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last AUD Flashcards

1
Q

審計師完成了非上市公司（nonissuer）的審計工作，針對12月31日Year 3的財務報表進行審計，

審計報告：Y4/3月13日。
後續時間：Y4/3月14日
更新審計報告；Y4/4月11日
發表新報告：Y4/4月12日
dual date的話審計師負責的日期？
單一日期的話應該負責的日期

A

雙重日期（3月13日；3月14日針對後續事件）：審計師只對3月14日當天的特定事件負責，而不延伸至之後的日期。

單一新日期（4月11日）：審計師對所有從1月1日到4月11日的事件負責。

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2
Q

If an auditor finds that financial statements prepared on a special accounting basis (other than GAAP) are not suitably titled, what action should the auditor take?

A

【Qualify the opinion】 with a basis for modification paragraph.

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3
Q

auditor report should refer to what principles?
opinion
basis for opinion
management’s responsibility
auditor’s responsibility

A

opinion -GAAP
basis for opinion-GAAS
management’s responsibility-GAAP
auditor’s responsibility-GAAS

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4
Q

Internal Control—Integrated Framework

A

Internal Control—Integrated Framework 和 COSO Framework 是相同的，兩者指的是由 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 發布的內部控制框架。這個框架是全球公認的內部控制標準，廣泛應用於企業和組織的內部控制系統設計、實施和評估。

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5
Q

which component of COSO？

Commitment to ethics and integrity

A

control environment

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6
Q

which component of COSO？
Board independence and oversight

A

control environment

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7
Q

which component of COSO？
Commitment to competence

A

control environment

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8
Q

which component of COSO？
Accountability

A

control environment

Accountability for internal control responsibilities.
內部控制責任的問責性是控制環境的要素

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9
Q

which component of COSO？
Organizational structure

A

control environment

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10
Q

which component of COSO？
Participation of the audit committee

A

control environment

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11
Q

which component of COSO？
Specify objectives

A

risk assessment

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12
Q

which component of COSO？
Identify and analyze risks

A

risk assessment

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13
Q

which component of COSO？
Consider potential for fraud

A

risk assessment

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14
Q

which component of COSO？
Identify and assess changes

A

risk assessment

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15
Q

which component of COSO？
Obtain and use information

A

information and communication

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16
Q

which component of COSO？
Internally communicate information

A

information and communication

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17
Q

which component of COSO？
Communicate with external parties

A

information and communication

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18
Q

which component of COSO？
Recording the proper monetary value of transactions

A

information and communication

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19
Q

which component of COSO？
The internal audit function

A

monitoring activities

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20
Q

which component of COSO？
Ongoing and/or separate evaluations

A

monitoring activities

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21
Q

which component of COSO？
Communication of deficiencies

A

monitoring activities

例子：periodically reevaluate its mission vision and values 定期比較和更新使命願景與價值觀

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22
Q

which component of COSO？
Select and develop control activities

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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23
Q

which component of COSO？
Select and develop technology controls

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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24
Q

which component of COSO？
Deployment of policies and procedures

A

(Existing) Control Activities

政策和程序【部署】屬於（現有）控制活動。

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25
Q

If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, the CPA’s review report should:

I.Refer to the scope limitation that caused the change.

II.Describe the auditing procedures that have already been applied.

自由選擇

A

neither
If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, he/she must comply with the standards for a review and issue an appropriate report. The report should not refer to the original engagement, to any auditing procedures performed, or to the scope limitation.

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26
Q

the date after which existing documentation must not be deleted, and additions to the documentation file must be documented as such

是什麼日子？

A

the document complement date

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27
Q

which should be documented in the audit plan？
B. Other audit procedures to be performed to comply with generally accepted auditing standards.
C. The understanding of the terms of the engagement, including scope, fees, and resource allocation.

A

【B】
C– engagement letter

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28
Q

Davis, CPA, was engaged to audit Tech Resources’ financial statements but was later requested to change the engagement to a compilation.

