能力或意願支付欠款,因此無法驗證應收帳款的估值是否正確。

選項 B 是錯誤的,因為應收帳款的確認函與應收帳款在財務報表中的分類(classification)無關。確認函不會涉及應收帳款是否正確分類為流動資產或非流動資產。

選項 D 是錯誤的,因為確認函是發送給已記錄的客戶,所以它無法測試完整性(completeness)。完整性測試的目的是確認所有應收帳款都已被記錄,而確認函僅針對已記錄的客戶,無法驗證是否有應收帳款被遺漏。

346
Q

Which of the following fraudulent activities most likely could be perpetrated due to the lack of effective internal controls in the revenue cycle?

B.	 The write-off of receivables by personnel who receive cash permits the misappropriation of cash.

C.	 Merchandise received is not promptly reconciled to the outstanding purchase order file.
A

【B】
選項 B 是正確的,因為應收帳款的沖銷(write-off)應該與現金收款的職能分開。如果負責接收現金的員工同時有權沖銷應收帳款,他們可以挪用現金,然後通過沖銷相關的應收帳款來掩蓋偷竊行為。因此,內部控制的缺失導致了記錄職能與現金保管職能的混淆,從而允許欺詐行為發生。

D–因為如果在銷售循環中記錄了虛假交易,這些虛假交易通常會導致收入和應收帳款的同時高估,而不會是收入低估、應收帳款高估的情況。因此,這種描述的情況不符合常見的虛假交易模式。

347
Q

An auditor observed that a client mails monthly statements to customers and reviewed follow-up on reported errors. This test of controls most likely supports which financial statement assertion?

Understandability of presentation and classification
Rights and obligations

A

選項 2:權利與義務(Rights and Obligations) 是正確的。寄送月結單並跟進客戶報告的錯誤,主要是為了確認應收帳款是否屬於企業,是否真實,並且是否反映了正確的客戶欠款,因此與權利和義務聲明相關。
錯誤選項的解釋:
選項 1:可理解性與分類(Understandability of presentation and classification) 是錯誤的。這一測試並不是用來確認財務報表中的項目是否正確分類或是否能夠被理解。分類和可理解性通常涉及財務報表中項目是否按正確的會計科目列示,而非驗證交易的真實性。

348
Q

Send confirmations to customers.
可以測試accounts receivable的完整性?存在性?

A

Sending confirmations to customers is the most appropriate audit procedure to test the existence of accounts receivable.

349
Q

When control risk is assessed as low for the occurrence of sales transactions, an auditor would most likely limit substantive testing of sales transactions if they have already obtained evidence about:

C. Shipping and receiving activities

D. Cash receipts and accounts receivable

A

找出當控制風險被評估為低時,已經獲取了什麼樣的證據可以使審計師減少對銷售交易的測試。

【D】
選項 D: 現金收款和應收賬款的審查
目的: 審查現金收款和應收賬款可以提供關於銷售交易的完整性和發生的證據。這是因為現金收款和應收賬款的記錄通常與銷售交易密切相關,並且可以用來驗證銷售是否實際發生(即發生斷言)。
為什麼正確: 如果現金收款和應收賬款已經獲得了證據,那麼審計師可以確認這些銷售交易的存在,從而減少對銷售交易的實質性測試。

選項 C: 出貨和收貨活動的審查
目的: 檢查出貨和收貨活動用來確認庫存和採購是否正確記錄。
為什麼不正確: 儘管這有助於檢查採購和庫存,但它不一定直接降低對銷售交易的測試。

350
Q

Which of the following procedures concerning accounts receivable would an auditor most likely perform to obtain audit evidence supporting the effective operation of controls?

