last AUD Flashcards

1
Q

審計師完成了非上市公司(nonissuer)的審計工作,針對12月31日Year 3的財務報表進行審計,

審計報告:Y4/3月13日。
後續時間:Y4/3月14日
更新審計報告;Y4/4月11日
發表新報告:Y4/4月12日
dual date的話審計師負責的日期?
單一日期的話應該負責的日期

A

雙重日期(3月13日;3月14日針對後續事件):審計師只對3月14日當天的特定事件負責,而不延伸至之後的日期。

單一新日期(4月11日):審計師對所有從1月1日到4月11日的事件負責。

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2
Q

If an auditor finds that financial statements prepared on a special accounting basis (other than GAAP) are not suitably titled, what action should the auditor take?

A

【Qualify the opinion】 with a basis for modification paragraph.

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3
Q

auditor report should refer to what principles?
opinion
basis for opinion
management’s responsibility
auditor’s responsibility

A

opinion -GAAP
basis for opinion-GAAS
management’s responsibility-GAAP
auditor’s responsibility-GAAS

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4
Q

Internal Control—Integrated Framework

A

Internal Control—Integrated Framework 和 COSO Framework 是相同的,兩者指的是由 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 發布的內部控制框架。這個框架是全球公認的內部控制標準,廣泛應用於企業和組織的內部控制系統設計、實施和評估。

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5
Q

which component of COSO?

Commitment to ethics and integrity

A

control environment

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6
Q

which component of COSO?
Board independence and oversight

A

control environment

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7
Q

which component of COSO?
Commitment to competence

A

control environment

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8
Q

which component of COSO?
Accountability

A

control environment

Accountability for internal control responsibilities.
內部控制責任的問責性是控制環境的要素

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9
Q

which component of COSO?
Organizational structure

A

control environment

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10
Q

which component of COSO?
Participation of those charged with governance

A

control environment

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11
Q

which component of COSO?
Participation of the audit committee

A

control environment

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12
Q

which component of COSO?
Specify objectives

A

risk assessment

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13
Q

which component of COSO?
Identify and analyze risks

A

risk assessment

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14
Q

which component of COSO?
Consider potential for fraud

A

risk assessment

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15
Q

which component of COSO?
Identify and assess changes

A

risk assessment

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16
Q

which component of COSO?
Corporate restructuring

A

risk assessment

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17
Q

which component of COSO?
Obtain and use information

A

information and communication

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18
Q

which component of COSO?
Measurement and recording of proper monetary values

A

information and communication

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19
Q

which component of COSO?
Internally communicate information

A

information and communication

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20
Q

which component of COSO?

The classes of transactions in the issuer’s operations that are significant to the issuer’s financial statements.

A

information and communication

目標:
審計師需要確保公司生成和傳遞的資訊足以支持財務報表編制,並有助於內部控制的有效運作。
舉例:財務部門是否了解與其相關的交易,員工是否收到清晰的指導和流程。

選項的對應:
A. 交易類別:
評估這些交易是否對財務報表有重大影響。
這直接涉及資訊的準確性和充分性,因此屬於「資訊與溝通」組成部分的核心。

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21
Q

which component of COSO?
Communicate with external parties

A

information and communication

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22
Q

which component of COSO?
Recording the proper monetary value of transactions

A

information and communication

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23
Q

which component of COSO?
The internal audit function

A

monitoring activities

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24
Q

which component of COSO?
Ongoing and/or separate evaluations

A

monitoring activities

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25
Q

which component of COSO?

communication of internal control deficiencies

A

monitoring activities

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26
Q

which component of COSO?
periodically reevaluate its mission vision and values

A

monitoring activities

例子:periodically reevaluate its mission vision and values 定期比較和更新使命願景與價值觀

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27
Q

which component of COSO?
Operating performance reviews

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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28
Q

which component of COSO?
Select and develop control activities

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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29
Q

which component of COSO?
Pre-numbering of documents

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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30
Q

which component of COSO?
Segregation of duties

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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31
Q

which component of COSO?
Authorization of transactions

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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32
Q

which component of COSO?
Select and develop technology controls

A

(Existing) Control Activities

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33
Q

which component of COSO?
Deployment of policies and procedures

A

(Existing) Control Activities

政策和程序【部署】屬於(現有)控制活動。

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34
Q

which component of COSO?
The organization selects and develops activities contributing to the mitigation of risks to the achievement of objectives to acceptable levels.

A

(Existing) Control Activities

這涉及內部控制中的「控制活動」(Control Activities)組成部分,而不是風險評估。控制活動是針對已識別的風險制定具體措施來緩解風險,例如分離職責或設定授權程序。

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35
Q

If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, the CPA’s review report should:

I.Refer to the scope limitation that caused the change.

II.Describe the auditing procedures that have already been applied.

自由選擇

A

neither
If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, he/she must comply with the standards for a review and issue an appropriate report. The report should not refer to the original engagement, to any auditing procedures performed, or to the scope limitation.

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36
Q

the date after which existing documentation must not be deleted, and additions to the documentation file must be documented as such

是什麼日子?

A

the document complement date

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37
Q

which should be documented in the audit plan?
B. Other audit procedures to be performed to comply with generally accepted auditing standards.
C. The understanding of the terms of the engagement, including scope, fees, and resource allocation.

A

【B】
C– engagement letter

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38
Q

Davis, CPA, was engaged to audit Tech Resources’ financial statements but was later requested to change the engagement to a compilation.

What must Davis consider before agreeing to the change?
自由選擇
1. Additional audit effort necessary to complete the audit
2. Reason given for Tech’s request

A

1+2

  1. 如果審計工作已經進行到接近完成的階段,只需要少量額外努力即可完成,這時轉變為編製服務的必要性和合理性可能會被質疑。
  2. 確認變更的原因是否正當,防止管理層利用 engagement 變更來掩蓋問題。

以上是考慮是否接受改變報告類型時的考慮。一旦接受了改變的要求,就不能提及以下內容:
1. The original engagement .
2. The reasons for the change.
3. Any audit procedures previously performed.

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39
Q

An entity prepares its financial statements on its income tax basis.
以下兩項應該包含在甚麼部分?
1. A description of how that basis differs from GAAP should be included in the

  1. a reference to the note in the financial statements that describes the use of the income tax basis of accounting.
A

1.Notes to the financial statements.

  1. Emphasis-of-matter paragraph of the auditor’s report.
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40
Q

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires registered firms to maintain audit documentation for how many years

A

7Y

5年針對非公開公司,基於 AICPA 標準(即Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) ),風險和監管要求相對較低

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41
Q

a risk that the auditor may fail to detect a client’s deceptive practices which may result in a misstatement of the financial statements.
是什麼風險?

A

fraud risk
deceptive practices=欺詐行為

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42
Q

The risk of material misstatement is?

