Perception - Unit 3 Flashcards
Gibson and Walk
Supports Gibson
36 infants, 6-14 months (could all crawl)
Put on table, wouldn’t cross glass section of table
Suggests they have an innate depth perception
Johansson
Supports Gibson
Shown a video or still image of a person with 12 lights on their body.
Watching a video allowed the person to explain movements, whereas a still image didn’t.
Supports idea of optic flow
Rushton
Against Gibson
Participants wore a pair of vision altering goggles, which shifted the perceived position of the ovject, but kept optic flow information accurate. The participants walked in a curved line towards their target. This suggests the role of other factors in perception, because if they were just using optic flow then they would walk directly towards the target. It also suggests the existence of learned perception.
Schlaffke et al
Supports Gregory
Studied The Dress. Found extra activation in certain brain areas of the 14 participants who see white/gold than the 14 that see blue/black. This suggests that white/gold perceives were basing it more on expectations of the background illumination and less on the raw sensory information arriving at their eyes.
Aarts and Dijksterhuis
Gregory
Expectation
People who were primed with videos of fast moving animals estimated significantly faster speeds watching the control video in comparison with people primed with a video of a slow moving animal. Therefore, experience plays a role.
Solley and Haigh
Children were asked to draw Santa and his sack of presents in summer, and just before Christmas. Santa was drawn bigger at Christmas than at other times of year, as the children were motivated to get presents, so imagined Santa as bigger.
Yonas and Owsley
2-3 month olds would flinch if an object appeared to move towards them as if it was going to collide with them. Suggests that distance perception is innate.
Bower
Size constancy
Used 40-60 day old babies, and condition them to turn their head to a 30cm cube 1 metre away.
They then measure if the baby tuned it’s head to:
*30cm cube, 3m away, appeared smaller on retina, turned head
*90cm cube, 1m away, appeared larger, turned head
*90cm cube, 3m away, appeared the same, didn’t turn head
Therefore, size constancy may be innate as they responded to the actual size ans distance, not the size of the retinal image.
Pederson and Wheeler
2 groups of American Navajos - 1 in round houses, 1 in western style houses. Each group was shown the Muller-Lyer lines.
The group that had been raised in round houses were less likely to perceive the line with fins going out as longer than the line with fins going in.
Turnbull
Bambuti Pygmies who spend most of their time in dense forest, and do not see many objects at a great distance. When Turnbull took one of his guides to the plain the guide thought the buffalo in the distance were insects and that they literally grew as they got closer.
W.J.
Suffered a stroke which caused brain damage. Couldn’t recognise human faces, but could recognise sheep. This suggests face recognition is unique.
Young et al
21 people kept diaries for 8 weeks about recognising faces, and any problems recognising faces. It was found that name generation came last.
Evidence for FRUPINNG
Barton et al
Studied 5 patients with brain injuries and tested their ability to process faces. 4 patients had difficulties recognising faces and all had damage to the FFA.
Gauthier and Tarr
Studied bird watchers and car enthusiasts.
Scanned their brains while looking at birds/cars.
Their FFA was in use, suggesting facial recognition isn’t special, ans FFA is linked to familiarity.
Affordance
An objects use being obvious to us by its shape and size. We do not have to learn this.
Binocular cue
Visual cues from both eyes
Cognitive system
.
Directed visual processing
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