A.	 Observing an entity's employee prepare the schedule of past due accounts receivable.



C.	 Inspecting an entity's analysis of accounts receivable for unusual balances.
A

【A】
為了評估內部控制的有效性,觀察是一項重要的程序,因為它可以讓稽核人員看到控制是如何實際應用的,以及它們是否如預期般運作。

選擇「A」是正確的,因為觀察員工編製逾期應收帳款明細表,可讓審計師直接瞭解控制流程的應用方式,以及是否一致且正確地執行。

選擇「C」是錯誤的,因為檢查分析應收帳款是否有不尋常的結餘是一項實質測試,用來找出潛在的問題或錯誤,而不是評估控制的運作。

351
Q

An auditor would consider a cashier’s job description to contain compatible duties if the cashier receives remittances from the mailroom and also prepares the:

A.	 Daily deposit slip.

B.	 Monthly bank reconciliation.

C.	 Prelist of individual checks.

D.	 Remittance advices.
A

情況: 公司的收銀員負責接收來自郵件室的客戶付款(例如支票和現金),並且每天會將這些款項存入銀行。

選擇 “A”(正確):
例子: 收銀員負責接收來自郵件室的客戶支票,並且每一天都會準備一張每日存款單(Daily Deposit Slip),把這些款項存入銀行。這樣的安排是合理的,因為收銀員掌握了整個現金處理過程,包括接收和存款。

選擇 “B”(不正確):
例子: 每月的銀行對帳單(Bank Reconciliation)由一位獨立的內部審計員或財務人員準備,與收銀員的工作無關。這是為了確保現金記錄的準確性,避免收銀員自己處理的帳目與銀行記錄不符。

選擇 “C”(不正確):
例子: 支票的預清單(Prelist)由郵件室的職員在打開郵件時準備,這與收銀員的工作無關。預清單是用來記錄收到的支票和現金,但並不涉及收銀員的工作。

選擇 “D”(不正確):
例子: 客戶的付款通知單(Remittance Advice)是由客戶準備的,並與支票一起寄到公司。這與收銀員的工作無關,因為付款通知單只是告訴公司客戶的付款細節。

352
Q

承認(authorization)、記録(recording)、保管(custody)需要相互分離。

Checks received are endorsed by the cashier and deposited by the mail custodian on a daily basis.
重複了哪些功能

A

讓郵件保管員參與存入已背書的存款,會導致【保管功能】和【記錄功能】的重疊。這種情況可能會增加舞弊風險,例如郵件保管員可能會操控存款或竄改記錄,而出納員難以發現。

具體流程示例:

接收現金:郵件保管員從郵件中取出收到的支票和現金,並將其交給出納員。

處理和背書:出納員負責將收到的支票和現金進行背書,然後準備存款。

記錄交易:另一名會計或記錄員記錄所有現金交易,包括存款和現金收款的細節,確保所有記錄都是準確和完整的。

存款:出納員將已背書的現金和支票存入銀行。為了進一步提高安全性,可以由另一名獨立的人員核對和存入現金。

核對和審批:由管理層或內部審計部門進行定期核對,確保現金處理和記錄的準確性,並對任何異常進行調查。

353
Q

Two assertions for which confirmation of accounts receivable balances provides primary evidence are:

A.	 Completeness and valuation.

B.	 Existence and completeness.

C.	 Valuation and rights and obligations.

D.	 Rights and obligations and existence.
A

【D】
解释:
权利和义务(Rights and Obligations):

定义: 确认应收账款的证据可以帮助审计师确认客户是否真正拥有这些应收账款的权利。例如,如果客户确实有应收账款,这表明公司对这些款项有合法的权利。
示例: 如果某公司声称某客户欠款,审计师通过向客户确认这一债务,能证实公司是否真正有权收回这笔钱。
存在性(Existence):

定义: 确认应收账款的证据可以帮助审计师验证这些应收账款是否真实存在。如果客户确认了这些应收账款,那么这些应收账款确实存在。
示例: 审计师向客户发送确认函,客户回复确认应收账款的确存在,这验证了这些应收账款的真实性。

354
Q

Which of the following represents an inappropriate segregation of duties?

A.	 The accounts payable clerk has access to the purchase order, the receiving report, and the vendor invoice.


D.	 The cash receipts clerk credits customer accounts when payment is received.
A

「D]
The cash receipts clerk should not have both recordkeeping responsibilities and custody of assets.