A

Risk of material misstatement includes inherent and control risk

重大錯報風險 (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM):
重大錯報風險是指財務報表在編制層面或聲明層面因重大錯報而不正確的風險,這種風險是由以下兩個風險組成的:

固有風險 (Inherent Risk):
某些交易、賬戶或報表在未考慮控制措施時,天然具有容易出現錯報的可能性。例如,高度複雜的估計或高風險的行業。
控制風險 (Control Risk):
即企業內部控制無法及時預防或檢測錯報的可能性。
RMM 不包括檢測風險 (Detection Risk):

檢測風險是指審計程序未能檢測到財務報表中的重大錯報的風險。
檢測風險是由審計師的程序決定的,而 RMM 是固有於被審計單位的,因此檢測風險並不屬於 RMM 的範疇。

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43
Q

To achieve an overall audit risk level that is substantially the same as the planned audit risk level,
risk of material misstatement increase

  1. substantive testing will up or down?
  2. detection risk will up or down?
A
  1. up。
  2. down

AR = RMM × DR
AR:(Audit Risk, AR)總審計風險(審計師可接受的風險)

RMM: (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險(inherent risk+control risk)

DR:(Detection Risk)檢測風險(審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險)

當RMM 增加時,為了保持 AR 不變,DR 必須降低,這需要更多的實質性測試。

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44
Q

an increase in materiality levels would result in a decrease in ?

A

審計風險(audit risk)下降:這是因為,當重要性水平提高時,審計師會將注意力集中在可能會影響財務報表整體表達的重大錯誤上,這樣會相對減少錯誤被忽略的風險,因此審計風險下降。審計風險是指審計師無法發現重大錯誤的風險。

偵查風險(detection risk)上升:偵查風險是指審計師未能發現財務報表中的重大錯誤的風險。提高重要性水平意味著審計師可能會進行較少的測試,這增加了未能發現小錯誤的可能性,從而提高了偵查風險。

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45
Q

the risk that a material misstatement will not be detected by the entity’s controls.

A

control risk

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46
Q

The risk that a material misstatement may occur due to complex calculations, faulty estimates, or high volume transactions is known as

A

inherent risk

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47
Q

The risk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement.

A

detection risk:與程序的時間點相關

當程序在中期日執行時,剩餘期間的交易未被直接測試,可能導致重要的錯誤未被發現,因此檢查風險增加。

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48
Q

High detection risk implies a 【high/low】 risk of material misstatement.

A

low

low material risk低重大錯報風險 → high detection risk高檢測風險:
現在你要帶朋友去一個治安很好、資訊公開透明的城市(低重大錯報風險)。

你的應對方式:
你可能會放鬆一些,僅做基本規劃,像是查查看推薦的景點,隨意選個有好評價的餐廳,不會花太多時間檢查細節。
類比到審計中,這表示可以接受較高的檢測風險(執行較少程序)。

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49
Q

auditor expects that there will be a high likelihood of uncorrected and undetected misstatements.
set performance materiality in the range of 50 percent to 70 percent of overall materiality($140,000) based on the likelihood of misstatement.

materiality amount?

A

70,000

AR = RMM × DR
AR:(Audit Risk, AR)總審計風險(審計師可接受的風險)

RMM: (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險(inherent risk+control risk)

DR:(Detection Risk)檢測風險(審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險)

當RMM 增加時,為了保持 AR 不變,DR 必須降低,設定較低的執行重大性可以提高審計的審查範圍和細節,降低查核風險,確保即使是小額錯報也會受到更多關注。

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50
Q

the fraudulent taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted

A

embezzlement
侵吞是指受託人以欺詐手段拿走財產。

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51
Q

Investigate changes in capital stock recorded after year end.

Review tax returns prepared by management after year end.

能否幫助審計師取得關於後續事件發生的證據?

A

yes
在資產負債表日後登記的股本變動是一種可能需要揭露的期後事項。例如,資本增資或減資可能對投資者或其他財務報表使用者的重要決策產生影響,因此需要在附註中揭露。審計師調查這些變動可以幫助確認是否有需要揭露的重大資訊。

no
報稅表是基於財務報表數據準備的文件,不是期後事項的直接證據來源,也不一定反映期後事件。

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52
Q

Obtaining an understanding of a control involves evaluating the design of the control and determining whether the control has been:

A.	 Authorized.

B.	 Implemented.
A

B

了解控制(understanding of a control)的兩個重要步驟:評估控制的設計(design)以及確認控制是否已實施(implemented)。

選項 A: Authorized(被授權)
控制的設計被授權(authorized)是理所當然的,因為控制通常由管理層負責設計和批准。但在審計師了解控制時,並不需要特別驗證設計是否被授權,因為這是管理層的責任,而非審計過程的核心。

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53
Q

If the assessed level of fraud risk is high, the auditor should attempt to reduce ? risk.

A

detection risk.

AuditRisk(AR)=RiskofMaterialMisstatement(RMM)×DetectionRisk(DR)
RMM=InherentRisk(IR)×ControlRisk(CR)
fraud risk 屬於IS,所以fraud risk高會導致RMM高,需要降低DR

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54
Q

pro forma financial statement 和financial forecast有什麼區別

A
  1. Pro Forma Financial Statement
    基礎:過去的實際數據加上假設或調整
    用途:模擬特定交易或時間對財務的影響
    例子:假設買車之後,財務狀況會如何變化
    ——————————————————————
  2. Financial Forecast(財務預測)
    基礎:合理的預測和未來期望
    用途:規劃未來的財務狀況
    例子:預測一年後可以存多少錢買車
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55
Q

Which of the following parties should request inquiry of a client’s lawyer?

client management
the auditor

A

client management
管理層的初步溝通
審計師的第一步是與管理層討論潛在的訴訟或索賠情況。

律師詢證函的準備
如果管理層確認存在潛在的訴訟或索賠,審計師將要求管理層起草並準備一封律師詢證函,詢問其律師具體細節。

律師詢證函的寄送與回覆
根據流程,律師詢證函由 管理層起草,但 由審計師寄送 給律師,因為律師的回覆需要直接寄給審計師,確保信息的完整性和獨立性。

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56
Q

which may be an indication of a related party transaction?
1. compensating balance arrangements
2. consignment sale

A

1

寄存銷售並不代表有關聯交易

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57
Q

Arrearages in dividends.

A

拖欠股息

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58
Q

which is more reliable?

Analytical procedures.

Confirmation of account information.

A

Confirmation of account information.

Confirmations are among the most reliable types of evidence, as they constitute external evidence sent directly to the auditor.

Analytical procedures provide the auditor with direct personal knowledge, but because these procedures often are based on internal accounting data, the evidence obtained is not as reliable as that obtained from confirmations.