What must Davis consider before agreeing to the change?
自由選擇
1. Additional audit effort necessary to complete the audit
2. Reason given for Tech’s request

A

1+2

  1. 如果審計工作已經進行到接近完成的階段，只需要少量額外努力即可完成，這時轉變為編製服務的必要性和合理性可能會被質疑。
  2. 確認變更的原因是否正當，防止管理層利用 engagement 變更來掩蓋問題。

以上是考慮是否接受改變報告類型時的考慮。一旦接受了改變的要求，就不能提及以下內容：
1. The original engagement .
2. The reasons for the change.
3. Any audit procedures previously performed.

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29
Q

An entity prepares its financial statements on its income tax basis.
以下兩項應該包含在甚麼部分？
1. A description of how that basis differs from GAAP should be included in the

  1. a reference to the note in the financial statements that describes the use of the income tax basis of accounting.
A

1.Notes to the financial statements.

  1. Emphasis-of-matter paragraph of the auditor’s report.
30
Q

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires registered firms to maintain audit documentation for how many years

A

7Y

5年針對非公開公司，基於 AICPA 標準（即Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) ），風險和監管要求相對較低

31
Q

a risk that the auditor may fail to detect a client’s deceptive practices which may result in a misstatement of the financial statements.
是什麼風險？

A

fraud risk
deceptive practices=欺詐行為

32
Q

The risk of material misstatement is？

A

Risk of material misstatement includes inherent and control risk

重大錯報風險 (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)：
重大錯報風險是指財務報表在編制層面或聲明層面因重大錯報而不正確的風險，這種風險是由以下兩個風險組成的：

固有風險 (Inherent Risk)：
某些交易、賬戶或報表在未考慮控制措施時，天然具有容易出現錯報的可能性。例如，高度複雜的估計或高風險的行業。
控制風險 (Control Risk)：
即企業內部控制無法及時預防或檢測錯報的可能性。
RMM 不包括檢測風險 (Detection Risk)：

檢測風險是指審計程序未能檢測到財務報表中的重大錯報的風險。
檢測風險是由審計師的程序決定的，而 RMM 是固有於被審計單位的，因此檢測風險並不屬於 RMM 的範疇。

33
Q

To achieve an overall audit risk level that is substantially the same as the planned audit risk level,
risk of material misstatement increase

  1. substantive testing will up or down？
  2. detection risk will up or down？
A
  1. up。
  2. down

AR = RMM × DR
AR：（Audit Risk, AR）總審計風險（審計師可接受的風險）

RMM： (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險（inherent risk+control risk）

DR：(Detection Risk)檢測風險（審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險）

當RMM 增加時，為了保持 AR 不變，DR 必須降低，這需要更多的實質性測試。

34
Q

an increase in materiality levels would result in a decrease in ？

A

audit risk

重要性水準：

重要性是指審計師在評估財務報表時，允許錯報的容忍界限。如果某個錯報金額超過此界限，可能會影響使用者對財務報表的決策。
重要性水準越高，表示允許的錯報越多。
審計風險（Audit Risk）：

審計風險是指審計師未能發現財務報表中重大錯報的可能性。
重要性與審計風險成反比：當重要性提高時，財務報表中需要發現的錯報金額閾值變大，審計風險自然降低。
實質性測試（Substantive Testing）：

實質性測試用於直接檢查財務報表中的重大錯報，通常包括詳細測試和分析性程序。
測試範圍通常依據重要性和審計風險來決定。

35
Q

the risk that a material misstatement will not be detected by the entity’s controls.

A

control risk

36
Q

The risk that a material misstatement may occur due to complex calculations, faulty estimates, or high volume transactions is known as

A

inherent risk

37
Q

The risk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement.

A

detection risk

38
Q

High detection risk implies a 【high/low】 risk of material misstatement.