355
Q

An aging schedule is prepared and all accounts ninety days or more are written off with prior authorization of the controller.
錯在哪

A

內部控制存在弱點,因為記錄管理職能的主管(即控制員)也是唯一需要批准應收賬款撇銷的人。核銷也應由財務主管(treasuer)審核和批准。

356
Q

For effective internal control, the accounts payable department generally should:

A.	 Establish the agreement of the vendor's invoice with the receiving report and purchase order.

B.	 Ascertain that each requisition is approved as to price, quantity, and quality by an authorized employee.

C.	 Obliterate the quantity ordered on the receiving department copy of the purchase order.

D.	 Stamp, perforate, or otherwise cancel supporting documentation after payment is mailed.
A

選項 A 是正確的,因為在有效的內部控制系統中,應付款部門負責在提交付款憑單之前,核對供應商發票、收貨單和採購訂單是否一致。這是確保付款正確的重要步驟。

B–the purchasing department should do that
C–the purchasing department should do that
先後次序
採購部門確認請購單批准(選項 B)。
採購部門發送不顯示數量的訂單副本給收貨部門(選項 C),以防收貨部門故意低報或多報收到的貨物數量。

D–by the treasurer

357
Q

The authority to accept incoming goods in receiving should be based on a (an):

A.	 Materials requisition.

B.	 Bill of lading.

C.	 Vendor's invoice.

D.	 Approved purchase order.
A

正確答案是選項 D(已批准的採購訂單)。 收貨部門應依據已經批准的採購訂單來接收貨物。採購訂單是由採購部門根據公司的需求和批准程序生成的,這表明公司同意從供應商那裡購買這些商品。只有這份文件才能正式授權收貨部門接受這些到達的貨物。

錯誤選項的解釋:

選項 A(材料請購單):材料請購單是由最終使用這些材料的部門準備的,它只是表明了需求,並沒有經過正式的採購部門批准,不能作為接收貨物的依據。
選項 B(提單):提單是由運輸公司生成的文件,記錄了貨物的運輸細節,但它不是來自公司內部的授權文件,因此不能用來確認應收貨物。
選項 C(供應商發票):供應商發票是由供應商生成的,用來請求付款,但它也不是公司內部的授權文件,無法作為接收貨物的依據。

358
Q

Send out accounts payable confirmations
在什麼情況下使用

A

應付帳款確認一般只在內部控制薄弱、有爭議的金額,以及無法取得供應商月結單時才會使用。
—————————————————————
通常情況下可以使用的方法
A.選擇年底後不久的現金付款,並檢查收款報告和供應商發票等證明文件。
C.將憑單樣本追蹤至購貨明細記錄。
D.在年終結束後立即檢查未結清的付款憑單、收貨報告和供應商發票。

359
Q

To check if checks are issued for unauthorized expenses, where should an auditor select items from?

To verify that all received merchandise is recorded, where should an auditor select documents from?

A
  1. 取消的支票:若要查看支票是否在未經授權的情況下簽發,請檢查已取消的支票,並確認其是否有適當的證明文件。
  2. 收貨報告:為確保所有收到的商品都有記錄,請檢查收貨報告,並查看是否有記入帳目。
360
Q

Under properly designed internal control, the same employee most likely would match vendors’ invoices with receiving reports and also:

A.	 Reconcile the accounts payable ledger.

B.	 Cancel vendors' invoices after payment.

C.	 Recompute the calculations on vendors' invoices.

D.	 Post the detailed accounts payable records.
A

解釋:

選擇C(正確):將供應商的發票與收貨報告進行匹配是為了確認付款授權,這通常是在應付帳款部門完成的。重新計算供應商發票上的計算與這一授權功能相符,因為它確保了發票上的金額正確無誤。

選擇A(不正確):對帳款賬簿的核對應由獨立於批准發票支付的員工進行。這是為了防止任何一名員工同時執行授權和審核的功能,從而保證內部控制的有效性。

選擇B(不正確):發票的支付和取消應由與批准支付不同的員工(通常是財務主管)來完成。這是為了確保支付的過程中不會發生利益衝突或錯誤。

選擇D(不正確):記錄應付帳款賬簿(記賬)通常與匹配(授權)功能不兼容。一般來說,這兩個職能應由不同的員工執行,以保持內部控制的分離和有效性。

361
Q

Which of the following internal control activities is not usually performed in the vouchers payable department?