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59
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?

accounts receivable confirmations

A

外部

應收賬款確認函是審計師寄送給客戶的外部第三方(通常是被審計企業的客戶)的一封請求信函,用以確認應收賬款的餘額或交易細節。

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60
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?

packing slips

A

外部

供應商生成:當供應商發貨時,他們會附上一份包裝單,詳細列出貨物的內容和數量。
目的:包裝單的主要目的是讓收貨方核對實際收到的貨物與發貨時記錄的數據是否一致。
由於包裝單由外部的供應商(或其他發貨方)生成並提供,因此它是一種外部文件。

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61
Q

客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?

Vendor invoice.

A

Vendor invoice(供應商發票)是一種外部獲得的文件,因為它是由供應商(即外部第三方)生成並發送給被審計的公司。

Vendor invoice 的來源
生成方:供應商在完成貨物或服務的交付後,向購買方(被審計公司)發送的正式文件。
內容:通常包括交易日期、商品或服務的描述、數量、單價、總金額以及付款條件等信息。
用途:該文件用於請求付款並作為購買方核對採購、記帳以及付款的依據。

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62
Q

reperformance屬於assess control risk還是substantive test?

A

Reperformance(重新執行) 是指審計人員親自執行某個內控活動,目的是測試該控制是否有效運行。例如:

如果內控要求每月核對銀行對賬單,審計人員可以親自模擬這個核對過程,以確認控制是否被正確執行。
這個過程的目的在於測試控制運行的有效性,而不是直接驗證財務數字是否正確,因此它是測試控制的一部分,而非實質性程序。

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63
Q

Attain assurance about the reliability of the information system relevant to financial reporting.

是什麼test 的目的

A

the objective of tests of controls

Detect material misstatements in the financial statements.–>substantive test

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64
Q

Detect material misstatements in the financial statements.

是什麼test 的目的

A

Substantive tests

Attain assurance about the reliability of the information system relevant to financial reporting.–>objective test

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65
Q

Reviewing board of director minutes

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

inspection
test of control

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66
Q

Selected various voucher packages that had been approved and matched the invoice, purchase order, and receiving report.

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

Reperformance | Test of Controls

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67
Q

The examination of documentation

Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?

A

Inspection | Substantive procedure

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68
Q

When an auditor concurs with a change in accounting principle, an ?? paragraph discussing the change should be included in the audit report

A

an emphasis-of-matter paragraph

69
Q

the relationship between the expected population deviation rate and the sample size.

A

direct relationship

70
Q

可容忍偏差率 是指審計人員在進行控制測試時,願意接受的最??控制偏差率(控制未執行或失效的比率),而 不會改變對控制的預期依賴程度。

A

決定 tolerable rate 的因素
對控制依賴的程度:
如果審計人員高度依賴某項控制來降低實質風險(RMM),那麼可容忍偏差率會較低,因為控制必須有效運作才能確保財務數據可靠。

評估的控制風險水平:
控制風險較低時,表示審計人員認為控制是有效的,因此他們會設定較低的可容忍偏差率,要求控制執行得更為嚴格。

審計風險(包含偵查風險的間接考量):
雖然偵查風險本身不是直接影響可容忍偏差率的因素,但審計風險模型的整體考量下,若偵查風險被設定較低(即更嚴謹的審計程序),審計人員對控制依賴的程度通常會提高,導致可容忍偏差率降低。

71
Q

Mean-per-Unit (MPU)計算公式

A

Mean-per-Unit estimation (MPU) 是一種用於估計母體(population)總值的審計抽樣技術,通常用於實質測試(substantive testing),特別是在財務報表審計中估計帳戶餘額。

公式為:
MPUEstimation=AverageAuditedValue×NumberofItemsinPopulation

假設您在審計應收帳款,母體(總賬項目)有 1,000 筆交易。

抽取一個樣本,例如 50 筆交易。
對這些交易進行審計,並計算每筆交易的實際價值,然後計算樣本的 Average Audited Value。
假設 50 筆樣本的實際價值總和是 $25,000。
則 Average Audited Value = $25,000 ÷ 50 = $500。
計算母體總值的估計值:
MPU Estimation = $500 × 1,000 = $500,000。

72
Q

Smaller expected frequency of errors.

sample size 應該如何改變?

A

because as fewer errors are expected, a smaller sample size would be used.

73
Q

UpperDeviationRate=

SampleDeviationRate=

A

UpperDeviationRate=
SampleDeviationRate
+AllowanceforSamplingRisk

SampleDeviationRate= 樣本總數/偏差樣本數

樣本偏差率僅反映抽樣中實際觀察到的偏差,並不考慮抽樣風險。

74
Q

Predictive analytics

A

provide expected or predicted outcomes based on historical data.根據歷史資料提供預期或預測結果。

75
Q

Prescriptive analytics

A

prescribe or recommend actions to be taken based on advanced analytics to reach a desired goal.根據先進的分析結果,規定或建議要採取的行動,以達到預期的目標。

情境:企業希望確保其庫存不會過多或過少,從而優化資金使用並滿足客戶需求。
如何運作:使用 prescriptive analytics 來分析銷售數據、需求波動、庫存水位和供應商交貨時間,然後建議最佳的庫存量和補貨策略。這樣企業可以降低庫存成本,同時確保產品的及時交付。

76
Q

Difference Estimation

A

Step 1: Calculate projected error = [(Book value of sample – Audited value of sample) / Number of items audited] × Population of items
Step 2: Calculate point estimate = Total book value of population – Projected error

假設:
母體包含 1,000 筆應收帳款,總帳面價值為 $500,000。
抽樣了 50 筆應收帳款,樣本總帳面價值為 $25,000,審計後的樣本總實際價值為 $24,000。
步驟 1:計算樣本的平均差異:【(25,000-24,000)/50】*1000=20,000
步驟 3:計算母體的估計審計值:500,000-20,000=480,000

77
Q

Ratio estimation 公式

A

Ratio estimation = (Audited value of sample / book value of sample) × Total book value

假設您審計公司的應收帳款,總帳面價值為 $1,000,000。

抽樣審計:

抽取 50 筆應收帳款樣本,樣本的總帳面價值為 $100,000。
經過審計,樣本的總實際價值(Audited Value)為 $95,000。
計算比率:
AuditedValueofSample = 100,000/95,000 =0.95
推算母體的總實際價值:
RatioEstimation=0.95×1,000,000=950,000
因此,母體的實際估計值為 $950,000。

78
Q

Determine sampling interval

A

Determine sampling interval=Tolerable Misstatement/ Reliability Factor
間隙要忍

79
Q

Sample size =

A

Sample size = Total Reported Amount / Sampling Interval of

80
Q

MD&A Assertion 的類型

A

o= occurence
consi= conpleteness
compi=completeness
presen and disclosure= presentation and disclosure

81
Q

material noncompliance+ disclosure
what opinion?