A

low

low material risk低重大錯報風險 → high detection risk高檢測風險：
現在你要帶朋友去一個治安很好、資訊公開透明的城市（低重大錯報風險）。

你的應對方式：
你可能會放鬆一些，僅做基本規劃，像是查查看推薦的景點，隨意選個有好評價的餐廳，不會花太多時間檢查細節。
類比到審計中，這表示可以接受較高的檢測風險（執行較少程序）。

39
Q

auditor expects that there will be a high likelihood of uncorrected and undetected misstatements.
set performance materiality in the range of 50 percent to 70 percent of overall materiality($140,000) based on the likelihood of misstatement.

materiality amount?

A

70,000

AR = RMM × DR
AR：（Audit Risk, AR）總審計風險（審計師可接受的風險）

RMM： (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險（inherent risk+control risk）

DR：(Detection Risk)檢測風險（審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險）

當RMM 增加時，為了保持 AR 不變，DR 必須降低，設定較低的執行重大性可以提高審計的審查範圍和細節，降低查核風險，確保即使是小額錯報也會受到更多關注。

40
Q

the fraudulent taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted

A

embezzlement
侵吞是指受託人以欺詐手段拿走財產。

41
Q

Investigate changes in capital stock recorded after year end.

Review tax returns prepared by management after year end.

能否幫助審計師取得關於後續事件發生的證據？

A

yes
在資產負債表日後登記的股本變動是一種可能需要揭露的期後事項。例如，資本增資或減資可能對投資者或其他財務報表使用者的重要決策產生影響，因此需要在附註中揭露。審計師調查這些變動可以幫助確認是否有需要揭露的重大資訊。

no
報稅表是基於財務報表數據準備的文件，不是期後事項的直接證據來源，也不一定反映期後事件。

42
Q

Obtaining an understanding of a control involves evaluating the design of the control and determining whether the control has been:

A.	 Authorized.

B.	 Implemented.
A

B

了解控制（understanding of a control）的兩個重要步驟：評估控制的設計（design）以及確認控制是否已實施（implemented）。

選項 A: Authorized（被授權）
控制的設計被授權（authorized）是理所當然的，因為控制通常由管理層負責設計和批准。但在審計師了解控制時，並不需要特別驗證設計是否被授權，因為這是管理層的責任，而非審計過程的核心。

43
Q

If the assessed level of fraud risk is high, the auditor should attempt to reduce ？ risk.

A

detection risk.

AuditRisk(AR)=RiskofMaterialMisstatement(RMM)×DetectionRisk(DR)
RMM=InherentRisk(IR)×ControlRisk(CR)
fraud risk 屬於IS，所以fraud risk高會導致RMM高，需要降低DR

44
Q

pro forma financial statement 和financial forecast有什麼區別

A
  1. Pro Forma Financial Statement（假設財務報表）
    定義：
    假設財務報表是基於某些假設情境或特定事件（例如合併、出售資產、融資等）對財務報表進行的調整或模擬。
    它展示了假如某件事發生，財務報表可能呈現的狀況。

特點：
依據過去或現在的數據進行調整。
主要用於評估假設事件對財務報表的影響。
通常用於溝通特定情境對財務的影響（如合併或收購交易）。

生活例子：
計畫買房：假設你目前每月存 $1,000，但計畫明年買一棟房子，每月將多支付 $500 房貸。你可能製作一份“假設支出表”，展示買房後每月的財務狀況，包括支出、儲蓄減少等。

  1. Financial Forecast（財務預測）
    定義：
    財務預測是基於企業未來計劃和預期條件，對未來財務狀況和業績的估計。
    它側重於對未來的可能結果進行預測，基於合理的經濟或業務假設。

特點：
通常基於企業的實際計劃（如未來銷售增長率、成本變化等）。
用於指導決策或制定預算。
比較接近現實情況，幫助管理層或投資者制定策略。

生活例子：
計畫旅遊：你預測明年旅遊會花 $5,000，根據你的月收入和存款進行分配，估算需要存多少錢才能達到目標。這是一種合理的基於計劃的財務預測。

45
Q

Which of the following parties should request inquiry of a client’s lawyer?

