last AUD Flashcards
審計師完成了非上市公司(nonissuer)的審計工作,針對12月31日Year 3的財務報表進行審計,
審計報告:Y4/3月13日。
後續時間:Y4/3月14日
更新審計報告;Y4/4月11日
發表新報告:Y4/4月12日
dual date的話審計師負責的日期?
單一日期的話應該負責的日期
雙重日期(3月13日;3月14日針對後續事件):審計師只對3月14日當天的特定事件負責,而不延伸至之後的日期。
單一新日期(4月11日):審計師對所有從1月1日到4月11日的事件負責。
If an auditor finds that financial statements prepared on a special accounting basis (other than GAAP) are not suitably titled, what action should the auditor take?
【Qualify the opinion】 with a basis for modification paragraph.
auditor report should refer to what principles?
opinion
basis for opinion
management’s responsibility
auditor’s responsibility
opinion -GAAP
basis for opinion-GAAS
management’s responsibility-GAAP
auditor’s responsibility-GAAS
Internal Control—Integrated Framework
Internal Control—Integrated Framework 和 COSO Framework 是相同的,兩者指的是由 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) 發布的內部控制框架。這個框架是全球公認的內部控制標準,廣泛應用於企業和組織的內部控制系統設計、實施和評估。
which component of COSO?
Commitment to ethics and integrity
control environment
which component of COSO?
Board independence and oversight
control environment
which component of COSO?
Commitment to competence
control environment
which component of COSO?
Accountability
control environment
Accountability for internal control responsibilities.
內部控制責任的問責性是控制環境的要素
which component of COSO?
Organizational structure
control environment
which component of COSO?
Participation of those charged with governance
control environment
which component of COSO?
Participation of the audit committee
control environment
which component of COSO?
Specify objectives
risk assessment
which component of COSO?
Identify and analyze risks
risk assessment
which component of COSO?
Consider potential for fraud
risk assessment
which component of COSO?
Identify and assess changes
risk assessment
which component of COSO?
Corporate restructuring
risk assessment
which component of COSO?
Obtain and use information
information and communication
which component of COSO?
Measurement and recording of proper monetary values
information and communication
which component of COSO?
Internally communicate information
information and communication
which component of COSO?
The classes of transactions in the issuer’s operations that are significant to the issuer’s financial statements.
information and communication
目標:
審計師需要確保公司生成和傳遞的資訊足以支持財務報表編制,並有助於內部控制的有效運作。
舉例:財務部門是否了解與其相關的交易,員工是否收到清晰的指導和流程。
選項的對應:
A. 交易類別:
評估這些交易是否對財務報表有重大影響。
這直接涉及資訊的準確性和充分性,因此屬於「資訊與溝通」組成部分的核心。
which component of COSO?
Communicate with external parties
information and communication
which component of COSO?
Recording the proper monetary value of transactions
information and communication
which component of COSO?
The internal audit function
monitoring activities
which component of COSO?
Ongoing and/or separate evaluations
monitoring activities
which component of COSO?
communication of internal control deficiencies
monitoring activities
which component of COSO?
periodically reevaluate its mission vision and values
monitoring activities
例子:periodically reevaluate its mission vision and values 定期比較和更新使命願景與價值觀
which component of COSO?
Operating performance reviews
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Select and develop control activities
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Pre-numbering of documents
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Segregation of duties
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Authorization of transactions
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Select and develop technology controls
(Existing) Control Activities
which component of COSO?
Deployment of policies and procedures
(Existing) Control Activities
政策和程序【部署】屬於(現有)控制活動。
which component of COSO?
The organization selects and develops activities contributing to the mitigation of risks to the achievement of objectives to acceptable levels.
(Existing) Control Activities
這涉及內部控制中的「控制活動」(Control Activities)組成部分,而不是風險評估。控制活動是針對已識別的風險制定具體措施來緩解風險,例如分離職責或設定授權程序。
If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, the CPA’s review report should:
I.Refer to the scope limitation that caused the change.
II.Describe the auditing procedures that have already been applied.
自由選擇
neither
If the CPA believes the client’s request is reasonable, he/she must comply with the standards for a review and issue an appropriate report. The report should not refer to the original engagement, to any auditing procedures performed, or to the scope limitation.
the date after which existing documentation must not be deleted, and additions to the documentation file must be documented as such
是什麼日子?
the document complement date
which should be documented in the audit plan?
B. Other audit procedures to be performed to comply with generally accepted auditing standards.
C. The understanding of the terms of the engagement, including scope, fees, and resource allocation.
【B】
C– engagement letter
Davis, CPA, was engaged to audit Tech Resources’ financial statements but was later requested to change the engagement to a compilation.
What must Davis consider before agreeing to the change?