A

a qualified or adverse opinion

82
Q

a possible understatement of sales
需要測試什麼

A

低估通常意味著交易被漏記或未完全記錄。
因此,檢測低估的目標是測試銷售記錄的完整性聲明(completeness assertion)。

83
Q

Negative confirmation requests are effective when detection risk is low.

對不對?

A

錯。

when detection risk is high
AR=RMM✖️DR
DR高,RMM就低,control risk 和inherent risk就低。
所以偵查風險高是好的

84
Q

The auditor should determine whether and to what extent fraud risk factors are present as part of the ?? stage of the audit.

A

planning

85
Q

An auditor uses the assessed level of control risk to:
C. Evaluate the effectiveness of the entity’s system of internal control.

D. Determine the acceptable level of detection risk for financial statement assertions.

A

d

審計師使用評估的控制風險等級來決定重大錯誤陳述的風險,進而決定財務報表斷言可接受的偵測風險等級。偵測風險應與控制風險呈反比關係。例如,審計師認為存在的控制風險越小,其可接受的檢測風險水平就越高。

原選項C:Evaluate the effectiveness of the entity’s system of internal control
(評估受查者內部控制系統的有效性)——不正確,因為這是控制測試的目的,而非控制風險評估的應用。

修改後的選項C:Plan the nature, timing, and extent of substantive testing procedures
(計劃實質性測試的性質、時間和範圍)——正確,因為這是控制風險評估結果的直接用途。

86
Q

Test the computation of standard overhead rates.
與什麼相關

A

Testing the computation of standard overhead rates relates to
【the accumulation of costs during the manufacturing process】

測試標準間接成本分配率的計算,直接與製造過程中成本的累積相關,因為累積的成本數據是分配率計算的基礎。
如果累積的成本不完整或不準確,計算出的分配率將無法有效分配間接成本,進而影響產品成本的準確性。

87
Q

the understandability of presentation and classification

應該採取什麼審計措施

A

「表達與分類」(Presentation and Classification)的目標是確保財務報表中有關庫存的資訊(如承諾、抵押、或分類)能清楚呈現且被適當揭露。

例如
Confirming inventories pledged under loan agreements.

若庫存被抵押或分配作為貸款擔保,這類信息必須在財務報表的附註中適當揭露,確保報表使用者了解這些資訊。

88
Q

Additional items identified as damaged and will be returned to vendor
是否應該從inventory中減去?

A

應該。
為何即使未寄出仍需減少庫存:
已知退貨的商品:如果已經確認商品受損並將退貨,則這些商品就不再是可銷售的資產,因此應該被視為非庫存項目。
防止過高估計庫存:如果不從庫存中扣除這些商品,會導致庫存價值的高估,進而影響財務報表,特別是資產負債表和利潤表。

實施細節:
審計反應:審計師應該檢查退貨相關的文件,以確認這些受損商品確實不會再被銷售或使用,並且會退還給供應商。

89
Q

registrar or transfer agent concerning the:
C. Proper authorization of stock rights and warrants.

D. Number of shares issued and outstanding.

A

[D]
C–>股票權利和權證(stock rights and warrants)的授權應通過審查董事會會議記錄來核實,因為董事會會議是正式授權此類交易的機構。

D–>如果客戶使用股票過戶代理,審計師應透過確認函取得關於「授權股份數量」、「已發行股份數量」和「流通在外股份數量」的證據。這些信息與股票發行和所有權直接相關,而過戶代理是管理這些記錄的主要機構,因此適合作為確認對象。

90
Q

long term investment
long term payable
審計師會audit什麼?

A

investment-存在
容易高估,所以要測存在
審計師可能會向發行方或託管機構發送函證,以確認公司確實擁有這些投資,並核對相關明細。

債券-餘額
容易被低估,所以測餘額也就是完整性
Compare interest expense with the bond payable amount for reasonableness.

91
Q
  1. In auditing payroll,
  2. In auditing unclaimed payroll

an auditor most likely would:

A

Compare payroll costs with entity standards or budgets.

Observe entity employees during a payroll distribution.

92
Q

the renewal of a note payable shortly after the balance sheet date
審計師要取得什麼證據?

A

Understandability of presentation and classification.

借款是否續約直接影響其在財務報表中的分類(短期負債或長期負債)。
如果借款在資產負債表日後續約為長期負債,則應在報表中重新分類。審計師檢查續約的目的是確保這一分類能夠清晰地反映在財務報表中,並確保使用者容易理解。

93
Q

In performing a search for unrecorded retirements of fixed assets, an auditor most likely would:
先查文件還是先去現場?

A

先查文件
Inspect the property ledger and the insurance and tax records, and then tour the client’s facilities.
檢查財產帳目、保險和稅務記錄,然後參觀客戶的設施。

94
Q

Materiality for the audit has been set at $35,000, and performance materiality is $12,000.
什麼時候用material 什麼時候用performance material

A

Materiality(重要性) 用於確定整體報表的公正性,即如果錯誤超過這一金額,則需要進行調整或披露。
Performance Materiality(執行重要性) 則在具體測試過程中使用,以確保即使發現錯誤,錯誤的總金額也不會超過整體重要性的基準。

95
Q

The identification of fraud, even if immaterial, by a member of senior management is indicative of

A

A material weakness.

96
Q

When there is a material weakness in internal control.

which opinion ?

A

adverse opinion

97
Q

審計準則聲明(SAS, Statements on Auditing Standards)

issuer?nonissuer?
針對什麼內容?

A

適用範圍:非公開公司財務報表審計及內部控制相關審計。
關鍵詞:非公開、財務報表審計、內部控制測試。

98
Q

會計與審閱服務準則(SSARS, Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services)

issuer?nonissuer?
針對什麼內容?

A

適用範圍:非公開公司財務報表的編製(Compilation)或審閱(Review)服務。
關鍵詞:非公開、編製服務、審閱服務、簡化報告。

99
Q

鑑證業務準則聲明(SSAE, Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements)

issuer?nonissuer?
針對什麼內容?

A

適用範圍:特定項目的鑑證工作(如 SOC 報告、IT 系統評估),但不直接適用於財務報表或內部控制審計。
關鍵詞:非公開、特定項目、IT 系統、安全性、SOC 報告。

100
Q

PCAOB 審計準則(PCAOB Auditing Standards)

issuer?nonissuer?
針對什麼內容?

A

適用範圍:公開公司財務報表和內部控制的審計。
關鍵詞:公開公司、財務報表審計、內部控制審計、高標準。

101
Q

Report on pro forma financial statements.

should contain a restricted use paragraph in the report?

A

no

102
Q

In an examination of prospective financial statements, if the assumptions do not provide a reasonable basis for the prospective financial statements, then the practitioner should express

A

adverse opinion

前瞻性財務報表的基礎是假設:

假設是編制前瞻性財務報表的關鍵基礎。如果假設不合理,整份報表就沒有任何可信性可言。
假設不合理的影響:

假設不合理意味著報表的基礎已經崩塌,無法反映企業的未來狀況。這是一個根本性問題,而不是局部性問題。
適用否定意見的必要性:

當假設不合理時,整份報表不再具有參考價值,會計師只能出具否定意見,表達對報表整體不信任的態度。

103
Q

a relevant assertion test包括什麼?