A.	 Indicating the asset and expense accounts to be debited.

D.	 Accounting for unused prenumbered purchase orders and receiving reports.
A

選擇D(正確):核對未使用的預編號採購訂單和收貨報告是一項有效的控制措施,但這通常不在應付帳款部門執行。這項工作通常由其他部門或負責內部控制的人員來完成,以確保所有文檔都得到適當的處理和記錄。

選擇A(不正確):標示資產和費用帳戶的借方是應付帳款部門的內部控制程序之一。這項工作涉及到準確記錄帳目,並確保每個賬單都正確反映在帳簿中。

362
Q

Controlling the mailing of the check and remittance advice
應該由哪個部門負責

A

控制支票和付款通知的郵寄通常由財務部門(現金支出部門)負責,而不是應付帳款部門。這是因為財務部門通常專注於現金管理和支出控制,確保支票郵寄和付款通知的安全性。

363
Q

哪個對
A.
The purchasing department is responsible for preparing the purchase order, the receiving department is responsible for matching documents, and the accounts payable department is responsible for making payment.

C.	 The purchasing department is responsible for preparing the purchase order, the accounts payable department is responsible for matching documents, and the treasurer is responsible for making payment.
A

c

364
Q

Question:
According to PCAOB standards, which of the following does NOT need to be included in the documentation of an engagement quality review?

Options:

A. The names of the engagement quality reviewer and any assistants.

B. An assessment of fraud instances identified by the audit team.

C. A list of documents reviewed by the engagement quality reviewer and assistants.

D. The date the engagement quality reviewer gave final approval for issuance.

A

选项 B 是正确的(即不需要包括在内)。业务质量复核人员需要记录他们审查的文件(例如,关于欺诈的工作底稿),但不需要在文件中包含对这些工作底稿的具体评估。因此,选项B是唯一一个不是PCAOB标准明确要求记录的事项。

选项 A 是错误的。PCAOB标准明确要求在业务质量复核的文件记录中标明负责该复核的人员以及协助复核的其他人员。

选项 C 是错误的。PCAOB标准要求记录业务质量复核人员和协助人员审查的文件,因此必须包括这些文件的识别信息。

选项 D 是错误的。PCAOB标准规定,业务质量复核的文件记录中必须包括复核人员同意发布审计报告的日期。

365
Q

Objectives of an entity include Information and communication systems
錯在哪

A

The three categories of entity objectives include
1.the reliability of financial reporting,
2.the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and
3. compliance with laws and regulations.

Information and Communication is one of the five components of internal control, which refers to the system used to collect, process, and communicate relevant information throughout the organization.

366
Q

According to COSO, which of the following is the most effective method to transmit a message of ethical behavior throughout an organization?

B.	 Specifying the competence levels for every job in an organization and translating those levels to requisite knowledge and skills.

C.	 Demonstrating appropriate behavior by example.
A

【C】
B. Specifying the competence levels for every job in an organization and translating those levels to requisite knowledge and skills
確定每個職位的能力水平並相應地培訓員工是支持道德行為的一部分,但COSO認為,這並不是最有效的傳遞道德行為信息的方法。最有效的方法是由管理層以身作則。

C. Demonstrating appropriate behavior by example
這是COSO認為的最有效的方法。管理層應該通過示範適當的行為來傳遞道德信息,這樣可以在整個組織內樹立正確的道德標準。

367
Q

Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate for testing the completeness assertion as it applies to inventory?