自由選擇
1. Additional audit effort necessary to complete the audit
2. Reason given for Tech’s request
1+2
- 如果審計工作已經進行到接近完成的階段,只需要少量額外努力即可完成,這時轉變為編製服務的必要性和合理性可能會被質疑。
- 確認變更的原因是否正當,防止管理層利用 engagement 變更來掩蓋問題。
以上是考慮是否接受改變報告類型時的考慮。一旦接受了改變的要求,就不能提及以下內容:
1. The original engagement .
2. The reasons for the change.
3. Any audit procedures previously performed.
An entity prepares its financial statements on its income tax basis.
以下兩項應該包含在甚麼部分?
1. A description of how that basis differs from GAAP should be included in the
- a reference to the note in the financial statements that describes the use of the income tax basis of accounting.
1.Notes to the financial statements.
- Emphasis-of-matter paragraph of the auditor’s report.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires registered firms to maintain audit documentation for how many years
7Y
5年針對非公開公司,基於 AICPA 標準(即Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) ),風險和監管要求相對較低
a risk that the auditor may fail to detect a client’s deceptive practices which may result in a misstatement of the financial statements.
是什麼風險?
fraud risk
deceptive practices=欺詐行為
The risk of material misstatement is?
Risk of material misstatement includes inherent and control risk
重大錯報風險 (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM):
重大錯報風險是指財務報表在編制層面或聲明層面因重大錯報而不正確的風險,這種風險是由以下兩個風險組成的:
固有風險 (Inherent Risk):
某些交易、賬戶或報表在未考慮控制措施時,天然具有容易出現錯報的可能性。例如,高度複雜的估計或高風險的行業。
控制風險 (Control Risk):
即企業內部控制無法及時預防或檢測錯報的可能性。
RMM 不包括檢測風險 (Detection Risk):
檢測風險是指審計程序未能檢測到財務報表中的重大錯報的風險。
檢測風險是由審計師的程序決定的,而 RMM 是固有於被審計單位的,因此檢測風險並不屬於 RMM 的範疇。
To achieve an overall audit risk level that is substantially the same as the planned audit risk level,
risk of material misstatement increase
- substantive testing will up or down?
- detection risk will up or down?
- up。
- down
AR = RMM × DR
AR:(Audit Risk, AR)總審計風險(審計師可接受的風險)
RMM: (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險(inherent risk+control risk)
DR:(Detection Risk)檢測風險(審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險)
當RMM 增加時,為了保持 AR 不變,DR 必須降低,這需要更多的實質性測試。
an increase in materiality levels would result in a decrease in ?
審計風險(audit risk)下降:這是因為,當重要性水平提高時,審計師會將注意力集中在可能會影響財務報表整體表達的重大錯誤上,這樣會相對減少錯誤被忽略的風險,因此審計風險下降。審計風險是指審計師無法發現重大錯誤的風險。
偵查風險(detection risk)上升:偵查風險是指審計師未能發現財務報表中的重大錯誤的風險。提高重要性水平意味著審計師可能會進行較少的測試,這增加了未能發現小錯誤的可能性,從而提高了偵查風險。
the risk that a material misstatement will not be detected by the entity’s controls.
control risk
The risk that a material misstatement may occur due to complex calculations, faulty estimates, or high volume transactions is known as
inherent risk
The risk that the auditor will not detect a material misstatement.
detection risk:與程序的時間點相關
當程序在中期日執行時,剩餘期間的交易未被直接測試,可能導致重要的錯誤未被發現,因此檢查風險增加。
High detection risk implies a 【high/low】 risk of material misstatement.
low
low material risk低重大錯報風險 → high detection risk高檢測風險:
現在你要帶朋友去一個治安很好、資訊公開透明的城市(低重大錯報風險)。
你的應對方式:
你可能會放鬆一些,僅做基本規劃,像是查查看推薦的景點,隨意選個有好評價的餐廳,不會花太多時間檢查細節。
類比到審計中,這表示可以接受較高的檢測風險(執行較少程序)。
auditor expects that there will be a high likelihood of uncorrected and undetected misstatements.
set performance materiality in the range of 50 percent to 70 percent of overall materiality($140,000) based on the likelihood of misstatement.
materiality amount?
70,000
AR = RMM × DR
AR:(Audit Risk, AR)總審計風險(審計師可接受的風險)
RMM: (Risk of Material Misstatement, RMM)重大錯報風險(inherent risk+control risk)
DR:(Detection Risk)檢測風險(審計程序未能檢測到重大錯報的風險)
當RMM 增加時,為了保持 AR 不變,DR 必須降低,設定較低的執行重大性可以提高審計的審查範圍和細節,降低查核風險,確保即使是小額錯報也會受到更多關注。
the fraudulent taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted
embezzlement
侵吞是指受託人以欺詐手段拿走財產。
Investigate changes in capital stock recorded after year end.
Review tax returns prepared by management after year end.