A

COVEUP, which includes:
【c】ompleteness;
cut【o】ff;
【v】aluation, allocation, and accuracy;
【e】xistence and occurrence; and,
【u】nderstandability of 【p】resentation and classification.

104
Q

An intentional act that results in [a material misstatement/a material weakness]

in financial statements that are the subject of an audit.

A

a material misstatement

重大錯報 (Material Misstatement)=用了不適合的材料/零件
指財務報表中存在的錯誤或舞弊,可能導致財務報表使用者因錯誤的財務資訊而做出不正確的決策。重大錯報的來源可能包括:

-資料計算錯誤
-誤用會計政策
-故意的舞弊行為
關鍵點:重大錯報與財務報表的數據不正確或不完整直接相關。

重大缺陷 (Material Weakness)=機器壞了
指內部控制在設計或運行上的缺陷,使得財務報表中的重大錯報無法被及時預防、偵測或更正的可能性增加。重大缺陷並不一定導致錯報,但它可能為錯報的發生提供機會。
-內控中職責分離不足(Control deficiency in design嚴重程度比較輕)
-缺乏有效複核流程

關鍵點:重大缺陷與內部控制系統的無效性相關。

105
Q

既然前一年度的問題(披露不足)已被修正
今年應該發表什麼意見?

A

adverse–>unmodified
+
emphasis-of-matters/other matter paragraph

既然前一年度的問題(披露不足)已被修正,審計師應更新其對前一年度財務報表的意見,改為無保留意見。
同時,在報告中加入強調事項段落或其他事項段落,說明為何前一年表達的是否定意見,以及當前年度的修正情況。這是適當的做法,符合專業標準。

106
Q

關鍵審計事項(Critical Audit Matters, CAMs)在上市公司(issuer)審計報告中的位置

A

根據 PCAOB(上市公司會計監督委員會)的標準,上市公司審計報告包含以下主要部分,按照固定的順序排列:

Opinion on the Financial Statements(財務報表意見段落)
報告的第一部分,直接表明審計意見(無保留意見、保留意見等)。
說明財務報表是否按照 GAAP 編制,是否存在重大錯報。

Basis for Opinion(意見基礎段落)
第二部分,解釋審計師得出意見的基礎,包括審計師的責任、審計的範圍和程序。

Critical Audit Matters(關鍵審計事項段落)
第三部分,列舉審計過程中最具有挑戰性或主觀性的事項,並解釋其處理方式。

107
Q

為什麼以下不是識別由於欺詐造成的重大錯誤陳述風險而應該進行的詢問?

Whether operating personnel have communicated to management regarding internal control and how it functions to prevent, deter, or detect material misstatement due to fraud.

錯在哪?

A

審計人員應詢問的是管理層是否向治理單位(如董事會或審計委員會)溝通有關內部控制及其防止舞弊的運作情況,而非營運人員向管理層的溝通。

營運人員只負責日常操作,管理層有防止舞弊的職責

108
Q

The risk of incorrect acceptance of a misstatement.

是質性風險還是量性風險?

A

量性風險

質性因素(Qualitative Factors):
質性因素指的是影響錯報重要性的非數字層面考量。
即使錯報金額看似不大,但其可能對財務報表使用者的決策產生重大影響。

【常見的質性因素:】
掩蓋效果(Masking Effects):錯報可能掩蓋財務報表中的重要趨勢或指標,例如盈利或虧損的變化。
影響的財務報表項目(Significance of Element):錯報涉及的項目是否重要,例如收入、淨利、或資本結構。
合規性影響(Compliance Impact):錯報可能導致違反契約、法規或貸款協議。

【抽樣風險(Sampling Risk):】
抽樣風險是與審計程序相關的技術性風險,主要與量化測試有關,不屬於質性因素。
如「錯報的接受風險」屬於審計計劃中的考量,而非評估錯報重要性的質性因素。

109
Q

定期向 50 家發行人出具審計報告的註冊會計師事務所,PCAOB 至少應多久檢查一次?

定期向 100家發行人出具審計報告的註冊會計師事務所,PCAOB 至少應多久檢查一次?

A

every 3 years

annually

110
Q

The auditor’s concurrence with the change in GAAP would be explicitly/implicit?

A

implicit. but refer to emphasis of matter paragraph

When a change in accounting principle materially affects the comparability of the comparative FS, the auditor should refer to the change in an emphasis-of-matter paragraph. An unmodified opinion would be appropriate and the auditor’s concurrence with the change in GAAP would be implicit through the issuance of the unmodified opinion.

111
Q

Inadequate disclosure of material information.

what opinion?

A

Inadequate disclosure of material information is a departure from GAAP and may result in either a qualified or adverse opinion, depending on materiality.

112
Q

“with the foregoing explanation.”

should be used in what opinion?

A

qualified opinion

113
Q

當客戶提供財務報表時,缺少現金流量表的情況,以及審計師應如何處理這種情況。

A

缺少現金流量表不是範圍限制,因為審計師在執行審計時,仍然能夠獲取所有基礎的財務信息,並對現有的財務報表(例如資產負債表和損益表)進行審計。範圍限制指的是審計師無法獲得某些必要的審計證據,而題目中,客戶並沒有限制審計師取得這些證據的能力。

然而,缺少現金流量表屬於「財務報表不符合GAAP」的情況,因為按照GAAP(美國公認會計原則),財務報表必須包括資產負債表、損益表和現金流量表。這是一種重大偏離GAAP的情況,會導致審計師發出保留意見(qualified opinion)或否定意見(adverse opinion)。

114
Q

A description of how that basis differs from GAAP should be included in the:

A

Notes to the financial statements.

為什麼不是emphasis of matter段落?
強調段落只會表明沒有用GAAP,而不會說明為什麼不用,有什麼不同等具體原因

如果審計報告中包含強調事項段落,可能出現以下語句:

“As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the financial statements have been prepared on the income tax basis of accounting, which differs in certain respects from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.”

115
Q

which is correct?

B. The auditor should add a separate section with the heading “Other Information,” which includes a disclaimer of opinion on other information, in the audit report on the financial statements.

D. The auditor is not required to reference the other information in the audit report on the financial statements.

A

【B】
D–》審計師需要在“Other Information”(其他信息)部分引用其他信息

因為這樣做可以區分審計信息和非審計信息,表明審計時的責任範圍。

116
Q

審計師在發現年度股東報告中存在「其他資訊」與已審計財務報表之間的重大不一致,管理層拒絕修正「其他資訊」中的不一致內容,審計師需考慮如何應對。

修改對財務報表的意見為保留意見或否定意見

為什麼這種處理方式錯?