C.	 Performing cutoff procedures for shipping and receiving.

D.	 Scanning perpetual inventory, production, and purchasing records.
A

【C】
C. Performing cutoff procedures for shipping and receiving(執行出貨與收貨的截止程序)
截止程序旨在確保期末的存貨交易(出貨和收貨)正確記錄在適當的會計期間,這有助於確保所有存貨都被記錄,並防止漏記或提前記錄,這是測試「完整性聲明」的有效方法。因此,這個選項是正確答案。

D. Scanning perpetual inventory, production, and purchasing records(掃描永續存貨、生產和採購記錄)
掃描記錄可以提供一些見解,但並不能直接測試存貨的完整性,因為它不一定能確保所有應記錄的存貨都已經包括在內。因此,這不是最適合測試完整性的程序。

368
Q

Obtaining confirmation of inventories that are pledged under loan agreements
可以證明什麼

A

(確認已抵押在貸款協議下的存貨)
這是正確答案。當存貨被抵押作為貸款擔保時,這些抵押事項需要在財務報表中充分披露。因此,通過確認存貨是否已抵押,審計師能夠確保這些義務已正確地在附註中披露,這正是針對列報與披露充分性的審計程序。

Tracing the test counts during the physical inventory to the final inventory listing(將實地盤點的測試計數追溯到最終存貨清單)
這個程序用於測試存貨的「完整性聲明」(completeness assertion),即確保所有實際存在的存貨都已記錄在清單中,而不是針對披露充分性的程序

369
Q

When the auditor’s risk assessment is based on the effective operation of controls, the audit will most likely involve:

A.	 Reducing inherent risk for most of the assertions relevant to significant account balances.

B.	 Identifying specific controls relevant to specific assertions.
A

選項 B 是正確的,當審計師的風險評估基於內部控制的有效運作時,審計師應該識別與特定聲明(assertions)相關的特定控制。這些控制能夠防止或檢測那些聲明中的重大錯報,因此審計師會特別注意這些控制與聲明的對應關係。

選項 A 是不正確的,因為固有風險(inherent risk)是獨立於內部控制來評估的。無論審計師是否基於內部控制的有效運作進行評估,這都不會影響固有風險的評估。

370
Q

In an environment that is highly automated, an auditor determines that it is not possible to reduce detection risk solely by substantive tests of transactions. Under these circumstances, the auditor most likely would:

B.	 Apply analytical procedures and consider the effect on control risk.

C.	 Perform tests of controls to support a lower level of assessed control risk.
A

選項 C 是正確的,當企業的大部分資訊是透過電子方式傳輸、處理、維護或訪問時,電子處理的一些特性可能會使僅依靠實質測試來降低檢測風險變得不切實際甚至不可能。在這種情況下,應進行控制測試(tests of controls),以支持較低的控制風險評估(control risk)。這是因為電子處理系統有一些特定的風險,例如未經授權的訪問、紙本證據不足等,這些風險只能通過控制測試來進行有效的處理。

選項 B 是不正確的,雖然分析性程序可以幫助理解整體風險,但僅靠這一手段無法應對電子處理中與控制相關的風險,特別是如果缺少實質性的紙本證據。

注意選項B說的主題是分析程序,選項C才是助攻控制測試

371
Q

In assessing control risk, an auditor ordinarily selects from a variety of techniques, including:

A.	 Inquiry and analytical procedures.

B.	 Comparison and confirmation.

C.	 Inspection and verification.

D.	 Reperformance and observation.
A

選擇「D」是正確的。用於評估控制風險的控制測試通常包括以下程序:查詢相關實體人員、檢查顯示政策或程序執行情況的文件和報告、觀察政策或程序的應用情況,以及由審計師重新執行政策或程序的應用情況。
選擇「A」是錯誤的。分析性程序用於規劃審計、作為實質測試的一種形式,以及作為最終審查。它們對評估控制風險沒有幫助。
選擇「B」是錯誤的。確認是一種實質測試,而不是用於評估控制風險的控制測試。
選擇「C」是錯誤的。驗證是一種實質測試,而不是用於評估控制風險的控制測試。

372
Q

According to PCAOB standards, which of the following is not a qualitative factor when evaluating the materiality of an uncorrected misstatement?

A. The dollar amount of the error.
B. The significance of the misstatement to users.
C. The cost of correcting the misstatement.
D. The effects of misclassifications, like between operating and non-operating items.

A

【A】
錯誤的金額屬於定量標準,不反映質量標準。

審計師在考慮錯誤重大性時,應該忽略的因素是The cost of correcting the misstatements

注意兩種問法的不同

373
Q
A