能否幫助審計師取得關於後續事件發生的證據?
yes
在資產負債表日後登記的股本變動是一種可能需要揭露的期後事項。例如,資本增資或減資可能對投資者或其他財務報表使用者的重要決策產生影響,因此需要在附註中揭露。審計師調查這些變動可以幫助確認是否有需要揭露的重大資訊。
no
報稅表是基於財務報表數據準備的文件,不是期後事項的直接證據來源,也不一定反映期後事件。
Obtaining an understanding of a control involves evaluating the design of the control and determining whether the control has been:
A. Authorized. B. Implemented.
B
了解控制(understanding of a control)的兩個重要步驟:評估控制的設計(design)以及確認控制是否已實施(implemented)。
選項 A: Authorized(被授權)
控制的設計被授權(authorized)是理所當然的,因為控制通常由管理層負責設計和批准。但在審計師了解控制時,並不需要特別驗證設計是否被授權,因為這是管理層的責任,而非審計過程的核心。
If the assessed level of fraud risk is high, the auditor should attempt to reduce ? risk.
detection risk.
AuditRisk(AR)=RiskofMaterialMisstatement(RMM)×DetectionRisk(DR)
RMM=InherentRisk(IR)×ControlRisk(CR)
fraud risk 屬於IS,所以fraud risk高會導致RMM高,需要降低DR
pro forma financial statement 和financial forecast有什麼區別
- Pro Forma Financial Statement
基礎:過去的實際數據加上假設或調整
用途:模擬特定交易或時間對財務的影響
例子:假設買車之後,財務狀況會如何變化
—————————————————————— - Financial Forecast(財務預測)
基礎:合理的預測和未來期望
用途:規劃未來的財務狀況
例子:預測一年後可以存多少錢買車
Which of the following parties should request inquiry of a client’s lawyer?
client management
the auditor
client management
管理層的初步溝通
審計師的第一步是與管理層討論潛在的訴訟或索賠情況。
律師詢證函的準備
如果管理層確認存在潛在的訴訟或索賠,審計師將要求管理層起草並準備一封律師詢證函,詢問其律師具體細節。
律師詢證函的寄送與回覆
根據流程,律師詢證函由 管理層起草,但 由審計師寄送 給律師,因為律師的回覆需要直接寄給審計師,確保信息的完整性和獨立性。
which may be an indication of a related party transaction?
1. compensating balance arrangements
2. consignment sale
1
寄存銷售並不代表有關聯交易
Arrearages in dividends.
拖欠股息
which is more reliable?
Analytical procedures.
Confirmation of account information.
Confirmation of account information.
Confirmations are among the most reliable types of evidence, as they constitute external evidence sent directly to the auditor.
Analytical procedures provide the auditor with direct personal knowledge, but because these procedures often are based on internal accounting data, the evidence obtained is not as reliable as that obtained from confirmations.
客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?
accounts receivable confirmations
外部
應收賬款確認函是審計師寄送給客戶的外部第三方(通常是被審計企業的客戶)的一封請求信函,用以確認應收賬款的餘額或交易細節。
客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?
packing slips
外部
供應商生成:當供應商發貨時,他們會附上一份包裝單,詳細列出貨物的內容和數量。
目的:包裝單的主要目的是讓收貨方核對實際收到的貨物與發貨時記錄的數據是否一致。
由於包裝單由外部的供應商(或其他發貨方)生成並提供,因此它是一種外部文件。
客戶產生還是外部獲得的文件?
Vendor invoice.
Vendor invoice(供應商發票)是一種外部獲得的文件,因為它是由供應商(即外部第三方)生成並發送給被審計的公司。
Vendor invoice 的來源
生成方:供應商在完成貨物或服務的交付後,向購買方(被審計公司)發送的正式文件。
內容:通常包括交易日期、商品或服務的描述、數量、單價、總金額以及付款條件等信息。
用途:該文件用於請求付款並作為購買方核對採購、記帳以及付款的依據。
reperformance屬於assess control risk還是substantive test?
Reperformance(重新執行) 是指審計人員親自執行某個內控活動,目的是測試該控制是否有效運行。例如:
如果內控要求每月核對銀行對賬單,審計人員可以親自模擬這個核對過程,以確認控制是否被正確執行。
這個過程的目的在於測試控制運行的有效性,而不是直接驗證財務數字是否正確,因此它是測試控制的一部分,而非實質性程序。
Attain assurance about the reliability of the information system relevant to financial reporting.
是什麼test 的目的
the objective of tests of controls
Detect material misstatements in the financial statements.–>substantive test
Detect material misstatements in the financial statements.
是什麼test 的目的
Substantive tests
Attain assurance about the reliability of the information system relevant to financial reporting.–>objective test
Reviewing board of director minutes
Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?
inspection
test of control
Selected various voucher packages that had been approved and matched the invoice, purchase order, and receiving report.
Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?
Reperformance | Test of Controls
The examination of documentation
Audit Procedure Performed?
Classification of Audit Procedure?
Inspection | Substantive procedure