A

審計師的意見只針對財務報表,而非「其他資訊」。即使「其他資訊」有重大不一致,也不應修改對財務報表的意見,因為財務報表本身是公平呈報的。因此,這是不可能採取的行動。

可以考慮的有:

A. 在審計報告中新增標題為「其他資訊」的單獨部分,描述不一致的情況
B. 拒絕發布審計報告
D. 退出此項業務

117
Q

The auditor 【would/ would not】 indicate in his/her report an opinion as to whether the method of accounting used is appropriate.

A

would not

118
Q

what management control could inprove management’s ability to supervise company activities effectively?

A

Establishing budgets and forecasts to identify variances from expectations.

使用預算和預測來識別差異,可以提高管理者監督公司活動的能力。預算與預測之間的差異可向管理人員發出潛在問題存在的信號。

119
Q

Internal Control—Integrated Framework 的特性
Principles-Based
Rule based?

A
  1. principle based
  2. 組織層級應用:apply controls through all levers of organization
  3. 風險識別與控制Identify and analyze risks and risk mitigation strategies.
  4. 改進效率與效果Eliminate inefficient and ineffective controls.
120
Q

Assuming primary responsibility for all phases of the client audit.

應該由誰負責?

A

engagement partner

審計主管engagement supervisor的角色是監督和指導助理的工作,而非對審計的所有階段負主要責任。整體審計工作的主要責任由總審計師(Engagement Partner)或負責合夥人承擔,而不是主管。

121
Q

An auditor uses the assessed level of control risk to:

A

Determine the acceptable level of detection risk for financial statement assertions.

122
Q

When the financial statements are materially misstated is referred to as ? risk

A

audit risk

123
Q

1.Excessive interest by management in maintaining or increasing the entity’s stock price

2.Management has significant financial interests in the entity

3.Management failing to correct known significant deficiencies on a timely basis

屬於
Incentive/Pressure.
Opportunity.
Attitudes/Rationalization.

的哪一個?

A
  1. Attitudes/Rationalizations。
  2. Incentives/Pressures。
  3. Attitudes/Rationalizations。

Incentive/Pressure:外部產生的壓力
Opportunity:通常內部有缺陷
Attitudes/Rationalization.:題目會有心理描寫,例如涉事者認為,過份關切

124
Q

Only execute purchases of goods or services pursuant to valid purchase orders.

對應什麼原則:
existence?
occurrence?
valuation?

A

occurrence
針對處理未核准採購訂單的風險,控制目標是確保採購訂單有效。這會測試發生情況 (採購交易都是有效且已發生)。

125
Q

limitation of internal control?
failure of internal control?
有什麼區別

A movie theater cashier sells reduced-price tickets to full-paying customers and pockets the difference.

A purchasing employee and an outside vendor participate in a kickback scheme.

A

limitation:
串通、人為錯誤、管理層越權是內部控制無法完全防範的三大限制。

failure:控制不存在、設計不當、未有效執行是失效的典型特徵。

failure
limitation

126
Q

consideration of significant risks during an audit inherent risk is the only consideration, control risk should not be considered.

T or F?

A

T

內在風險:假設你是一名保險公司職員,正在評估一個客戶的房屋是否容易發生火災(高風險地區、有大量易燃材料)。

如果這個地區很容易發生火災,即使客戶安裝了火災警報器或滅火系統,房屋的內在風險仍然很高。
控制影響:火災警報器和滅火系統屬於「控制措施」,它可以降低發生損失的可能性,但這不改變房屋本身的高內在風險。

重大風險判斷:你在考量重大風險時,只會專注於房屋是否容易著火(內在風險),而不是考慮滅火系統的存在。

127
Q

If an auditor’s risk assessment is based on the effective operation of controls, the auditor will likely:

A

Identify specific controls that are likely to detect or prevent material misstatements.

  1. 基於控制的風險評估步驟
    識別相關控制:審計師首先需要識別那些能夠防止或偵測重大錯報的控制。
    執行控制測試:測試控制是否設計合理並能有效運作。
    結合測試結果調整實質性程序:如果控制有效,審計師可以減少某些實質性測試。
128
Q

Client refuses to accept the auditor’s report as modified for the noncompliance.

auditor應該採取什麼措施?

A

The auditor should withdraw from the engagement。

審計師應該在客戶拒絕接受修改後的審計報告時退出業務,因為這表明管理層和治理層無法或不願意合作,且可能試圖掩蓋違規行為。這種情況下,審計師已無法完成其審計目標,退出業務是【唯一合理】的選擇。此外,審計師應以書面形式通知治理層,解釋退出的原因。

129
Q

審計師在對非上市公司前期財務報表中的重要會計估計進行回顧性審查(retrospective review)時的主要目的

A

To indicate whether a bias by management existed

假設有一家水果店的老闆,去年預估了一批進口芒果的損耗率是 10%,並據此在財務報表中計提了相關損失。今年,會計師回顧去年這個損耗率的估計,發現實際損耗率是 20%,遠高於預估值。這時會計師需要思考:

是否有偏向? 老闆可能在去年為了讓財務報表看起來更好看,有意低估了損耗率(存在偏向)。這種偏向會影響會計師今年對老闆估計的信任程度。

為什麼這樣重要? 如果老闆去年存在偏向,這種行為可能會延續到今年,比如再次低估損耗率,影響當期報表的真實性。因此,審計師需要特別警惕這種偏向對當期報表造成的重大錯報風險。

130
Q

哪個可以減輕經營壓力?
1. reduce exiting lines of credit
2. increase ownership equity

A

一般而言,增加所有權權益、借貸、債務重組、出售資產及/或減少或延遲支出的計劃都可能被視為減緩因素。

管理層的計畫如果能增加所有者權益(increase ownership equity),這通常能直接改善企業的財務狀況,例如透過引入新資本、現金增資或股東投入更多資金來增強企業的資金流動性和財務穩定性。因此,這是一個審計師應重點考慮的可行方案。

131
Q

completeness 需要用到什麼auditing procedure?

A

【口訣:有崔西,安娜,bob就完整】

tracing
追蹤交易:從源文件開始,追蹤到會計確認,再到財務報表。這是一種與「查核」(vouching)相反的方向性測試(查核用於測試存在性/發生性聲明)。

analytical review
分析性程序:審計師應考慮某些項目是否可能被遺漏於賬戶餘額中,例如未記錄的負債或未披露的質押資產。

observation
觀察流程和程序。

132
Q
  1. must/may?used in applying risk measurement procedures
  2. must/may used in obtaining corroborating evidence
  3. must/may? used in performing the final review of the overall reasonableness of account balances.
A

must
may
must

分析程序在審計中有三個主要應用場景:

規劃階段:必須使用,幫助理解業務及風險評估。
實質性程序階段:可選使用,用於補充間接證據。
最終審核階段:必須使用,用於整體合理性評估。

133
Q

在審計中運用分析程序時,哪一種方法是建立預期的最佳方式developing expectations?