client management
the auditor

A

client management
管理層的初步溝通
審計師的第一步是與管理層討論潛在的訴訟或索賠情況。

律師詢證函的準備
如果管理層確認存在潛在的訴訟或索賠，審計師將要求管理層起草並準備一封律師詢證函，詢問其律師具體細節。

律師詢證函的寄送與回覆
根據流程，律師詢證函由 管理層起草，但 由審計師寄送 給律師，因為律師的回覆需要直接寄給審計師，確保信息的完整性和獨立性。

46
Q

which may be an indication of a related party transaction？
1. compensating balance arrangements
2. consignment sale

A

1

寄存銷售並不代表有關聯交易

47
Q

Arrearages in dividends.

A

拖欠股息

48
Q

which is more reliable？

Analytical procedures.

Confirmation of account information.

A

Confirmation of account information.

Confirmations are among the most reliable types of evidence, as they constitute external evidence sent directly to the auditor.

Analytical procedures provide the auditor with direct personal knowledge, but because these procedures often are based on internal accounting data, the evidence obtained is not as reliable as that obtained from confirmations.

49
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件？

accounts receivable confirmations

A

外部

應收賬款確認函是審計師寄送給客戶的外部第三方（通常是被審計企業的客戶）的一封請求信函，用以確認應收賬款的餘額或交易細節。

50
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件？

packing slips

A

外部

供應商生成：當供應商發貨時，他們會附上一份包裝單，詳細列出貨物的內容和數量。
目的：包裝單的主要目的是讓收貨方核對實際收到的貨物與發貨時記錄的數據是否一致。
由於包裝單由外部的供應商（或其他發貨方）生成並提供，因此它是一種外部文件。

51
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件？

Vendor invoice.

A

Vendor invoice（供應商發票）是一種外部獲得的文件，因為它是由供應商（即外部第三方）生成並發送給被審計的公司。

Vendor invoice 的來源
生成方：供應商在完成貨物或服務的交付後，向購買方（被審計公司）發送的正式文件。
內容：通常包括交易日期、商品或服務的描述、數量、單價、總金額以及付款條件等信息。
用途：該文件用於請求付款並作為購買方核對採購、記帳以及付款的依據。

52
Q

reperformance屬於assess control risk還是substantive test？

A

Reperformance（重新執行） 是指審計人員親自執行某個內控活動，目的是測試該控制是否有效運行。例如：

如果內控要求每月核對銀行對賬單，審計人員可以親自模擬這個核對過程，以確認控制是否被正確執行。
這個過程的目的在於測試控制運行的有效性，而不是直接驗證財務數字是否正確，因此它是測試控制的一部分，而非實質性程序。

53
Q

Attain assurance about the reliability of the information system relevant to financial reporting.

是什麼test 的目的

A

objective of tests of controls

54
Q

Detect material misstatements in the financial statements.

是什麼test 的目的

A

Substantive tests

55
Q

Reviewing board of director minutes

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

inspection
test of control

56
Q

Selected various voucher packages that had been approved and matched the invoice, purchase order, and receiving report.

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

Reperformance | Test of Controls

57
Q

The examination of documentation

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

Inspection | Substantive procedure

58
Q

When an auditor concurs with a change in accounting principle, an ?? paragraph discussing the change should be included in the audit report

A

an emphasis-of-matter paragraph

59
Q

the relationship between the expected population deviation rate and the sample size.