A

Identifying reasonable explanations for unexpected differences before talking to client management.

這是一種最佳實踐,審計師應先獨立分析數據,對可能的異常進行調查,並根據專業判斷提出合理的解釋。
與管理層討論異常之前,先建立一套合理的假設或原因,有助於更有針對性地確認問題,避免無效的討論。

134
Q

根據 PCAOB 標準,哪些因素會影響審計證據的相關性,哪一項不會?

A

risk assessment 不會影響相關性

測試時機,是否針對低報或高報,是否直接測試某斷言(例如想看庫存數目,通過測試市場價格的話難以知道真實庫存,就不算直接測試。如果實地觀察庫存,就是直接測試)

135
Q

問題: 在審計客戶的應收賬款交易循環時,審計師向客戶的客戶發送外部確認函。如果一些客戶以電子形式提供確認回覆,審計師為了提高這些電子回覆的可靠性,應採取什麼措施?

A

直接聯繫客戶以驗證身份並核實所收到信息的準確性。

執行替代程序以證實電子確認函的回覆。
替代程序通常用於未收到確認函回覆或無法發送確認函的情況。而這裡的情況是已經收到電子回覆,因此執行替代程序並非最有效的方式。

136
Q

primary objective of probability proportional to sample size?

A

To identify overstatement errors.

PPS抽樣是一種基於金額大小進行抽樣的方法。抽樣的概率與項目的金額大小成正比,因此金額較大的項目更可能被選中。
高估錯誤(Overstatement Errors):
PPS抽樣特別適合用來估計高估的錯誤,因為大額金額的項目更容易被選中,這增加了發現高估錯誤的可能性。

137
Q

Deviations from specific control activities at a given rate ordinarily result in misstatements at a lower rate.

為什麼?

A

背景:餐廳點餐流程
服務員核對顧客點餐 → 廚房製作菜品 → 收銀員結賬時核對金額。
偏差發生:
某天忙碌時,服務員漏了核對步驟,但廚師和收銀員憑經驗檢查並糾正,最終顧客收到正確的菜品,金額也無誤。

結論:
雖然控制活動(核對步驟)有偏差,但補償措施(廚師和收銀員檢查)使得實際錯誤率低。控制偏差率與錯報率不一定呈正相關。

138
Q

When using classical variables sampling for estimation, an auditor normally evaluates the sampling results by calculating the possible error in either direction.

This statistical concept is known as:

A

precision

精確度是描述抽樣結果與母體實際值之間可能存在誤差的範圍。當審計人員計算「雙向誤差」時,其實是在確定抽樣結果的精確度。

139
Q

a measure of the variability of a frequency distribution about its mean.

This statistical concept is known as:

A

Standard deviation

標準差是描述數據分布變異性的一種統計指標,表示樣本數據相對於平均值的偏離程度,與審計中對可能誤差的計算無直接關係。

140
Q

We were not required to perform any procedures to verify the accuracy or completeness of the information provided by management.

會出現在什麼報告裡面?

A

compilation report accordance of SSARS

141
Q

當一名受覆蓋成員(covered member)得知另一名參與鑑證業務的團隊成員正在考慮與客戶就業時,該受覆蓋成員應採取的最合適行動。

A

對:Notify an appropriate person in the accounting firm.

錯:Report the situation to the client’s board of directors
這屬於內部的獨立性問題,不需要向客戶報告。應先在事務所內處理,向客戶報告並不是合適的行動。

142
Q

The concept of materiality would be least important to an auditor when considering the:
B. Effects of a direct financial interest in the client on the CPA’s independence.

C. Decision whether to use positive or negative confirmations of accounts receivable.

A

【B】
Any direct financial interest in a client impairs independence, even if it is immaterial.

143
Q

obtaining specialty accreditation is required in exercising due care?
T or F?

A

F
根據專業標準,履行謹慎盡責要求會計師在特定情況下採取必要措施,例如諮詢專家,以獲取專業支持或增強結論的可靠性。而獲得專業資格認證雖然對於長期專業能力提升有幫助,但通常不是謹慎盡責的即時要求。

consulting with experts 就是

144
Q

Independence is
【required/not required】 for preparation of a tax return.

A

not required

會計師的角色:
在此業務中,會計師的作用是作為客戶的協助者,負責正確應用稅法規定,並確保文件格式符合稅務機關的要求。

獨立性要求:
稅務申報的準備不要求獨立性,因為會計師不需要對客戶的稅務數據作任何形式的保證,且其職責主要是執行技術性和合規性的工作。

145
Q

1.A CPA signs a document containing immaterial false and misleading information, or permits or directs another CPA to do so.

  1. A CPA solicits recent Uniform CPA Examination questions without written authorization from the AICPA.

分別屬於什麼行為?

A
  1. Integrity and Objectivity Rule(誠信與客觀性規則)

關注CPA是否在履行專業職責時保持誠實、公正、不偏不倚。
涉及誤導性陳述、利益衝突或偏袒行為。
例子:

*一名CPA為迎合客戶,故意在財務報表中掩蓋重大損失。
*一名CPA在利益衝突情況下,仍參與相關決策而未披露。

  1. Act Discreditable to the Profession(對行業的不當行為)

關注CPA是否損害了會計行業的聲譽和公信力。
涉及違法行為或明顯不符合專業標準的行為。
例子:

未經授權索取或洩露CPA考試內容。
拒絕在客戶已付費的情況下歸還屬於客戶的原始記錄。

146
Q

why the CPA profession has found it essential to promulgate ethical standards and to establish means for ensuring their observance?

A

為什麼會計師專業需要建立倫理標準。

A distinguishing mark of a profession is its acceptance of responsibility to the public.專業的本質之一就是對公眾負責,這是確保專業行為符合社會期望和公共利益的核心。會計師的工作直接影響公眾利益,因此需要確保其行為符合倫理標準。

147
Q

會計師事務所處理未支付費用的情況下,是否可以繼續進行審計工作,並保持符合專業的獨立性要求。

B. Client commits to pay the past due fee in full before the audit report is issued.

C. Client gives CPA an 18-month note payable for the full amount of the past due fees before CPA begins the audit.

A

【b】
承諾在審計報告發佈之前支付過去的未付費用

根據獨立性規則,會計師事務所的獨立性會受到客戶未支付費用的影響。即使客戶提供了18個月的應付票據,這些費用仍然未在審計報告發佈之前完全支付,因此不符合獨立性要求。因此,這個選項是錯誤的。

148
Q

關於審查(review)審計客戶的中期財務報表時,會計師應該執行哪些程序來更新對該實體的業務和內部控制系統的了解。
A. Inquire of the entity’s outside legal counsel about the status of any previous pending litigation and any new litigation involving the entity.
B. Consider the results of audit procedures performed with respect to the current-year’s financial statements.

A

【c】
在審查(review)服務中,詢問法律顧問的程序並不是必要的。詢問內部人員會做,詢問外部的人就非必要。

在進行審查規劃時,會計師會考慮先前已執行的審計程序結果,以及它們與當前財務報表的相關性,這有助於更新對客戶業務和內部控制系統的了解。這是一個理解和更新業務及內部控制的過程。

149
Q

The loan was fully secured and considered material to the CPA’s net worth.
如果在engagement的時候上述貸款未還清,會否影響審計師獨立性?

A

這裡提到「貸款已經被擔保」,但即便貸款是有擔保的,會計師的獨立性仍然可能會受到影響,特別是當貸款仍然未償還時。根據專業規範,會計師和客戶之間的金錢往來(如貸款)會影響會計師的獨立性,無論該貸款是否已被擔保。因此,貸款未償還的情況會造成獨立性問題

150
Q

The PCAOB consists of exactly ? CPAs and ? non-CPAs.

A

The PCAOB consists of exactly two CPAs and three non-CPAs.

151
Q

what organizations was established by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to control the auditing profession?

A

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB).

COSO1980

152
Q

對於一般公認政府審計準則所指出的獨立性威脅的保障措施,通常無法有效減輕:

A

management participation threat
解釋:管理參與威脅指的是如果審計人員介入被審計單位的管理工作(例如幫助決策或處理財務事務),會導致審計的獨立性遭到損害。如果審計人員在管理方面的角色過於介入,將無法保持其對審計過程的客觀性。
防範措施:即使採取防範措施,這種威脅通常是無法有效緩解的,因為審計人員的角色與管理角色的混淆已經讓其獨立性受到根本性的威脅。

153
Q

在查核報告日(report date)之後但在財務報表發布日(release date)之前發生的期後事項(subsequent event),如果管理階層決定修訂(revise)財務報表,查核人員應該如何處理查核報告的日期

A

當財務報表在查核報告日之後被修訂,管理階層必須揭露(disclose)他們評估期後事項的日期,而查核人員則必須執行額外程序以確保修訂後的財務報表仍然適當,並且修改或增加查核報告的日期。

查核人員不能維持原始報告日期並聲明意見僅適用於修訂前的財務報表。因為管理階層已經修訂財務報表,查核人員有義務重新執行適當的查核程序,並且修改查核報告的日期,以確保新的財務報表仍然公允表達。

154
Q

會計基礎(basis of accounting)與 CPA 在審計非 GAAP 財務報表時應如何報告
1. discusses the justification for, and the CPA’s concurrence with, the departure from GAAP.
2. State that the basis of presentation is a comprehensive basis of accounting (OCBOA) other than GAAP.

A

【2】
會加入強調事項段(Emphasis-of-Matter Paragraph)來說明 OCBOA 的使用,但該段落不會討論使用 OCBOA 的正當性,也不會表示 CPA 是否認同這種選擇。

155
Q

The disclosures provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement.

T or F?

A

F

The correct statement is: “Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement…”

156
Q

什麼情況下an auditor not apply materiality limits when obtaining specific written client representations?

A

審計師在取得特定的客戶書面陳述時,對下列哪一項事項不適用重要性限制?

Fraud involving employees with significant roles in the internal control structure.
涉及在內部控制架構中擔當重要角色的員工的舞弊行為

157
Q

objectives of an entity include information and communication systems
說法對嗎?

A
  1. reliability of financial reporting,
  2. the effectiveness and efficiency of operations,
  3. and compliance with laws and regulations.
158
Q

Testing purchasing, shipping, and receiving cutoff activities.

an analytical procedure?

A

No
Testing purchasing, shipping, and receiving cutoff activities represents a test of details procedure.

Comparing relationships among data, such as inventory balances to recent sales activities, represents an analytical procedure.

159
Q

To obtain audit evidence about control risk, an auditor selects tests from a variety of techniques including:
1. confirmation
2. inquiry

A

2
Tests of controls include such procedures as inspecting documentation, inquiry, observation, and reperformance. Note that inquiry alone is not sufficient as the auditor should use a combination of procedures

Confirmation represents a substantive test rather than a test of controls.

160
Q

During the physical inventory count, the auditor requested that certain material containers be opened to ensure they were not empty.

observation?Inspection?

A

The auditor inspected the material containers.

161
Q

Receiving reports can be used to safeguard cash?
T or F?

A

F
Receiving reports may help to prevent the theft of inventory, but generally will not control the theft of cash.

bank statement, segregation of duties, and lock box can prevent theft of cash

162
Q

在審計非發行人(nonissuer)財務報表時,審計師可能會觀察到與內部控制相關的事項

A

Restriction on the use of the report.

對內部控制提供正面的保證或
詳細描述審計測試內容,
也不需要闡明內部控制固有的侷限性,是針對內部控制審計的專門報告才會出現的內容

163
Q

退回不合格貨物時,採購部門應向會計部門傳送哪一份文件

A

Debit Memo

正常收貨流程:
收到合格貨物 → 供應商發票送至會計(vendor invoice) → 產生未付憑單進行付款。

退回不合格貨物流程:
運輸部退回不合格貨物 → 採購部門準備借項通知單(Debit Memo)→ 傳送至會計部以減少應付帳款。

164
Q

Who should be responsible for preparing a purchase order, matching the receiving report and invoice with the purchase order, and paying for the related purchase?

A

The purchasing department is responsible for preparing the purchase order, the accounts payable department is responsible for matching documents, and the treasurer is responsible for making payment.

165
Q

An auditor should trace bank transfers for the last part of the audit period and first part of the subsequent period to detect whether:

A

Cash balances were overstated because of kiting.

銀行轉帳測試的主要目的是偵測是否發生「調節票據詐欺(kiting)」,這是一種利用未清現的銀行支票來短暫虛增現金餘額的舞弊行為。例如,公司可能會在年底前從 A 銀行開出支票存入 B 銀行,但在 A 銀行尚未扣款的情況下,B 銀行已經入帳,導致公司在兩家銀行的帳戶中同時記錄相同的現金,從而人為地誇大現金餘額。

166
Q

Two assertions for which confirmation of accounts receivable balances provides primary evidence are:

A

Rights and obligations

Existence

167
Q

通常未領取的薪資支票應該如何處理?

A

通常未領取的薪資支票應該由「財務部門(Treasurer)」保管,因為這樣可以確保這些資產不會被濫用。
不應該讓薪資部門(Payroll)或部門主管(Department Supervisor)保管未領取的支票,因為這可能會導致欺詐風險,例如:
部門主管可能私吞未領取的支票。
薪資部門可能偽造記錄,讓某些人看起來已經領取薪資,但實際上錢被挪用了。

168
Q
A