A

direct relationship

60
Q

可容忍偏差率 是指審計人員在進行控制測試時，願意接受的最？？控制偏差率（控制未執行或失效的比率），而 不會改變對控制的預期依賴程度。

A

決定 tolerable rate 的因素
對控制依賴的程度：
如果審計人員高度依賴某項控制來降低實質風險（RMM），那麼可容忍偏差率會較低，因為控制必須有效運作才能確保財務數據可靠。

評估的控制風險水平：
控制風險較低時，表示審計人員認為控制是有效的，因此他們會設定較低的可容忍偏差率，要求控制執行得更為嚴格。

審計風險（包含偵查風險的間接考量）：
雖然偵查風險本身不是直接影響可容忍偏差率的因素，但審計風險模型的整體考量下，若偵查風險被設定較低（即更嚴謹的審計程序），審計人員對控制依賴的程度通常會提高，導致可容忍偏差率降低。

61
Q

Mean-per-Unit (MPU)計算公式

A

Mean-per-Unit estimation (MPU) 是一種用於估計母體（population）總值的審計抽樣技術，通常用於實質測試（substantive testing），特別是在財務報表審計中估計帳戶餘額。

公式為：
MPUEstimation=AverageAuditedValue×NumberofItemsinPopulation

假設您在審計應收帳款，母體（總賬項目）有 1,000 筆交易。

抽取一個樣本，例如 50 筆交易。
對這些交易進行審計，並計算每筆交易的實際價值，然後計算樣本的 Average Audited Value。
假設 50 筆樣本的實際價值總和是 $25,000。
則 Average Audited Value = $25,000 ÷ 50 = $500。
計算母體總值的估計值：
MPU Estimation = $500 × 1,000 = $500,000。

62
Q

Smaller expected frequency of errors.

sample size 應該如何改變？

A

because as fewer errors are expected, a smaller sample size would be used.

63
Q

UpperDeviationRate=SampleDeviationRate+AllowanceforSamplingRisk
SampleDeviationRate= 樣本總數/偏差樣本數

A

樣本偏差率僅反映抽樣中實際觀察到的偏差，並不考慮抽樣風險。

64
Q

Predictive analytics

A

provide expected or predicted outcomes based on historical data.根據歷史資料提供預期或預測結果。

65
Q

Prescriptive analytics

A

prescribe or recommend actions to be taken based on advanced analytics to reach a desired goal.根據先進的分析結果，規定或建議要採取的行動，以達到預期的目標。

情境：企業希望確保其庫存不會過多或過少，從而優化資金使用並滿足客戶需求。
如何運作：使用 prescriptive analytics 來分析銷售數據、需求波動、庫存水位和供應商交貨時間，然後建議最佳的庫存量和補貨策略。這樣企業可以降低庫存成本，同時確保產品的及時交付。

66
Q
A
67
Q

Difference Estimation

A

Step 1: Calculate projected error = [(Book value of sample – Audited value of sample) / Number of items audited] × Population of items
Step 2: Calculate point estimate = Total book value of population – Projected error

假設：
母體包含 1,000 筆應收帳款，總帳面價值為 $500,000。
抽樣了 50 筆應收帳款，樣本總帳面價值為 $25,000，審計後的樣本總實際價值為 $24,000。
步驟 1：計算樣本的平均差異：【（25，000-24，000）/50】*1000=20，000
步驟 3：計算母體的估計審計值：500，000-20，000=480，000

68
Q

Ratio estimation 公式

A

Ratio estimation = (Audited value of sample / book value of sample) × Total book value

假設您審計公司的應收帳款，總帳面價值為 $1,000,000。

抽樣審計：

抽取 50 筆應收帳款樣本，樣本的總帳面價值為 $100,000。
經過審計，樣本的總實際價值（Audited Value）為 $95,000。
計算比率：
AuditedValueofSample = 100,000/95,000 =0.95
推算母體的總實際價值：
RatioEstimation=0.95×1,000,000=950,000
因此，母體的實際估計值為 $950,000。

68
Q

Determine sampling interval

A

Determine sampling interval=Tolerable Misstatement/ Reliability Factor

69
Q

Sample size =

A

Sample size = Total Reported Amount / Sampling Interval of

AUD (9 decks)

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